Recall Strategies Research Articles

Recall initiation strategies must be controlled in training studies that use immediate free recall tasks to measure the components of working memory capacity across time

There has been great interest in using working memory (WM) training regimens as an alternative treatment for ADHD, but it has recently been concluded that existing training regimens may not be optimally designed because they target the primary memory component but not the secondary component of WM capacity. This conclusion requires the ability to accurately measure changes in primary and secondary memory abilities over time. The immediate free recall task has been used in previous studies to measure these changes; however, one concern with these tasks is that the recall order required on training exercises may influence the recall strategy used during free recall, which may in turn influence the relative number of items recalled from primary and secondary memory. To address this issue, previous training studies have explicitly controlled recall strategy before and after training. However, the necessity of controlling for recall strategies has not been explicitly tested. The present study investigated the effects of forward-serial-order training on free recall performance under conditions in which recall strategy was not controlled using a sample of adolescents with ADHD. Unlike when recall order was controlled, the main findings showed selective improvement of the secondary memory component (as opposed to the primary memory component) when recall order was uncontrolled. This finding advances our understanding of WM training by highlighting the importance of controlling for recall strategies when free recall tasks are used to measure changes in the primary and secondary components of WM across time.

Estrategias de evocación en la prueba de fluidez verbal en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by inflammation and demyelination. It generates irreversible myelin changes, which in turn give rise to physical and cognitive disorders. The verbal fluency test (VF) has been shown to be a sensitive tool for detecting cognitive impairment in these patients. ObjectiveTo compare quantitative and qualitative aspects of performance on semantic and phonological fluency tests between MS patients and healthy controls by analysing total words produced and strategies used (clusters and switching). MethodWe evaluated 46 patients with MS and 33 healthy controls using the VF test. ResultsThe semantic VF task revealed no significant differences between groups; for the phonological task, patients demonstrated reduced word production (F [77]=2.286 P<.001) and poorer use of grouping strategies, resulting in more frequent switching (F [77]=3.808 P<.005). ConclusionsThese results support using qualitative analysis for recall strategies, since the technique provides data about which components of the task are affected by brain damage. Clusters depend on the integrity of semantic memory, while switching has to do with developing effective search strategies, cognitive flexibility, and the ability to modify responses. Frontal lobe damage has been reported in MS, and this is consistent with results from the phonological VF test.

The financial impact of product recall announcements in China

Abstract A product recall can be viewed as a firm’s worst nightmare. Although the long-term damage to brand equity and company reputation may be difficult, if not impossible, to quantify, the short-term impact on shareholders’ wealth is readily estimable. While many studies have examined this issue in the Western context, little is known about the financial impact of a product recall announcement in China. To advance the knowledge about the financial impact of a product recall announcement, we explore this issue using event study methodology. In general, our findings are congruent with previous research that product recalls result in negative abnormal returns. Interestingly, however, we found that Chinese companies suffered from greater financial losses than their Western counterparts did. This study also provides evidence that the Chinese food industry experiences a more severe stock market reaction than the automobile industry and that a passive recall strategy was associated with a more negative stock market reaction than a proactive recall strategy. We conclude with several future research avenues for global research on product recalls.

The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on The Financial Value of Product Recall Strategy

Prior research argues that voluntary product recalls are motivated by managers’ intention to convey positive information about recalling firm’s reputation, brand equity and trust-worthiness, and sh...

Improving Questions on Sexual Partnerships: Lessons Learned from Cognitive Interviews for Britain’s Third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (“Natsal-3”)

Patterns of sexual partnership formation and dissolution are key drivers of sexually transmitted infection transmission. Sexual behavior survey participants may be unable or unwilling to report accurate details about their sexual partners, limiting the potential to capture information on sexual mixing and timing of partnerships. We examined how questions were interpreted, including recall strategies and judgments made in selecting responses, to inform development of a module on recent sexual partnerships in Britain’s third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (“Natsal-3”). Face-to-face cognitive interviews were conducted with 14 men and 18 women aged 18–74 years, during development work for Natsal-3. People with multiple recent partners were purposively sampled and questions were presented as a computer-assisted self-interview. Participants were generally agreeable to answering questions about their sexual partners and practices. Interpretation of questions designed to measure concurrent (overlapping) partnerships was broadly consistent with the epidemiological concept of concurrency. Partners’ ages, genders, ethnicity, and participants’ perceptions of whether partner(s) had had concurrent partnerships were reported without offense. Recall problems and lack of knowledge were reported by some participants (of all ages), especially about former, casual, and/or new partnerships, and some reported guessing partners’ ages and dates of sex. Generally, participants were able to answer questions about their sexual partners accurately, even when repeated for multiple partners. Cognitive interviews provided insight into the participants’ understanding of, ability to answer, and willingness to answer questions. This enabled us to improve questions used in previous surveys, refine new questions, and ensure the questionnaire order was logical for participants.

