Core Arrangement Research Articles

Modelling research on the control scheme and control characteristic of a small gas-cooled reactor

The nuclear power system is one vital choice for interplanetary migration. The control rod and sliding reflector are the two most widely used control schemes with different characteristics for the space nuclear reactor. In the present paper, the control rod scheme and sliding reflector scheme of the 2.6 MWt reactor model are investigated and compared. According to the neutron physics analysis, the core arrangement and the control assembly motion scheme for the reactor start-up process are proposed, along with the reactivity insertion behavior. The results show that the reactivity insertion of the control rod scheme is $18.76, which is lower than the $26.01 of the sliding reflector scheme, and the weight of the former is 79.6 kg larger than the latter. However, the control rod scheme has significant advantages in core power flattening and control accuracy. Upon comprehensive consideration, the control rod scheme is recommended as the control scheme. The research results can lay the foundation for the control system layout scheme and control strategy design.

IHPSA: An improved bio-inspired hybrid optimization algorithm for task mapping in Network on Chip

System on a chip (SoC) is the leading technology in the recent global world of digitization. The classical bus-based regular communication infrastructures of SoCs cannot handle the growing number of cores. Designers came up with new communication methods known as the network on chip (NoC) to solve this problem. NoC offers scalability, flexibility, modularity, and efficiency. As the number of cores of SoC keeps on increasing due to advancement in technology and shrinking size of transistors, the arrangement of cores on the NoC becomes more significant that can influence the Network on Chip’s overall performance and efficiency. Therefore, there is always a need for efficient and intelligent mapping algorithms for achieving optimal mapping solutions since existing mapping techniques either do not achieve optimal results or possess more execution time. To resolve this issue, we proposed an improved hybrid particle swarm and simulated annealing optimization algorithm iHPSA. The proposed iHPSA combines Improved Particle Swarm Optimization and Simulated Annealing for NoC mapping and incorporates a machine-learning K-means clustering algorithm to segregate tasks into clusters based on communication bandwidth. The Elbow method is used in the K-means clustering algorithm to predict the number of clusters in large applications intelligently.Comparative analysis of different performance factors shows that the proposed approach has performed better than the existing mapping algorithms. The proposed algorithm offers improved performance by reducing communication cost, latency, and power of the network. the proposed iHPSA shows an average enhancement on power reduction of 22.67%, 30.95% , 22.87%, 27.61%, 16.07%, 8.87%, 8.01% ,30% and 9% over PSO,SA,GA,ACO,BA,SCSO,BEMAP,CSO and ILP. Improved energy consumption by 5.70%, 20%, 25%, 24% and 4.09% over PSO, SA ,GA , BEMAP and CSO. iHPSA improved latency by 1.5% over PSO, 6.2% over SA, 6.67% over GA , 9.7% over BEMAP and 1.2% over CSO. The proposed mapping approach’s efficiency is evaluated with a comparative analysis of communication cost, power, energy, and latency for standard and randomly generated benchmark applications. The experimental results revealed that iHPSA outperforms other nature-inspired algorithms by offering an efficient application approach that reduces communication cost, power, energy, and latency.

Amplitude of undulating fin in the vicinity of a wall: Influence of unsteady wall effect on marine propulsion

To investigate the role of the amplitude of an object under the unsteady wall effect in fluid dynamics, we modelled an undulating fin near a wall in a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. The fin was tethered in a uniform flow and controlled by a user-defined function program. The unsteady wall effect improved the propulsion force and propulsion efficiency at different amplitudes, but the lift force behaved differently. We determined the critical amplitude for the model, below which the lift force is positive within an appropriate off-wall distance range. At amplitudes larger than the critical amplitude and as the off-wall distance decreases, the average lift force is, however, always negative, causing the undulating fin to overturn towards the wall and lose stability. The essence of propulsion and lift variation lies in the change in the shape of the space between the wall and the fin, which affects the fluid flow structure and pressure distribution. In addition, some interesting phenomena related to the vortex core arrangement and pressure distribution were introduced at different amplitudes caused by the unsteady wall effect. The present results may provide new insights into the behaviours of benthic fish, reducing their undulating amplitudes and pitch angles near walls.

AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS IN EVALUATING ORDERING CRITERIA FOR COMPOSITE CORE ARRANGEMENT IN SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS

Composite cores of core plugs from different heights of an exploration well core are often used for routine and special core analysis to evaluate an oil reservoir. The question is whether or not the order of the core plugs in the composite core make a difference to the absolute and relative permeability measurements? The seminal work by Huppler (1969), proposed ordering individual core samples harmonically in a composite core in order to match the overall permeability. Langaas (1998) proposed ordering the core samples in decreasing permeability for effective relative permeability measurements, based on theoretical framework of North Sea sandstones. In this paper we tested the methods proposed by Huppler and Langaas experimentally. Core samples with permeability ranging from 50 mD to 2 Darcy were used for this work. The orientation of the core samples was tested for permeability and relative permeability and compared with the theoretical model developed by Langaas. In addition to the experimental work, simulations were performed with the three different composite cores and the representative recovery factor was compared to provide the appropriate composite core arrangement.

A novel core structure of inner-ringed multi-pitch rods for lightweight induction coil sensor design

A novel inner-ringed multi-pitch rods core structure for lightweight induction coil sensor design, in which the higher-permeability magnetic rods are located in the inner ring of the induction coil, is proposed. The abbreviation for the novel core structure is “IRMPR core structure”. It is theoretically shown that the induction coil sensor sensitivity of the IRMPR core structure is equal to that of the single-rod solid structure. Compared with the traditional single-rod solid magnetic core structure, the mass of magnetic core of the IRMPR core structure is reduced more than 28%, however, the sensor sensitivity is not sacrificed. Besides, the performance of the IRMPR core structures with permalloy and Zn-Mn alloy magnetic cores were tested under 500Hz and 1–22kHz band conditions, and the performance was improved compared with the single-rod structure of the same materials. The results demonstrate the potential for IRMPR core structure application to various induction coils with different inner-ringed magnetic core materials under broadband conditions. The study also provides a method to vary the sensitivity and resonant frequency of the induction coil sensor by changing the magnetic core arrangement. Furthermore, thinner magnetic rod is more cost-effective and IRMPR core structure will be more compact for the integration of the sensors and their electronics within a single housing.

Cu(II), Mn(II) and Zn(II) Complexes of Anthracene‐Affixed Carboxylate‐Rich Tridentate Ligand: Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopic Investigation and Their DNA Binding Profile

AbstractAnthracene‐affixed carboxylate‐rich tridentate ligand containing three new mononuclear complexes, [Cu(acpa)(H2O)2]⋅H2O (1), [Mn(acpa)(H2O)2] (2) and [Zn(acpa)(H2O)2] (3) (H2acpa=3‐(anthracene‐9‐ylmethyl‐carboxymethyl‐amino)‐propionic acid), have been synthesized and characterized by various analytical and spectral methods. In methanol, complexes 1–3 have been prepared by carrying out reaction of the ligand H2acpa with stoichiometric amounts of CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O, MnSO4⋅H2O and ZnSO4 ⋅ 7H2O respectively, in the presence of NaOH at ambient temperature. The X‐ray crystal structure analysis reveals that complex 1 consists of a distorted square pyramidal copper center, coordinated to one acpa2− ligand in a tridentate manner (N,O,O) and two exogenous water molecules. On the other hand, the molecular structures of complexes 2 and 3, optimized by DFT method indicate that their core arrangements around the metal centers are similar to that of 1. In solution, the coordination phenomena of Cu((II), Mn(II) and Zn(II) ions with the ligand H2acpa and the structural features of the complexes have been authenticated by UV‐Vis and fluorescence titration experiments. The composition of the MII/acpa2− complexes (M=Cu, Mn, Zn) in 1–3 has been observed to be 1 : 1, based on the UV‐Vis/fluorescence titration results which are further supported by X‐ray crystallography and DFT calculation. Complexes 1–3 are investigated for their binding affinity towards Calf Thymus (CT) DNA in solution at pH∼7.5 by UV‐Vis and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. From the electronic absorption spectral studies, it has been found that the DNA binding constants of 1–3 are (5.67±0.32)×104 M−1, (2.35±0.26)×104 M−1 and (2.49±0.33)×104 M−1, respectively, following the order 1>3>2. Measurements of viscosity of DNA in the absence and presence of the metal complexes suggest that all three complexes interact with DNA through partial intercalative mode.

