Receiver Antenna Research Articles

Fundamental Capacity Analysis for Identically Independently Distributed Nakagami-q Fading Wireless Communication

With the advancement in technology, decent trans-fer rate of data for fast communication is an exigency. Different distributions on different wireless communication channels have been used previously to model them and to do performance analysis on the systems. In this work, capacity analysis of iden-tically independently distributed Nakagami-q fading single-input multiple-output (SIMO) wireless communication is presented. The derivation of channel capacity with the analytical solution have been conducted using small limit argument approximation. Where the small limit argument approximation corresponds to the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. SIMO channel capacity behavior with respect to number of receiver antennas and with respect to SNR have been explored in depth. The improvement of capacity is depicted rigorously. It has been found that using Nakagami-q distribution, capacity of the system increases as number of receiver antenna increases. It is also found that the capacity of this SIMO wireless system can be further improved through changing of certain parameters.

Wireless Power Transfer System for Battery-Less Sensor Nodes

For the first time, the design and implementation of a fully-integrated wireless information and power transfer system, operating at 24 GHz and enabling battery-less sensor nodes, is presented in this paper. The system consists of an RF power source, a receiver antenna array, a rectifier, and a battery-less sensor node which communicates via backscatter modulation at 868 MHz. The rectifier circuits use commercially available Schottky diodes to convert the RF power to DC with a measured efficiency of up to 35%, an improvement of ten percentage points compared with previously reported results. The rectifiers and the receive antenna arrays were jointly designed and optimised, thereby reducing the overall circuit size. The battery-less sensor transmitted data to a base station realised as a GNU Radio flow running on a bladeRF Software Defined Radio module. The whole system was tested in free-space in laboratory conditions and was capable of providing sufficient energy to the sensor node in order to enable operation and wireless communication at a distance of 0.15 metres.

Offset Spatial Modulation With Multiple Receive Antennas

Recently, a class of novel spatial modulation (SM) schemes, termed offset spatial modulation (OSM), were developed to reduce the radio frequency (RF) switching frequency, in the context of multiple-input single-output (MISO) transmission. In this paper, the structure of original OSM is extended to adapt multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems by introducing multiple receive antennas (MRA). The detailed system design is presented and further developed for offset space shift keying (OSSK). Furthermore, the theoretical bounds of bit-error rate (BER) performance for the proposed OSM-MRA and OSSK-MRA systems are both quantified. It is demonstrated that the proposed OSM-MRA and OSSK-MRA systems outperform their counterparts including conventional OSM and OSSK with improved spectral efficiency.

Effect of phase fluctuation and distance of smart gear on return loss of receiver antenna

Effect of phase fluctuation and distance of smart gear on return loss of receiver antenna

Joint Transceiver Beamforming Design for Hybrid Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex Ad-Hoc Networks

In this paper, we propose a joint transceiver beamforming design method for hybrid full-duplex (FD) and half-duplex (HD) ad-hoc networks to cancel co-channel interference, thereby to improve system spectral efficiency. To characterize network performances, we derive a general expression of transmission capacity upper bound (TC-UB) plus its two compact versions by using a stochastic geometry model. Due to the proposed beamforming design and hybrid-duplex consideration, the exact TC and conventional methods to obtain TC-UBs are not applicable. This motivates us to exploit the UB of the largest eigenvalue of desired signals, Alzer's inequality for incomplete gamma function, and dominating interference region to formulate one general TC-UB and two of its compact versions. The numerical results show that the proposed beamforming method outperforms the existing beamforming strategies in terms of exact TC, especially when the number of transmit antennas is larger than the number of receiver antennas per node pair. In addition, the derived general TC-UB can provide relatively close TC performance as the exact ones, and its two compact versions can at least give order-wise TC performance. Moreover, we find the break-even points, where FD outperforms HD with different system configurations.

다중 수신안테나 기반 WAVE 통신시스템의 PER 성능향상을 위한 채널 추정 기법

본 논문에서는 다중 수신안테나 기반 IEEE802.11p WAVE (Wireless Access Vehicular Environment) 시스템에서 PER (Packet Error Rate) 성능 향상을 위한 새로운 채널 추정 기법을 제안한다. 제안 기법은 채널 상관값 기반 OFDM 데이터 심볼을 복원한 후 이를 데이터 파일럿으로 구성하여 MRC (Maximal Ratio Combining)를 기반으로 각 안테나 별 채널값을 업데이트함으로써 수신 다이버시티 이득을 극대화한다. 모의실험 결과 기존 채널 추정 기법 대비 PER 10SUP-3/SUP에서 2dB 이상의 SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) 성능 이득을 얻는 것을 확인할 수 있다.