Correlation through bounded recall strategies

Two agents independently choose mixed m-recall strategies that take actions in finite action spaces A 1 and A 2. The strategies induce a random play, a 1, a 2, . . ., where a t assumes values in A 1 × A 2. An M-recall observer observes the play. The goal of the agents is to make the observer believe that the play is similar to a sequence of i.i.d. random actions whose distribution is Q∈Δ(A1×A2) . For nearly every t, the following event should occur with probability close to one: “the distribution of a t+M given a t , . . . , a t+M-1 is close to Q.” We provide a sufficient and necessary condition on m, M, and Q under which this goal can be achieved (for large m). This work is a step in the direction of establishing a folk theorem for repeated games with bounded recall. It tries to tackle the difficulty in computing the individually rational levels (IRL) in the bounded recall setting. Our result implies, for example, that in some games the IRL in the bounded recall game is bounded away below the IRL in the stage game, even when all the players have the same recall capacity.

Examining the relationship between free recall and immediate serial recall: The role of list length, strategy use, and test expectancy

Recent findings suggest that the immediate free recall (IFR) of short lists is similar to immediate serial recall (ISR). These findings were obtained using a methodology in which participants did not know the list length in advance of each list, and this uncertainty may have encouraged participants to adopt atypical recall strategies. Therefore, we examined whether prior knowledge of the list length was important in obtaining these recent findings with IFR (Experiment 1) and ISR (Experiment 2). In both experiments, we presented participants with lists of between 1 and 15 words and found that advance knowledge of the list length resulted in little or no difference in recall performance. In our final experiment (Experiment 3), we manipulated test expectancy. We found that participants who were post-cued to recall using either IFR or ISR recalled in similar ways to those who were pre-cued to recall using IFR or ISR, respectively. We argue that lists of words are encoded in similar ways on the two tasks, that the list length and task instructions determine the initial output order, and that the initial recall and the instructions determine the resultant serial position curves.

Free Recall of Word Lists under Total Sleep Deprivation and after Recovery Sleep

One task that has been used to assess memory effects of prior total sleep deprivation (TSD) is the immediate free recall of word lists; however, results have been mixed. A possible explanation for this is task impurity, since recall of words from different serial positions reflects use of distinct types of memory (last words: short-term memory; first and intermediate words: episodic memory). Here we studied the effects of 2 nights of TSD on immediate free recall of semantically unrelated word lists considering the serial position curve. Random allocation to a 2-night TSD protocol followed by one night of recovery sleep or to a control group. Study conducted under continuous behavioral monitoring. 24 young, healthy male volunteers. 2 nights of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and one night of recovery sleep. Participants were shown five 15 unrelated word-lists at baseline, after one and 2 nights of TSD, and after one night of recovery sleep. We also investigated the development of recall strategies (learning) and susceptibility to interference from previous lists. No free recall impairment occurred during TSD, irrespective of serial position. Interference was unchanged. Both groups developed recall strategies, but task learning occurred earlier in controls and was evident in the TSD group only after sleep recovery. Prior TSD spared episodic memory, short-term phonological memory, and interference, allowed the development of recall strategies, but may have decreased the advantage of using these strategies, which returned to normal after recovery sleep.

Deliberations on Unconscious thought Theory

Deliberations on Unconscious thought Theory

Rehearsal Significantly Improves Immediate and Delayed Recall on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test

A repeated observation during memory assessment with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is that patients who spontaneously employ a memory rehearsal strategy by repeating the word list more than once achieve better scores than patients who only repeat the word list once. This observation led to concern about the ability of the standard test procedure of RAVLT and similar tests in eliciting the best possible recall scores. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a rehearsal recall strategy of repeating the word list more than once would result in improved scores of recall on the RAVLT. We report on differences in outcome after standard administration and after experimental administration on Immediate and Delayed Recall measures from the RAVLT of 50 patients. The experimental administration resulted in significantly improved scores for all the variables employed. Additionally, it was found that patients who failed effort screening showed significantly poorer improvement on Delayed Recall compared with those who passed the effort screening. The general clear improvement both in raw scores and T-scores demonstrates that recall performance can be significantly influenced by the strategy of the patient or by small variations in instructions by the examiner.

