Bit Error Rate Of Receiver Research Articles

Sliced chaotic encrypted transmission scheme based on key masked distribution in a W-band millimeter-wave system

In order to guarantee the information of the W-band wireless communication system from the physical layer, this paper proposes the sliced chaotic encrypted (SCE) transmission scheme based on key masked distribution (KMD). The scheme improves the security of free space communication in the W-band millimeter-wave wireless data transmission system. In this scheme, the key information is embedded into the random position of the ciphertext information, and then the ciphertext carrying the key information is encrypted by multi-dimensional chaos. Chaotic system 1 constructs a three-dimensional discrete chaotic map for implementing KMD. Chaotic system 2 constructs complex nonlinear dynamic behavior through the coupling of two neurons, and the masking factor generated is used to realize SCE. In this paper, the transmission of 16QAM signals in a 4.5 m W-band millimeter-wave wireless communication system with a rate of 40 Gb/s is proved by experiments, and the performance of the system is analyzed. When the input optical power is 5 dBm, the bit error rate (BER) of the legitimate encrypted receiver is 1.23 × 10−3. When the offset of chaotic sequence x and chaotic sequence y is 100, their BERs are more than 0.21. The key space of the chaotic system reaches 10192, which can effectively prevent illegal attacks and improve the security performance of the system. The experimental results show that the scheme can effectively distribute the keys and improve the security of the system. It has great application potential in the future of W-band millimeter-wave wireless secure communication.

Integrated physical-layer secure visible light communication and positioning system based on polar codes

Visible light communication (VLC) with physical-layer security can provide information-theoretic security for the optical wireless channel based on the characteristics of the channel instead of encryption algorithms and secret keys at application layer. Since precise location information of communication parties is crucial for estimating channel states and designing secure communication schemes, this paper proposes an integrated visible light communication and positioning system which provides triple functionalities of high-accuracy indoor positioning, physical-layer secure visible light communication, and flicker mitigation illumination. A heterogeneous signal hybrid line coding scheme is proposed for the transmitter to converge the high-speed communication data signals and the low-speed positioning data signals, and a hybrid heterogeneous signal extraction scheme is proposed for the receiver to separate the hybrid heterogeneous signals with a high-bandwidth photodetector and a low-pass complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. Based on the positioning information and the communication scheme, a polar codes-based forward error correction coding scheme is designed to achieve physical-layer security and transmission reliability simultaneously. Numerical results show that the proposed system can reach a secrecy code rate of 0.76 for a single-input single-output indoor VLC channel and a transmission efficiency of 0.38 without perceivable flicker. Experimental results show that the proposed system can achieve an average positioning accuracy of 3.35 cm and decrease the bit error rate of a legitimate receiver to a near error-free level (lower than 10−7) while keeping the bit error rate of an eavesdropper at 0.4887 (nearly 0.5) with a transmission data rate of 1 Mbps, resulting in near-zero suppression of the eavesdropped information and a high secrecy capacity of 0.9994.

BER Performance Analysis of Non-Coherent Q-Ary Pulse Position Modulation Receivers on AWGN Channel.

This paper introduces the structure of a Q-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) signal and presents a noncoherent suboptimal receiver and a noncoherent optimal receiver. Aiming at addressing the lack of an accurate theoretical formula of the bit error rate (BER) of a Q-ary PPM receiver in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel in the existing literature, the theoretical formulas of the BER of a noncoherent suboptimal receiver and noncoherent optimal receiver are derived, respectively. The simulation results verify the correctness of the theoretical formulas. The theoretical formulas can be applied to a Q-ary PPM system including binary PPM. In addition, the analysis shows that the larger the Q, the better the error performance of the receiver and that the error performance of the optimal receiver is about 2 dB better than that of the suboptimal receiver. The relationship between the threshold coefficient of the suboptimal receiver and the error performance is also given.