Microwave Imager Design with 2.46 GHz Microstrip Patch Antennas

In this study, microwave imager design is aimed by using a series of microstrip patch antennas operating in the 2.46 GHz frequency band. The designed microwave imager has a 24-sided cylindrical shape and includes 5x1 microstrip patch antennas placed at 45˚ angles. The overall working principle of the microwave imager is based on the back reflection and transmission values between the transmitter and receiver antennas. The 40 microstrip patch antennas inside the microwave imager operate as both a receiver and a transmitter and the transmission values between each other (S 21 , S 31 , S 41 , S 21 etc.) are capable of mapping the internal space in three dimensions with the required algorithm. The microstrip antennas in the designed structure have been chosen for their small volume, easy integration, versatility, low profile, and the most commonly used 2.46 GHz frequency is used as the operation band. The most important achievement of this study is to support medical imaging practices; the detection of cancerous areas such as breast cancer can be determined by the interaction between antennas and is the aim of this study. In addition, the developed microwave imager can also be used in concrete mapping and non-destructive imaging applications in the construction sector. Besides, the designed configuration has another advantage due to its low cost.

Performance of MIMO Systems Over Weibull Fading Channel using Maximal Ratio Combining

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless systems are perceived a significant reorganization for upcoming wireless systems. The performance of communication systems in regards to their spectral efficiency and ability is enhanced as a result of MIMO systems. The required transmit power as for desired Bit Error Rate (BER) has been outfitted in combination with appropriate receiver diversity. The study exposed that MIMO is a further efficient energy system since accomplished a decent BER performance at low SNR, when compared with SISO, SIMO and MISO which needs high SNR to accomplish at appropriate BER performances. The multiplexing gain experienced in the multiple antenna strategies utilizing the Space Time Block Code (STBC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). The impacts of number of transmitter and receiver antennas on the MIMO system’s BER performance over Rayleigh, Rician and Weibull channels with STBC transmitter and MRC receiver is analyzed. The BER performance characteristics of MRC receiver is explored for Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation.

Robust blind multiuser detection in overdetermined MIMO channels using wavelet transform

In the conventional multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, the receiver needs users to transmit their channel state information (CSI) to the receiver, but this approach increases bandwidth usage and affects spectral efficiency, and decreases effective data rate. Since the spectrum is a limited resource, blind source separation (BSS) approaches are efficient and promising options for the MIMO systems in a way that they do not require CSI to detect and separate the users’ data. On the other hand, one of the interesting techniques for denoising signals is to use discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The main objective of this paper is to present an application of DWT-BSS approach for the MIMO systems for the case where more receiver antennas than transmitter (users’) antennas are available. One of the simple approaches in BSS is to use the natural gradient algorithm (NG) which has linear convergence speed and has disappointing results in impulsive noise environments. We have used complex FastICA rather than the NG because of its cubic convergence speed and robustness to noise. Our simulations demonstrate that the proposed DWT-BSS scheme outperforms the NG method especially when channel noise becomes different from the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).

Absolute field calibration for multi-GNSS receiver antennas at ETH Zurich

ETH Zurich developed an absolute GNSS antenna calibration system based on measurements taken in the field. An industrial robot is used to rotate and tilt the antenna to be calibrated. This procedure ensures good coverage of the antenna hemisphere and reduces systematic errors. The calibration system at ETH Zurich is validated by a direct comparison of the obtained calibrations with calibrations from the anechoic chamber method (University of Bonn) and from another absolute field calibration method (Geo++® GmbH). Calibrations by ETH Zurich agree on the sub-millimeter level with both reference calibrations. A second validation was conducted using real measurements on short baselines. Data were acquired on four stations in direct vicinity and processed using different phase center correction models. The experiment shows that individual corrections of ETH Zurich reduce the residuals in the coordinate domain when compared to type-mean calibrations of the International GNSS Service (IGS). However, residual biases between GPS and Galileo coordinates remain. These biases are efficiently reduced when using the new type-mean calibrations from the IGS that include calibration values for all GNSS, including Galileo. The ETH Zurich calibration system is proven to deliver meaningful calibrations that agree with other calibrations on the millimeter level in the azimuth and elevation domain. The field validation shows evidence that the consistency of the Galileo and GPS calibration should be further enhanced by performing a combined GPS and Galileo analysis, which is not yet implemented.