A kind of single trench 19-core single-mode heterogeneous fiber with low crosstalk and anti-bending performance

The rapid growth of the demand for optical communication capacity promotes optical fiber communication technology. As a method to break through the capacity limitation of conventional single-mode fiber, multi-core fiber based on space division multiplexing technology has attracted extensive attention. In order to respond to the capacity of traditional single-mode fiber positively, we design a scheme of single-mode multi-core fiber combining the arrangement of heterogeneous fiber cores with secondary structure of low refractive index trench. The scheme consists of nineteen fiber cores arranged in a hexagonal closed-packed structure. Heterogeneous trench-assisted multi-core fiber (Hetero-TA-MCF) has low inter-core crosstalk and excellent anti-bending performance. Compared with conventional single-mode fiber, the Hetero-TA-MCF has the large transmission capacity and average effective area of each core of about 80 μm<sup>2</sup>. The transmission capacity of 19 cores is equivalent to the sum of the transmission capacities of 19 single-core single-mode fibers. We use COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the fiber structure, finding the parameters that affect the properties of the fiber, selecting parameters and structures for optimal performance. Then we calculate the transmission characteristics by the finite element method,and the results of substantive simulating compute are as follows. The Hetero-TA-MCF achieves a low inter-core crosstalk (XT) of about –39 dB/100 km so that each core can be transmitted as a separate channe. It meets the standard of multi-core fiber long distance transmission. The XT of the heterogeneous 19-core single-mode fiber is suitable for multi-core fiber long distance transmission standards. The bending loss of the outermost fiber core is –7.7×10<sup>–5</sup> dB/m when the bending radius is 10 cm, which reflects the low loss characteristics of the structure. The nonlinear coefficients of three kinds of core are 1.28 W<sup>–1</sup>·km<sup>–1</sup>, 1.31 W<sup>–1</sup>·km<sup>–1</sup>, and 1.30 W<sup>–1</sup>·km<sup>–1</sup> respectively, reducing the nonlinear effect of optical fiber effectively; the dispersions of three kinds of cores are less than 24 ps/(nm·km). In addition, the steady single-mode transmission is achieved in <i>C</i>+<i>L</i> band. Compared with traditional single-mode fiber and single-trench homogeneous fiber, the proposed fiber in this work has low crosstalk, good bending resistance and large mode field area, which is suitable for long distance and large capacity transmission in space division multiplexing system.

Complete sequence of classic F-type plasmid pRK100 shows unique conservation over time and geographic location

Plasmids exhibit great diversity of gene content and host ranges and are famous for quick adaptation to the genetic background of the bacterial host cell. In addition to observing ever evolving plasmids, some plasmids have conserved backbones: a stable core composition and arrangement of genes in addition to variable regions. There are a few reports of extremely conserved plasmids. Here we report the complete sequence of pRK100 plasmid – a large, well-characterized conjugative F-like plasmid found in an Escherichia coli strain isolated from a urinary tract infection patient in 1990. The sequence shows that the 142 kb-long pRK100 plasmid is nearly identical to plasmids circulating in distant geographical locations and found in different host E. coli strains between 2007 and 2017. We also performed additional functional characterization of pRK100. Our results showed that pRK100 does not have a strong pathogenicity phenotype in porcine primary bladder epithelial cell culture. Moreover, the conjugation of pRK100 seems to strongly depend on recipient characteristics. These observations and identification of the pRK100 plasmid in different strain genotypes leave the extreme sequence conservation and broad distribution of this plasmid unexplained.

Flexural Properties of 3D-printed hierarchical-sinusoidal corrugated core sandwich panels with natural fiber reinforced skins

The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of printed hierarchical-sinusoidal corrugated core patterns and the load direction on the flexural properties of the cotton/epoxy composites sandwich panels. For the cores, six sinusoidal corrugated structures were considered. Besides, possible arrangements (transvers or longitudinal wave, arch downward or upward) of the sinusoidal corrugated cores with respect to the loading direction were considered. Totally, 72 cores were fabricated using a 3D printer and poly lactic acid material. It was observed that for the transverse arrangement, the flexural strength of sandwich panels is significantly improved by changing the pattern from the simple form to the hierarchical patterns. In contrast, for the longitudinal pattern, improvement in the flexural properties was not obtained by changing the core pattern. It was also manifested that corrugated core arrangement has remarkable effect on the mechanical properties of the sandwich panels. For the transverse pattern core panel, the maximum values of normalized face-sheet bending strength (FBS), core shear ultimate strength (CSUS) and energy absorption were obtained as 7.17 MPa/kg, 223.91 MPa/kg and 114.56 J/kg, respectively. Besides, for the longitudinal pattern core panel, the maximum values of FBS, CSUS and energy absorption were obtained as 7.86 MPa/kg, 245.78 MPa/kg and 330.75 J/kg, respectively. Comparing the obtained results with the available data in the literature manifested that the flexural properties of the corrugated core sandwich structures are significantly improved by changing its core system from the other materials to the printed material.