Research on effective jamming style of projectile-carried communication for FH communication radio under common modulation systems

This work addresses the effective jamming style of projectile-carried communication for frequency hopping radio with different modulation by applying simulation verification via OPNET platform to construct the projectile-carried communication jamming system model. A general projectile-carried communication jamming style based on the signal combination of sweep saw-tooth wave and noise frequency modulation is proposed and analyzed. The network model of projectile-carried communication jamming system is constructed, and then the model building process of frequency hopping radio from the two aspects of transmitter model and receiver model is deeply elaborated. We demonstrate that the general projectile-carried communication jamming style has good jamming effect on the frequency hopping radio receivers with five modulation modes of 2FSK, 2PSK, 2DPSK, MSK and GMSK by comparing the simulation results, including receiving throughput, end-to-end delay, time delay of wireless channel access, delivery rate of synchronized header message, signal-to-noise ratio, bit error rate, packet loss rate, remaining power of jammer. Among them, the bit error rate of radio receiver with five modulation modes is more than 20%.

Uplink Power-Domain Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been proposed as a promising multiple access (MA) technique in order to meet the requirements for fifth generation (5G) communications and to enhance the performance in internet of things (IoT) networks by enabling massive connectivity, high throughput, and low latency. This paper investigates the bit error rate (BER) performance of two-user uplink power-domain NOMA with a successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver and taking into account channel estimation errors. The analysis considers two scenarios: perfect (ideal) channel estimation and a channel with estimation errors for various modulations schemes, BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM. The simulation results show that, as expected, increasing of the modulation level increases the SIC receiver BER. For example, at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 5 dB for perfect channel estimation and QPSK modulation, the user that is detected first has a BER of 0.005 compared to 0.14 for the user that is detected with the aid of the SIC receiver. Similarly, the BER of QPSK, assuming 0.25 channel estimation error of user 1, is equal to 0.06 at SNR = 15 dB compared to 0.017 for perfect estimation.

BER analysis of MIMO ZF receiver with imperfect channel estimation under correlated Rician fading channel

Massive MIMO systems operating in spatial multiplexing mode provide greater capacities. Zero Forcing (ZF) is one of the simple detection techniques used in the massive MIMO systems to recover the transmitted data streams at the receiver. In this paper, a generalized expression for the post-detection Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the substream is derived by accounting the spatial correlation and channel estimation error. Further the Average Bit Error Rate (ABER) of ZF receiver for M-Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and M-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is evaluated from the derived post-detection SNR. Also, a closed-form approximation for the ABER of ZF receiver under transmit correlated Rician fading channel with channel estimation error is derived. From the simulation results, it is quite interesting to notice that for equal number of transmitting and receiving antennas and at higher values of average received SNR (Es/N0), the ABER of ZF receiver becomes independent of the receiver correlation. Further, it is also observed that the value of Es/N0 at which the ABER with full spatial correlation converges to the ABER with transmitter correlation varies with respect to the correlation coefficient (ρt,ρr) and Mean Square estimation Error (MSE) (σε2), while keeping the other parameters constant.

BER analysis of ZF receiver with imperfect CSI for fully correlated channel

ABSTRACT In this paper, the Error Rate performance of the Zero-Forcing (ZF) receiver with imperfect Channel State Information (CSI) under correlated Rayleigh fading channel is investigated. Accounting the error in channel estimation, a mathematical expression for the post-detection Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the substream is derived under correlated Rayleigh fading channel. Later, the Average Bit Error Rate (ABER) of ZF receiver is determined from the derived post-detection SNR of substreams. Also, the BER performance with different system parameters is validated and demonstrated through Monte-Carlo simulations. From the simulation results, it is observed that in case of imperfect CSI, at higher values of Eb/N0, the ABER of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) ZF receiver with full spatial correlation converges to the ABER with transmitter correlation. Further, it is observed that the rate at which the ABER with full spatial correlation converges to the ABER with transmitter correlation varies with respect to the correlation coefficient (ρt,ρr) and Mean Square estimation Error (MSE) (σ2 s).

Impact of BER in fragmentation-aware routing and spectrum assignment in elastic optical networks

Routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) in elastic optical network (EON) is a challenging task as an inefficient RSA may result in spectral and spatial fragmentation, leading to under-utilization of spectrum and increased connection blocking. Previous fragmentation-aware RSA algorithms, based on the assumption of an ideal physical layer, are not suitable for the performance evaluation of practical networks, where quality of the optical signal degrades while travelling long distances through the optical fiber links. Therefore, while running a RSA algorithm, it is necessary to consider the impact of all noise components to evaluate receiver bit-error rate (BER) on the fly, so that each connection is setup only when the estimated BER remains below an acceptable limit. This problem, hitherto unexplored in EONs though more significant and complex as compared to the conventional optical networks, is taken into consideration in this paper while framing fragmentation-aware RSA algorithm. In particular, we present a novel BER-cum-fragmentation-aware RSA algorithm, by using online estimates of BER values while executing fragmentation-aware RSA. The simulation results show that awareness of BER increases the connection blocking, which can however be addressed favorably by increasing transmit power, as much as possible from the available transmitter modules. Finally, we present a histogram of number of established connections versus delay-bandwidth product of the connections, leading to an assessment of the proposed algorithm in respect of the ability to allow long-haul connections with large bandwidth requests.