An Introduction to Smart Hydrones (Platforms): Design, Performance, and Applications

This electric monograph is divided into five chapters: The first presents a general description of each chapter in detail. The second chapter evaluates the crucial role of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drone) in the case of natural disasters response and relief humanitarian aid. The main objective of this chapter is to evaluate how unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drone) in the present and near future can play a crucial role to help survivors in the case of a tsunami, earthquake, flooding, and any natural disaster. Basically, we need to assume that in any natural disaster always exist the high possibility of damage in the infrastructure, transportation systems, telecommunications systems access, and basic services immediately. We propose in three areas the uses of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drone) in the case of natural disasters response and relief humanitarian aid: (i) the aerial monitoring post-natural disaster damage evaluation; (ii) the natural disaster logistic and cargo delivery; (iii) the post-natural disaster aerial evaluation. The third chapter presents three new smart hydrones for surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, searching, and logistic operations anywhere and any time. We have three new models of smart hydrones such as the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone. Initially, the MAR21 smart hydrone has a large structure to facilitate surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, and logistic operations anywhere and anytime. At the same time, the MAR21 smart hydrone can handle also to do it a deep cleaning service of any area was affected by pollution or natural disasters damages subsequently. Additionally, the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone offers to private sector, government, and humanitarian agencies an alternative maritime transportation system. The MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone construction is based on basic materials such as PVC pipes with PVC glue, high reception radio control systems, a modern GPS system, high reception antenna and radar systems, HD cameras (live), powerful lipo batteries, high resistance ESC systems, and powerful electric motors to support large operations in case of surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, searching, and logistic operations. The design of the structure of the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone have different and special characteristics that can be adapted to any weather condition, temperature levels, and levels of wa-ter respectively. In fact, the cost of production of MAR21 smart platform, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone is relatively cheap and easy to be produced in developing countries and least developed countries according to this research. Subsequently, the chapter fourth introduces a new concept of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- are called Smart Flying Platforms (SFP). The main objective of this chapter is to evaluate how smart flying platforms in the present and near future can play a crucial role to help to fight terrorism. Basically, we need to assume that in any terrorist attack always exist the high possibility of damage in the people, infra-structure, transportation systems, telecommunications systems access, and basic services immediately. We propose in three areas the uses of smart flying platforms in the case to fight terrorism response: (i) the aerial monitoring pre-terrorist attack evaluation; (ii) the destruction of terrorist logistic and cargo delivery; (iii) the post-terrorist attack aerial evaluation. Finally, the chapter fifth presents two new smart hydrones in case of floods or Tsunami rescue and relief operations anywhere and anytime. We have two models of smart hydrones such as the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone. Initially, the MAR21 smart hydrone has a large structure to facilitate the carrying of food, medi-cines, and water to areas were affected severally by any flood or Tsunami. At the same time, the MAR21 smart hydrone can handle also to do it a deep cleaning service of any area was affected by a flood or Tsunami subsequently. Addition ally, the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone offers to government and humanitarian agencies an alternative emergency maritime transportation system in case of floods or Tsunami disasters. The MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone construction is based on a high reception radio control system, a modern GPS system, high reception antenna and radar systems, HD cameras (live), powerful batteries, high resistance ESC systems, and powerful electric motors to support large operation in case of a flood or Tsunami rescue and relief operations anytime. The design of the structure of the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone has special characteristics that can be adapted to any weather condition, temperature levels, and levels of water respectively. In fact, the cost of production of MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone is relatively cheap and easy for his construction according to this research.

Rate Adaptation in Predictor Antenna Systems

Predictor antenna (PA) system is referred to as a system with two sets of antennas on the roof of a vehicle, where the PAs positioned in the front of the vehicle are used to predict the channel state observed by the receive antennas (RAs) that are aligned behind the PAs. This letter studies the performance of PA systems in the presence of the mismatching problem, i.e., when the channel observed by the PA is not exactly the same as the channel experienced by the RA. Particularly, we study the effect of spatial mismatching on the accuracy of channel state information estimation and rate adaption. We derive closed-form expressions for instantaneous throughput, outage probability, and the throughput-optimized rate adaptation. Also, we take the temporal evolution of the channel into account and evaluate the system performance in temporally-correlated conditions. The simulation and analytical results show that, while PA-assisted adaptive rate adaptation leads to considerable performance improvement, the throughput and the outage probability are remarkably affected by the spatial mismatch and temporal correlations.