Configuration optimization of the honeycomb core in the latent heat thermal energy storage of a solar air heater: Experimental and numerical study

This article investigates the effect of embedding the aluminum honeycomb structure in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) of a solar air heater (SAH) and proposes an optimal arrangement of the partial honeycomb core. The effect of placing an aluminum honeycomb core in the LHTES of a solar air heater in mass flow rates of 0.02 and 0.04 kg/s is investigated numerically. A finite volume method is utilized to solve the governing equations in the 3D domain. The phase change material's (PCM's) solid–liquid interface and temperature field are solved by the enthalpy-porosity method and validated by experimental results. The honeycomb core embedded in paraffin is simulated as a composite material with effective thermal properties and local thermal equilibrium condition. The effect of the insertion of eight different honeycomb configurations in the latent heat storage is examined, and an optimized arrangement of the honeycomb structure is proposed. The experimental setup of the SAH is designed based on the optimized honeycomb configuration and is built in the laboratory. The performance of SAH and LHTES is analyzed for three cases: (1) in the presence of a honeycomb (case 8), (2) in the absence of a honeycomb (case 1), and (3) the optimized honeycomb structure (case 2). The results indicate that the honeycomb core in LHTES reduces the melting time by over 35%. Case 2 LHTES (honeycomb in 1/3 bottom portion) is suggested as the best honeycomb structure compared with other configurations. This structure is found to increase the energy storage rate by about 50%, while the energy storage density reduces by 2%. As the thermal performance of the SAH grows after the sunset, the warm air production lasts for a longer duration.

Design of 21-core trench and air-hole assisted multi-core fiber for high speed optical communication

We present a novel 21-core homogeneous multi-core fiber (MCF) structure with three different types of core placement layouts (1-Ring, 2-Ring, and Square Lattice) and densely pack the cores with a minimum cladding diameter of 200 μm to support high-speed applications. In the first phase, three MCF structures (1-Ring, 2-Ring, and Square Lattice) were designed with a step refractive index (RI) profile under the limited cladding thickness and diameter of 35 and 200 μm, respectively, and their crosstalk was calculated. In the second phase, all three structures were designed with a low-RI trench-assisted (TA) profile to significantly reduce the crosstalk. To further suppress the crosstalk, air holes were placed between the TA cores, and it was found that the TA Square Lattice core arrangement with air holes achieved the minimum crosstalk value of approximately −70 dB / 100 km. The impact of important design parameters, such as transmission distance, bending radius, operating wavelength, and core diameter on inter-core crosstalk for all three design structures for both RI profiles and air-hole arrangement were numerically analyzed. Furthermore, other transmission characteristics, such as group delay and dispersion concerning wavelength, were analyzed for the above-stated design structures.

A Novel Core Allocation in Heterogeneous Step-Index Multi-Core Fibers With Standard Cladding Diameter

We numerically reveal the feasibility of designing multi-core fibers (MCFs) with the simple step-index (SI) profile within the standard 125- <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μ</i> m cladding diameter. We show that the standard cladding diameter enables us to incorporate five identical cores for C-band operation, and the number of cores can be further increased with the heterogeneous core arrangement. We then propose a novel method of allocating the non-identical cores in heterogeneous MCFs (Hetero-MCFs), where the crosstalk (XT) and critical bending radius ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pk</sub> ) are improved comparing to that of Hetero-MCFs designed by the conventional method. These new types of step-index MCFs (SI-MCFs) with standard cladding diameter have potential application in the space-division multiplexing (SDM) systems.