Performance Analysis of Cell-Center Users in SM-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sharing Systems

This letter presents full-rate cooperative spectrum sharing protocol where both primary and secondary transmitters are allowed to transmit simultaneously on the same frequency channel by using orthogonal spatial modulation technique. This proposed scheme can optionally enable secondary receiver as a full-duplex fixed decode-and-forward cooperative relay to maintain quality-of-service (QoS) of the cell-edge users. Considering two different modes, i.e., cooperative relay mode for cell-edge users and cooperative non-relay mode for cell-center users, we derive the closed-form expressions for the average bit error rate (BER) of both primary and secondary receivers.

WFRFT Secure Communication Method Based on Chaotic Parameter Pool

In this study, to solve the hidden limitation of conventional weighted fractional Fourier transform (WFRFT), a random modulation order parameter pool is established by applying chaos technology. Further, a WFRFT secure communication method based on the chaotic parameter pool (CPP) is proposed. Based on the effective characteristics of tent mapping and the sequence output range, the parameter pool constructor is established by parameter transformation. Furthermore, for each parameter selection period, the information can be processed by WFRFT using different modulation orders. The modeling and simulation demonstrate that this method can significantly increase the bit error rate and processing time of unauthorized receivers. This indicates that it can greatly increase the scanning difficulty of unauthorized users and improve the concealment and security of the original information transmission.

Deep Reinforcement Learning-Enabled Secure Visible Light Communication Against Eavesdropping

The inherent broadcast characteristics of the visible light communication (VLC) channel makes VLC downlinks susceptible to unauthorized terminals in many actual VLC scenarios, such as offices and shopping centers. This paper considers a multiple-input-single-output (MISO) VLC scenario with multiple light fixtures acting as the transmitter, a VLC receiver as the legitimate user, and an eavesdropper attempting to intercept the undisclosed information. To improve the confidentiality of VLC links, a physical-layer anti-eavesdropping framework is proposed to obscure the unauthorized eavesdroppers and diminishes their capability of inferring the information through smart beamforming over the MISO VLC wiretap channel. To cope with the intractable problem of finding the theoretically optimal solution of the secrecy rate and utility for the MISO VLC wiretapping channel, a reinforcement learning (RL)-based VLC beamforming control scheme is proposed to achieve the optimal beamforming policy against the eavesdropper. Furthermore, a deep RL-based VLC beamforming control scheme is proposed to handle the curse of dimensionality for both observation space and action space and avoid the quantization error of the RL-based algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed learning-based VLC beamforming control schemes can significantly decrease the bit error rate of the legitimate receiver and increase the secrecy rate and utility of the anti-eavesdropping MISO VLC system, compared with the benchmark strategy.

Space-Time Trellis Coding with Equalization

As we are entering the 5G era, high demand is made of wireless communication. Consistent effort has been ongoing in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, which provide correlation on temporal and spatial domain, to meet the high throughput demand. To handle the characteristic nature of wireless channel effectively and improve the system performance, this paper considers the combination of diversity and equalization. Space-Time trellis code is combined with single-carrier modulation using two-choice equalization techniques, namely: minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalizer and orthogonal triangular (QR) detection. MMSE gives an optimal balance between noise enhancement and net inter-symbol interference (ISI) in the transmitted signal. Use of these equalizers provides the platform of investigating the bit error rate (BER) and the pairwise error probability (PEP) at the receiver, as well as the effect of cyclic prefix reduction on the receivers. It was found that the MMSE receiver outperforms the QR receiver in terms of BER, while in terms of PEP; the QR receiver outperforms the MMSE receiver. When a cyclic prefix reduction test was carried out on both receivers, it yields a significant reduction in BER of both receivers but has no significant effect on the overall performance.