Improving workplace incident investigations by enhancing memory recall

Purpose – Industrial incident investigations determine what caused an adverse workplace event so that preventative measures can be instituted and reduce the risk of such incidents happening again. Investigators gather evidence from multiple sources in an investigation and one such source is the people in, or around, the industrial incident. The purpose of the current study is to examine if recall strategy could affect eyewitnesses' recollections of a workplace incident.Design/methodology/approach – The current study is a 3 (Post‐Event Context: Think, Filler, Discuss)×2 (Incident Investigation Form: Psychologically‐Based vs. Standard Investigation Form) between‐subjects factorial design. Participant‐witnesses watched a simulated videotaped workplace incident (n=196) then either: thought about the event, discussed it with fellow witnesses, or engaged in an unrelated task. Subsequently, participants recalled the details of the adverse event on an incident report form: a Standard Investigation Form or a form ...

Device Recalls and the Recalling Company's Website

An ongoing issue with respect to medical device recalls is getting the information to the right people in a timely manner so that appropriate action can be taken. For Class I recalls, this is often addressed by one or more means of professional and public communications, including after-the-fact posting of such recalls by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). One resource that could be included in a recall strategy is the recalling company's own website where the information could be readily available in close association with other information on the product, and where it would be readily found by someone making a product specific inquiry. However an investigation of 13 Class I recalls from the 4th quarter of 2010 shows that only four of these included a web presence, and even among these, the recall information was not necessarily easily found, nor closely linked, to other product information.

Non‐invasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma: The value of contrast washout at imaging and the death of alpha‐fetoprotein

Non‐invasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma: The value of contrast washout at imaging and the death of alpha‐fetoprotein

Effects of correspondence between encoding and retrieval organization in social memory

Memory research has shown impaired recall performance when a subset of the studied stimuli is presented at recall (the part-list cueing effect, Slamecka, 1968) or when the recall is collaborative (collaborative-inhibition effect, Weldon & Bellinger, 1997). In two experiments we explore these effects in an impression-formation context and compare two prominent accounts (retrieval blocking versus strategy disruption) for them. We varied the correspondence between item organization at encoding and retrieval, either by manipulating the organization of part-list cues (Experiment 1) or the organization of the stimulus list that was later recalled collaboratively (Experiment 2). Results showed that when encoding and recall organizations did not correspond recall was impaired, replicating part-list cueing and collaborative-inhibition effects. However, when encoding and retrieval organization corresponded, these effects were greatly reduced. Such results support the recall strategy disruption hypothesis and challenge the retrieval blocking account. Implications for understanding memory in a social context are discussed.

Safety hazard and time to recall: The role of recall strategy, product defect type, and supply chain player in the U.S. toy industry

This research identifies and tests key factors that can be associated with time to recall a product. Product recalls due to safety hazards entail societal costs, such as property damage, injury, and sometimes death. For firms, the related external failure costs are many, including the costs of recalling the product, providing a remedy, meeting the legal liability, and repairing damage to the firm's reputation. The recent spate of product recalls has shifted attention from why products are recalled to why it takes so long to recall a defective product that poses a safety hazard. To address this, our research subjects to empirical scrutiny the time to recall and its relationship with recall strategies, source of the defect and supply chain position of the recalling firm. We develop and verify our conceptual arguments in the U.S. toy industry by analyzing over 500 product recalls during a 15-year period (1993–2008). The empirical results indicate that the time to recall, as measured by difference between product recall announcement date and product first sold date, is associated with (1) the recall strategy (preventive vs. reactive) adopted by the firm, (2) the type of product defect (manufacturing defect vs. design flaw), and (3) the supply chain entity that issues the recall (toy company vs. distributor vs. retailer). Our results provide cues that could trigger a firm's recognition of factors that increase the time to recall.

The strategic value of recall

This work studies the value of two-person zero-sum repeated games in which at least one of the players is restricted to (mixtures of) bounded recall strategies. A (pure) k-recall strategy is a strategy that relies only on the last k periods of history. This work improves previous results ( Lehrer, 1988; Neyman and Okada, 2009) on repeated games with bounded recall. We provide an explicit formula for the asymptotic value of the repeated game as a function of the one-stage game, the duration of the repeated game, and the recall of the agents.

Effects of Strategy Use on Children's Motor Performance in a Continuous Timing Task

The purposes of this study were to associate age-related performance deficits in children with the use of recall strategies and to determine whether children who performed poorly in cycling would benefit from learning a recall strategy. In Experiment 1, 18 younger children (ages 5-7 years) and 18 older children (ages 8-10 years) were asked to recall selected pedaling cadences. The majority of the older children used strategies and performed with less error than the younger children. In Experiment 2, children with a high number of errors in Experiment 1 were assigned to an experimental or a control group. The children in the experimental group were taught to use a specific recall strategy. The results showed that children who received the instruction in strategy use improved their performance.

Use of memory strategies among younger and older adults: Results from objective and subjective measures.