A New Synthetic Methodology in the Preparation of Bimetallic Chalcogenide Clusters via Cluster-to-Cluster Transformations

A decanuclear silver chalcogenide cluster, [Ag10(Se){Se2P(OiPr)2}8] (2) was isolated from a hydride-encapsulated silver diisopropyl diselenophosphates, [Ag7(H){Se2P(OiPr)2}6], under thermal condition. The time-dependent NMR spectroscopy showed that 2 was generated at the first three hours and the hydrido silver cluster was completely consumed after thirty-six hours. This method illustrated as cluster-to-cluster transformations can be applied to prepare selenide-centered decanuclear bimetallic clusters, [CuxAg10-x(Se){Se2P(OiPr)2}8] (x = 0–7, 3), via heating [CuxAg7−x(H){Se2P(OiPr)2}6] (x = 1–6) at 60 °C. Compositions of 3 were accurately confirmed by the ESI mass spectrometry. While the crystal 2 revealed two un-identical [Ag10(Se){Se2P(OiPr)2}8] structures in the asymmetric unit, a co-crystal of [Cu3Ag7(Se){Se2P(OiPr)2}8]0.6[Cu4Ag6(Se){Se2P(OiPr)2}8]0.4 ([3a]0.6[3b]0.4) was eventually characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Even though compositions of 2, [3a]0.6[3b]0.4 and the previous published [Ag10(Se){Se2P(OEt)2}8] (1) are quite similar (10 metals, 1 Se2−, 8 ligands), their metal core arrangements are completely different. These results show that different synthetic methods by using different starting reagents can affect the structure of the resulting products, leading to polymorphism.

Analysis of energy absorption characteristics of corrugated top beams of anti-impact hydraulic supports

To enhance the inferior energy-absorption performance of a hydraulic support during coal mine rock burst, which leads to failure and damage, a framework including a kind of corrugated laminated energy-absorbing component on the top beam of the hydraulic support is developed. First, triangular, trapezoidal and sinusoidal corrugated core energy-absorbing structures are designed, and their mathematical models are established. Second, three kinds of corrugated core components are optimized to obtain the suitable structural parameters, and based on the findings, the energy-absorption characteristic curves of the three kinds of corrugated core components are obtained through a simulation analysis. The results show that the sinusoidal corrugated core exhibits the best energy-absorption effect among the single-layer corrugated components. Among the two-layer and four-layer corrugated core components, the triangular corrugated core arrangement is the optimal arrangement. The energy absorption of the three kinds of corrugated core components is correlated with the delamination. The results of the experiment and simulation are consistent. This study provides a theoretical basis and experimental reference for the design of energy-absorbing components for an anti-impact hydraulic support.

Power efficiency improvement in cladding pumping technique for annular 12-core doped fiber amplifier using vortex lens and beam fanner

Cladding pumping is a common method to amplify signal channels in space-division multiplexing (SDM) systems. A high-power laser pump is directly launched to multi-core doped fiber (MCDF), and depending on the arrangement of cores in the MCDF, a small fraction of power goes to each core and amplifies the signal. Therefore, we have designed two diffractive optical elements, vortex lens (VL) and beam fanner (BF), to properly form the transverse pump distribution and increase pump power efficiency. Phase-only approximation and angular spectrum (AS) based methods are used to design the elements. We have found that using VL and BF allowed a significant increase in the pump power efficiency compared to direct cladding pumping.

Liquid-crystalline 1,4-benzoquinone derivative: Self-assembling behavior and redox properties

1,4-Benzoquinone has an important structural motif and target to develop compounds for pharmacology, organic electronic, and natural products. Herein, we synthesized and characterized a series of benzoquinone derivatives BQ, BQ2, and BQ4. Cyclic voltammetry showed that BQ2 and BQ4 have both electron-accepting and electron-donating properties. X-ray diffraction, polarized optical microscopic observations, and DSC measurement indicated that BQ4 self-assembled into the hexagonal columnar liquid-crystalline (LC) phase in the wide temperature range including room temperature, whereas BQ2 was crystal. We carried out the single crystal X-ray analysis of BQ to investigate the molecular arrangement of benzoquinone cores in the column LC phase of BQ4, in which each benzoquinone core was isolated by surrounding of four phenyl moieties not to interact with each other. Also, BQ was nonpolar evaluated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. As a result, propeller-like BQ4 molecules stack into the column structures dependent on molecular shape.