Galileo and GLONASS group delay variations

Similar to the antenna phase center corrections for phase measurements, group delay variations (GDV) of satellite and receiving GNSS antennas affect code pseudorange measurements. They are frequency-dependent and vary with the direction of signal transmission and reception. We present the first GDV estimates for all five Galileo and three GLONASS frequency bands based on terrestrial observations. As compared to GPS, the orbit properties of Galileo and GLONASS simplify this approach, because a single reference station can observe each Galileo and GLONASS satellite in its entire elevation angle range during one orbit repeat period. The homogenous results of three receiver antenna models for identical satellite types and a comparison to GPS Block IIF indicate mainly receiver antenna-specific GDV. They amount to 35 and 28 cm peak-to-peak for Galileo and GLONASS frequency bands E1 and G1, respectively, depending on the receiver antenna type. We show their effect on linear combinations where the code observable is used for precise applications and validate our GDV estimations by improving the height component in single-frequency precise point positioning.

On the Optimal CSI Feedback Rate of Downlink MIMO Systems Using Multiple Receive Antennas in Cellular Networks

A downlink cellular network is considered, in which multiple-antenna base stations (BSs) are distributed following a homogeneous Poisson point process. Each BS serves a single user equipped with multiple-receive antennas. The partial channel state information is achieved at the transmitter using a limited feedback. The singular-value-decomposition-based precoding is performed for the downlink spatial multiplexing. In this letter, the optimal number of feedback bits that maximizes the net spectral efficiency is investigated. The net spectral efficiency is defined to measure the net profit achieved by using limited-feedback-based spatial multiplexing. By extending previous studies, the effect of using multiple-receive antennas on the optimal number is investigated. Specifically, the scaling rate of the optimal number is newly obtained for more than one receive antenna.

Millimeter Wave Channel Measurements in an Intra-Wagon Environment

In this correspondence, useful measurement results of the propagation channel characteristics in an intra-wagon environment at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies are presented. The measurements were collected inside an underground convoy from 25 to 40 GHz in the frequency domain. A broadband radio over fiber (RoF) link was used in order to avoid the high losses introduced by cables at these frequencies, thus allowing long distances between the transmitter and receiver antennas. Values of the path loss exponent and delay spread are reported at the potential 26, 28 and 38 GHz bands to deploy the future fifth-generation (5G) systems. These results allow us to have a better knowledge of the path loss and time dispersion characteristics of the propagation channel in this particular environment, characterized by rich-scattering with long delays.

Sea-Ice Concentration Derived From GNSS Reflection Measurements in Fram Strait

Reflection power derived from the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observations and its sensitivity to sea-ice concentration are investigated in this article. A corresponding experiment has been conducted during the Fram Strait cruise of the Norwegian research vessel Lance in summer 2016. The dedicated setup with a GNSS Occultation Reflectometry Scatterometry (GORS) receiver and dual-polarization (left- and right-handed) antenna links recorded 1922 h of reflection events during the 20-day cruise of the ship. The antenna setup, mounted 25.0 m above the waterline, serves to acquire sea surface reflections at grazing angles below 30°. Within a 5-min coherent integration period, direct and reflected signal contributions can be separated. Except for the highest sea states, with roll angle changes of 20° peak to peak, the separation allows to retrieve the reflection power and quantifies it in cross-, co-, and cross-to-co-polar ratios. The sea-ice concentration is inverted from power ratios using a non-linear least-squares algorithm. Additional data on sea-ice concentration gathered by a watchman on the ship are used for validation. The inversion results have a 20% resolution in concentration and 3-h resolution in time. The validation shows that the cross- and cross-to-co-polar data are sensitive to the sea-ice concentration. The respective Pearson correlation of 0.75 and 0.67 further suggests studies to foster the application of the GNSS data for sea-ice reflectometry.

Capacity Scaling in a Non-Coherent Wideband Massive SIMO Block Fading Channel

The scaling of coherent and non-coherent channel capacity is studied in a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) block Rayleigh fading channel as both the bandwidth and the number of receiver antennas go to infinity jointly with the transmit power fixed. The transmitter has no channel state information (CSI), while the receiver may have genie-provided CSI (coherent receiver), or the channel statistics only (non-coherent receiver). Our results show that if the available bandwidth is smaller than a threshold bandwidth which is proportional (up to leading order terms) to the square root of the number of antennas, there is no gap between the coherent capacity and the non-coherent capacity in terms of capacity scaling behavior. On the other hand, when the bandwidth is larger than this threshold, there is a capacity scaling gap. Since achievable rates using pilot symbols for channel estimation are subject to the non-coherent capacity bound, this work reveals that pilot-assisted coherent receivers in systems with a large number of receive antennas are unable to exploit excess spectrum above a given threshold for capacity gain.