Memory plays a fundamental role in the identity of people and in human life, as it enables us to interpret our surroundings and make decisions. It is known that the aging process can be accompanied by cognitive decline in some memory sub systems. However, the use of memory strategies can help encoding and retrieval of new information.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify and compare, using objective and subjective measures, which recall strategies are used spontaneously by young and older adults.MethodsTwenty-six first-year college students, and thirty-three seniors enrolled at the Third Age University of the same campus, completed a visual memory test including 18 black and white pictures, memorized a short story, and completed an open question about memory strategies, a memory check list to indicate strategies used, and a memory self-efficacy scale. The Bousfield categorization measure was also calculated from the recall protocol.ResultsYoung adults demonstrated better performance than the older adults on the memory tasks, and were also more confident. Both groups reported using similar strategies.ConclusionYoung and older adults seem to tackle memory tasks in similar ways but young adults outperform seniors.

Exploring young children’s understanding of risks associated with Internet usage and their concepts of management strategies

The Internet provides remarkable opportunities for children’s learning and development. Nevertheless, it is unregulated and hard to control, which potentially places children at risk of exploitation. This study examined five—eight-year-old children’s understanding of dangers associated with the Internet, management strategies and sources of their understanding. Children in small groups answered questions relating to what they consider dangerous interactions or materials connected with the Internet, management strategies they would employ if confronted with these, and who taught them what they knew. Many children reported prior negative experiences on the Internet. Although they identified several risk categories, when presented with potentially dangerous Internet interactions almost half were not able to identify the associated risks. Most children identified appropriate management strategies; however, it was evident that children could not safely employ these because they were unable to recognize potential dangers. Just under half of the children indicated they had not been taught Internet safety. Internet risks for children can be reduced through education in their recognition of potential dangers, recall and management strategies, indicating a need for schools to incorporate Internet safety into curricula.

The use of memory recall strategies in the management of behaviours associated with dementia

Executive summary Background Many people who develop dementia are placed in long-term care facilities, as they often require high-level care that can no longer be provided by family and friends. As yet no cure for dementia exists and management of dementia-associated behaviours can be complex. Mental recall is one type of behaviour therapy whereby a representation of past experience is elicited. To date there has not been a systematic review conducted that focuses specifically on recall techniques for managing behaviours associated with dementia. Aim To determine the effects of using recall strategies in managing behaviours associated with dementia. Inclusion criteria Types of studies Any quantitative and qualitative study designs were considered. Types of participants People aged over 60 years who had a clinical diagnosis of dementia and displayed behaviours associated with dementia. Types of intervention Any behaviour therapy modality that used recall was considered for this review. For the purpose of this review memory or mental recall related to the ability to recall previously encountered items from memory. Types of outcome measures The outcome of interest was a positive change in the behaviour associated with dementia. Search strategy Using a collection of keywords and MeSH terms, a selection of electronic bibliographic databases were searched for both published and unpublished studies between the years 1990 and 2009. A three-step search strategy was utilised: firstly an initial limited search of MEDLINE and CINAHL was undertaken, followed by analysis of the text words contained in the title and abstract, and of the index terms used to describe the article. A second search using all identified keywords and index terms was then performed across all included databases. Thirdly, the reference list of all identified reports and articles were searched for additional studies. Critical appraisal Papers selected for retrieval were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review. Data extraction and synthesis Data was extracted from papers included in the review using the appropriate standardised data extraction tool. Due to the heterogeneity of papers statistical pooling was not appropriate and the findings are summarised in narrative form. Results Only three papers met inclusion criteria; one quasi-experimental and two case series. Methodological quality was weak and caution is required when interpreting results. The quasi-experimental study focussed on teaching and supporting spousal caregivers of people with dementia to use a cueing system to modify the frequency of repetitive verbalisations. Results suggested that for those caregivers who followed the intervention as advised by the therapist, reductions in verbalisations were demonstrated compared to pre-intervention. There was however, a wide variation in the severity of the problem, with results showing a variable amount of change in vocalisations following the intervention. The results of the case series suggest that incorporating a behavioural approach that includes a cueing system with or without fading cues may be successful for some residents with dementia but not all. Implications for practice Due to the strength of the results no conclusive recommendations can be made regarding the utilisation of cueing systems to change problem behaviours associated with dementia. There is weak evidence to suggest that recall approaches can be of benefit to some people with dementia who exhibit behaviours such as demanding and repetitive verbalisations and aggression. Issues regarding expertise in developing and delivering such interventions, as well as training and support of caregivers, both formal and informal, will need to be considered. Implications for research Primary research utilising rigorous research methods that evaluate the effects of cueing systems to modify behaviours associated with dementia is imperative in order to recommend or refute such a behavioural approach. Other issues such as factors likely to affect a person's response to recall strategies and the optimal training methods for staff and informal caregivers of people with dementia, including strategies for encouragement and support should be considered.