Hybrid of the fuzzy logic controller with the harmony search algorithm to PWR in-core fuel management optimization

One of the important parts of the in-core fuel management is loading pattern optimization (LPO). The loading pattern optimization as a reasonable design of the in-core fuel management can improve both economic and safe aspects of the nuclear reactor. This work proposes the hybrid of fuzzy logic controller with harmony search algorithm (HS) for loading pattern optimization in a pressurized water reactor. The music improvisation process to find a pleasing harmony is inspiring the harmony search algorithm. In this work, the adjustment of the harmony search algorithm parameters such as the bandwidth and the pitch adjustment rate are increasing performance of the proposed algorithm which is done through a fuzzy logic controller. Hence, membership functions and fuzzy rules are designed to improve the performance of the HS algorithm and achieve optimal results. The objective of the method is finding an optimum core arrangement according to safety and economic aspects such as reduction of power peaking factor (PPF) and increase of effective multiplication factor (Keff). The proposed approach effectiveness has been tried in two cases, Michalewicz's bivariate function problem and NEACRP LWR core. The results show that by using fuzzy harmony search algorithm the value of the fitness function is improved by 15.35%. Finally, with regard to the new solutions proposed in this research it could be used as a trustworthy method for other optimization issues of engineering field.

Effect of pitch on gain-noise figure and crosstalk performance of different core structure Multicore Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier: A comparative analysis

A detailed analysis of 7-cores Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier has been done to assess the effect of different core and pitch arrangement on the fiber amplifier's performance. The investigation is performed within the C-band communication wavelengths to compare the performance of Y-structure, T-structure, circular and linear structure of the core. The comparison is also extended further by including the performance of a widely used hexagonal structure. A thorough analysis is conducted by examining the profiles of gain, noise figure, and mode of transmission. The inter-core crosstalk (IC-XT) is also calculated for all the core structures and pitch, making this research effort conclusive. Maximum gain has been observed for the Y-shape/structure core arrangement, whereas minimum IC-XT has been observed for the hexagonal structure. However, an encouraging observation is that the percentage decrease in crosstalk due to an increase in pitch is significantly higher for Y-structure than hexagonal. Therefore, the authors believe that this detailed investigation gives significant insight to design efficient multicore EDFA in current research and development.

Preliminary Design of 1000MW Nuclear Reactor

In order to verify the practicality of a software named NECP, which is used for physical design of the nuclear power reactor, a preliminary design of 1000MWe, PWR were carried out by using this software. After the conceptual design, fuel assembly design and the full core dispersion design, the main parameters were determined and the 8 kinds of fuel assemblies were arranged. The homogenization calculation of various types of fuel assemblies and the arrangement of core fuel assemblies were completed while the full core dispersion calculation was performed. The power results, reactivity curves and non-uniform coefficients were determined after simulated and compared with the preset expected values. According to the reactor design criteria, the results are analyzed and improved. By modifying parameters such as the fuel enrichment of different components, the reactor design that meets the requirements is finally obtained. The results show that the calculated values are in good agreement with the expected values and meet the reactor design criteria, and the NECP software can be applied to operate the reactor physical parameters in the nuclear power plant.

Divergence Entropy-Based Evaluation of Hydrophobic Core in Aggressive and Resistant Forms of Transthyretin.

The two forms of transthyretin differing slightly in the tertiary structure, despite the presence of five mutations, show radically different properties in terms of susceptibility to the amyloid transformation process. These two forms of transthyretin are the object of analysis. The search for the sources of these differences was carried out by means of a comparative analysis of the structure of these molecules in their native and early intermediate stage forms in the folding process. The criterion for assessing the degree of similarity and differences is the status of the hydrophobic core. The comparison of the level of arrangement of the hydrophobic core and its initial stages is possible thanks to the application of divergence entropy for the early intermediate stage and for the final forms. It was shown that the minimal differences observed in the structure of the hydrophobic core of the forms available in PDB, turned out to be significantly different in the early stage (ES) structure in folding process. The determined values of divergence entropy for both ES forms indicate the presence of the seed of hydrophobic core only in the form resistant to amyloid transformation. In the form of aggressively undergoing amyloid transformation, the structure lacking such a seed is revealed, being a stretched one with a high content of β-type structure. In the discussed case, the active presence of water in the structural transformation of proteins expressed in the fuzzy oil drop model (FOD) is of decisive importance for the generation of the final protein structure. It has been shown that the resistant form tends to generate a centric hydrophobic core with the possibility of creating a globular structure, i.e., a spherical micelle-like form. The aggressively transforming form reveals in the structure of its early intermediate, a tendency to form the ribbon-like micelle as observed in amyloid.