Space-Time Trellis Coding with Equalization

As we are entering the 5G era, high demand is made of wireless communication. Consistent effort has been ongoing in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, which provide correlation on temporal and spatial domain, to meet the high throughput demand. To handle the characteristic nature of wireless channel effectively and improve the system performance, this paper considers the combination of diversity and equalization. Space-Time trellis code is combined with single-carrier modulation using two-choice equalization techniques, namely: minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalizer and orthogonal triangular (QR) detection. MMSE gives an optimal balance between noise enhancement and net inter-symbol interference (ISI) in the transmitted signal. Use of these equalizers provides the platform of investigating the bit error rate (BER) and the pairwise error probability (PEP) at the receiver, as well as the effect of cyclic prefix reduction on the receivers. It was found that the MMSE receiver outperforms the QR receiver in terms of BER, while in terms of PEP; the QR receiver outperforms the MMSE receiver. When a cyclic prefix reduction test was carried out on both receivers, it yields a significant reduction in BER of both receivers but has no significant effect on the overall performance.

Cooperative Diversity in Secondary Systems: Efficient Relaying Protocol for Cognitive Radio

This paper considers half-duplex cooperative spectrum sharing scheme where both primary and secondary systems mutually cooperate with each other to exploit cooperative diversity in both the systems. Unlike existing cooperative schemes, this proposed protocol achieves cooperative diversity at the secondary (unlicensed) user without degrading the spectral efficiency and bit error rate (BER) performance of the primary (licensed) user. We present the closed-form expression for average BER of both primary and secondary receivers. Moreover, we compare our results with the recently proposed schemes to substantiate the efficacy of our protocol.

Effect of jitter on the settling time of mesochronous clock retiming circuits

It is well known that timing jitter can degrade the bit error rate (BER) of receivers that recover the clock from input data. However, timing jitter can also result in an indefinite increase in the settling time of clock recovery circuits, particularly in low swing mesochronous systems. Mesochronous clock retiming circuits are required in repeaterless low swing on-chip interconnects. We first discuss how timing jitter can result in a large increase in the settling time of the clock recovery circuit. Next, the circuit is modelled as a Markov chain with absorbing states. The mean time to absorption of the Markov chain, which represents the mean settling time of the circuit, is determined. The model is validated through behavioural simulations of the circuit, the results of which match well with the model predictions. We consider circuits with (i) data dependent jitter, (ii) random jitter, and (iii) combination of both of them. We show that a mismatch between the strengths of up and down corrections of the retiming can reduce the settling time. In particular, a 10% mismatch can reduce the mean settling time by up to 40%. We leverage this fact toward improving the settling time performance, and propose useful techniques based on biased training sequences and mismatched charge pumps. We also present a coarse+fine clock retiming circuit, which can operate in coarse first mode, to reduce the settling time substantially. These fast settling retiming circuits are verified with circuit simulations.

Compatibility Analysis of the Turbo Controller Area Network (TURBO CAN)

Given the increased amount of data traffic in in-vehicle networks with more systems now included in vehicles, enormous amounts of research have recently focused on providing reliable and inexpensive quality of service for in-vehicle communication systems. To support high-speed data processing while maintaining backward compatibility with controller area network (CAN) for in-vehicle communication systems, the turbo controller area network (TURBO CAN) was proposed, combining the standard baseband CAN signal with a passband modulated signal. In this paper, we demonstrate both an improvement in the performance and the validity of the backward compatibility of the TURBO CAN system. To be specific, we provide passband channel modeling of the CAN system based on the channel gain and the noise characteristics as measured in an actual vehicle environment. Using these measurements, we also provide proper criteria for determining the power constraint of the passband signal to achieve a highly compatible system by analyzing the channel capacity of TURBO CAN as well as the bit error rate of a standard CAN receiver.