Design of Double Cross Dipole Antenna as NOAA Satellite Signal Receiver for Monitor Cloud Conditions Application

NOAA is a remote sensing satellite that contains informations about the earth, such as mapping land, sea and reporting weater conditions, cloud conditions and hotspots in an area. NOAA satellite works at the downlink frequency of 137-138 MHz. Double Cross Dipole antenna can be used as signal receiver antenna from NOAA satellite. Double cross dipole antenna is design to operate at frequency range of 137-138 MHz. simulation result of 137.62 MHz frequency generate return of loss as -20.726 dB, the value of VSWR 1.20 bandwidth of 82.32 Mhz, omnidirectional polarization and circular polarization. The result of measurement of double cross dipole antenna it was obtained return loss as-18.911 dB, value of VSWR of 1.255, bandwidth of 32.813 MHz. Double cross dipole antenna can be used to receive NOAA satellite signal in a form of voice. Voice data can be converted into image with the help of WXtoImgsoftware. The result of conversion was in a form of cloud condition in Indonesia area.

Orbit determination algorithm and performance analysis of high‐orbit spacecraft based on GNSS

The study of using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to locate Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites is very valuable. In this thesis, a new RF strategy is proposed. The back-lobe signal and the main-lobe signal of GNSS satellites are used to provide positioning services for GEO satellites and the receiver antenna beam-forming method is used to improve receiver sensitivity. Additionally, this thesis proposes a satellite selection algorithm that matches the proposed RF strategy. The simulation found that the receiver needs higher sensitivity to detect the back-lobe signal of the GNSS satellite but that the number of visible satellites had doubled and the geometric distribution of the satellite had also been greatly improved. The simulation based on the measured data proves that using a 16*16 antenna array and beam-forming by maximum signal-to-interference and noise ratio algorithm can make five beams of GNSS receivers in GEO orbit and that the side-lobe suppression ratio is up to − 55 dB, which greatly improves the signal receiving gain. After adopting the above technology, the GPS positioning accuracy of GEO spacecraft can be optimised from the order of kilometres to the metres.

LDM and SHVC Mobile TV Coverage Spillover Into Fixed Rooftop Reception and MVPD Retransmission Consent in the U.S.

By jointly using layered division multiplexing (LDM) and scalable hierarchical video coding (SHVC), ATSC 3.0 will be used to deliver service targeted to both mobile and traditional rooftop antenna receivers. Under this approach, a physical layer pipe (PLP) with robust coded modulation will ensure mobile reception in an area comparable to an ATSC 1.0 TV station’s current 15 dB rooftop coverage. However, the same approach will also give rise to increased coverage overlap between TV stations, as the same robust PLP will be decoded by rooftop receivers over a much larger area beyond ATSC 1.0’s 15 dB contours. When multiple independently owned TV stations affiliated to the same broadcast programming network overlap the subscriber footprint of a multichannel video program distributor (MVPD) they risk becoming redundant affiliates so the MVPD could pit them against each other in bargaining over lower retransmission consent fees. We calculate the potential increase in rooftop coverage overlap among same-network affiliates of the four largest U.S. over-the-air broadcast programming networks in the U.S. (ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox). We find that as much as 75% of the population will have access to at least one redundant network affiliate, and 60% will have access to two affiliates or more. Under U.S. federal communications commission (FCC) rules, MVPDs can only pit affiliates against each other if the out-of-market TV station is classified by the FCC as significantly viewed (SV) on a per-county basis. Thus, we analyze if an increase in coverage overlap would in fact increase the number of counties where out-of-market stations become SV. We build a predictive random forests model based on current ATSC 1.0 15 dB coverage and the publicly available list of existing SV stations. With an LDM upper layer with a reception threshold of 2 dB —equivalent in bitrate to one full-HD 1080p program—, the model predicts that the number of county/SV station pairs would increase by 100% or more. This suggest that despite all the benefits of the LDM + SHVC approach, and the potential to increase revenues through service to mobile consumers, there is a risk that this approach may negatively affect TV broadcasters’ retransmission consent revenues. We discuss a number of potential trade-offs and solutions that can help to mitigate this issue.