Spatial Interference Cancellation in MIMO Systems Using Side Lobe Canceller Structure

In this paper, a new MIMO receiver structure is proposed in which interferences are suppressed using a canceller operating in the spatial domain. The method presented in this paper is based on the assumption that a MIMO system with a certain number of antennas at the transmitter and receiver side is available. Distance between the antenna elements is subject to various factors and is selected in such a way that fading between different antenna pairs is independent of each other. In the proposed structure, without imposing additional restriction on the size of the array on the receiver, some auxiliary antennas are placed between every two adjacent elements to create antenna sets. Adaptive nulling is performed in each set to place nulls in the direction of the interferences. Then, the MIMO receiver processing is done such as is required in the conventional MIMO receiver without auxiliary antennas. In other words, the proposed structure added some auxiliary antennas to the MIMO receiver to cancel interferences that are separable in the spatial domain. To evaluate performance of the proposed structure, bit error rate (BER) of the conventional MIMO receiver and the proposed structure are compared in the space–time block-coded (STBC) MIMO system. Simulation results show that, in comparison with the conventional STBC technique, the proposed method has a better performance in the presence of interference.

Research on the output bit error rate of 2DPSK signal based on stochastic resonance theory

Binary differential phase-shift keying (2DPSK) signal is mainly used for high speed data transmission. However, the bit error rate of digital signal receiver is high in the case of wicked channel environment. In view of this situation, a novel method based on stochastic resonance (SR) is proposed, which is aimed to reduce the bit error rate of 2DPSK signal by coherent demodulation receiving. According to the theory of SR, a nonlinear receiver model is established, which is used to receive 2DPSK signal under small signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) circumstances (between −15 dB and 5 dB), and compared with the conventional demodulation method. The experimental results demonstrate that when the input SNR is in the range of −15 dB to 5 dB, the output bit error rate of nonlinear system model based on SR has a significant decline compared to the conventional model. It could reduce 86.15% when the input SNR equals −7 dB. Meanwhile, the peak value of the output signal spectrum is 4.25 times as that of the conventional model. Consequently, the output signal of the system is more likely to be detected and the accuracy can be greatly improved.

군사 환경에서의 향상된 무선 네트워크 보안

본 논문은 합법적 수신자와 불법적인 도청자가 함께 존재하는 Wire-Tap 채널 모델 하에서 HT-STBC (Hadamard Transformed-Space Time Block Codes)와 인위적 잡음 (Artificial Noise)을 이용한 보안 성능 향상 방법을 제안한다. 기존의 STBC와 인위적 잡음을 이용한 방법은 QPSK 이상의 변조 방식을 사용했을 때 수신자와 도청자 사이의 BER (Bit Error Rate) 차이가 제한적으로 증가하는 문제가 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 Hadamard 변환과 STBC를 결합한 HT-STBC와 인위적 잡음을 이용하여 수신자의 BER을 기존 방법보다 감소시키고 수신자와 도청자 사이의 BER 차이 또한 증가함을 모의실험을 통해 입증하였다. 모의실험 결과, 본 논문에서 제안한 방법을 이용하면 기존의 STBC와 인위적 잡음을 이용한 방법에 비하여 약 3dB의 성능이 향상됨을 확인하였다. In this paper, we propose method to enhance security performance using HT-STBC with artificial noise under Wier-Tap channel model that exist with legitimate receiver and illegal eavesdropper. Conventional STBC with artificial noise scheme has a weakness that a limited increase in the BER of the difference between the receiver and an eavesdropper, when used over QPSK modulation. To solve this problem, we suggest HT-STBC combining hadamard transform and STBC with artificial noise for reduce BER of receiver than the conventional scheme and demonstrated through simulation that also increased BER difference between the receiver and an eavesdropper. By the simulation results, when used proposed scheme, showed approximately 3dB improvement in performance compared to the conventional scheme.

Performance analysis of satellite‐to‐ground downlink optical communications with spatial diversity over Gamma–Gamma atmospheric turbulence

The performances of satellite‐to‐ground downlink optical communications over Gamma–Gamma distributed turbulence are studied for a multiple‐aperture receiver system. Equal gain‐combining (EGC) and selection‐combining (SC) techniques are considered as practical schemes to mitigate the atmospheric turbulence under thermal‐noise‐limited conditions. Bit‐error rate (BER) performances for on‐off keying‐modulated direct detection and outage probabilities are analyzed and compared for SC diversity receptions using analytical results and for EGC diversity receptions through an approximation method. To show the net diversity gain of a multiple‐aperture receiver system, BER performances and outage probabilities of EGC and SC receiver systems are compared with a single monolithic‐aperture receiver system with the same total aperture area (same average total incident optical power) for satellite‐to‐ground downlink optical communications. All the numerical results are also verified by Monte‐Carlo simulations.