Rear View Research Articles

The impact of camera-monitor system viewing angles on drivers’ distance perception: A simulated driving study

Camera-monitor systems (CMS) are increasingly used in driving. CMS separates the driver's sight line from the camera view, due to the lack of mirror reflection, only changing the camera's visual axis angle may affect the driver's rear view perception. While previous research has explored camera height and field of view, the effects of horizontal and vertical viewing angles alone remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate how the horizontal viewing angle and vertical viewing angle of CMS camera affect distance estimation and car-following tasks. By changing the horizontal and vertical viewing angle, different self-vehicle references and horizon positions were formed in the image. Two experiments were conducted with the CMS around the steering wheel (Experiment 1) and at the bottom of the A-pillar (Experiment 2). Independent variables were the horizontal viewing angle (reference scale: 1/4, 1/3, 1/2) and vertical viewing angle (horizon position: 1/2, 1/3). Dependent variables included distance estimation error ratio and following distance. Experiment 1 demonstrated a significant interaction effect: a smaller reference scale and higher horizon position reduced distance underestimation. Additionally, a smaller reference scale for the participants' self-vehicle resulted in shorter following distances. In Experiment 2, the distance estimation outcomes on the left display aligned with those of Experiment 1; however, the influence of the viewing angle was diminished on the right display. The study suggests CMS design should balance vehicle reference inclusion with environmental cues, enhancing distance perception and driving safety. The consistency between CMS design and driver familiarity also needs to be considered.

Rear View

Rear View

Tail Lights

How quickly time flies – Christmas and NewYear are in the rear view mirror and we arehurtling towards Easter! Phew! I wanted to learn more about Disability in(Medical) Education - so I hunted down DrBeth Dillon (MBChB 2023, co-founder andTrustee of the award winning LUNA Project),Scott Duguid (Disability Services, UoG) andProf Ines Alvarez (Dept of Education UoG,Programme Leader for the MEd in InclusiveEducation) to learn more. I have included anexcerpt of Beth’s interview for your perusal.Niall Holden (current student) has alsowritten a piece to share his experiences andknowledge on this complex topic.I found out “Disability” is a broad category:ranging from visible and physical disabilitiesto invisible ones such as long term chronichealth, mental health issues, ADHD, Autismand specific learning disabilities such asDyslexia. Dyslexia is common – affecting 10%of the population worldwide. Highfunctioning learners with (undiagnosed)dyslexia can “mask” and perform exceedinglywell academically until their “usual” supportis reduced - such as when they start life inHigher Education. Students with any disability are entitled tohelp (they are protected by law under the UKEquality Act 2010, particularly while inEducation). “Help” can range from extra timefor assessments, flexible deadlines,(“reasonable adjustments”) to individualised,personal learning support with study skills,computer software, mentoring and coachingto help adjust to life - and thrive! - atUniversity. Scott wanted me to raise awareness amongstudents that the doors to DisabilityServices are wide open. Even if you are notsure if you have a disability, fill out a formand Disability Services will get in touch,provide support if appropriate and how toprogress if not. Also, 18 March markedNeuroDiversity Week. Here is a fantasticresource to check out:https://linktr.ee/neurodiv.I am very much looking forward to see allyour “Visual Abstracts” – this is youropportunity to showcase the projects youhave been doing throughout the year, getpublished in a peer reviewed journal and thefirst 5 can even earn a little bit of money(enough for a nice meal out). The best visualabstract of the year will be selected byProfessor Matthew Walters – winninganother £100! Get your skates on and getyour abstracts in! Finally, a little plug for my fabulously exciting and fun summer elective: NavigatingUncertainty in Medicine. Fill out this form: https://forms.gle/k5ngU1D9FGyn9XCA8 andspend 4 weeks with super star doctors and moi! Until the next Taillights! Cindy.

Measurement of joint angles for the objective assessment of limb conformation in dairy calves

Poor limb conformation in cattle is believed to be closely associated with claw and limb disorders. Limb conformation is part of genetic evaluation and is assessed visually. In this descriptive study, the assessment of conformation in calves was evaluated objectively using joint angle measurements. A total of 100, 30- to 90-d-old, heifer calves of the Brown Swiss (n = 50) and Holstein (n = 50) breeds were photographed from both sides and the front and rear. Carpal, tarsal, autopodium and fetlock joint angles of the fore- or hind limbs were measured on the images using anatomic reference points and the ImageJ/Fiji® program. Each angle was measured 3 times, and the mean was used for analysis. Values from both sides were pooled. Deviations from defined standard angles were classified as slight or moderate. The positions of the front and hind feet were measured and scored. On average, the calves had moderate "knock-kneed" carpal conformation, and the autopodium of the front limb had a slight lateral deviation. In the rear view, the calves had slight, but close to moderate, "cow-hocked" tarsal conformation, and the autopodium of the hind limbs was parallel, but close to slightly deviated. Holstein calves were moderately, and Brown Swiss calves were slightly "cow-hocked". A moderate lateral deviation occurred in the metacarpal-digit angle in the front view and a slight lateral deviation occurred in the metatarsal-digit angle in the rear view. The front feet position score was >17° in 69% of the calves, and the hind feet position score was <17° in 90% of the calves. In the side views, the calves were slightly "over at the carpus" and slightly "straight-hocked" and had average fetlock conformation. In the mean values, most measured joint angles did not correspond to the straight or parallel classifications in our calves; moderate "knock-kneed" and slight "cow-hocked", and "toed-out" classifications were most common. The limb angles measured were based on anatomical features and therefore are unlikely to change substantially with increasing age. These aspects should be considered when assessing linear traits and investigating the relationship between limb conformation and claw diseases.

Building Height Extraction Based on Satellite GF-7 High-Resolution Stereo Image

Abstract. High-resolution remote sensing images can distinguish objects of smaller size, so as to more clearly express the texture features and structural information of objects, and provide a data source for the development of large-scale mapping, high-precision stereo measurement and other fields. The purpose of this paper is to complete the height estimation of the buildings by analyzing the stereoscopic observation formed by the front and rear view images of the Gaofen-7 line array CCD. After determining the roof profile of the building on the rear-view image, assuming a series of object elevations of the building, that is, searching for elevations with a certain step distance within a certain elevation search range, adopt the object-based image matching VLL algorithm, Through the RFM imaging model of the Gaofen-7 sensor, the rear-view contour is projected to the front-view image, and then the PSNR is selected as the similarity measure of the window, and the similarity of the image block area corresponding to the front- and rear-view contour is calculated. Corresponds to the hypothetical object elevation as the estimated height of the building. Under the technical route of this paper, the height of buildings on high-resolution images can be estimated to a level within 3 meters of accuracy.

Looking at the Pandemic in the Rear View Mirror.

Looking at the Pandemic in the Rear View Mirror.

Panoramic visual system for spherical mobile robots

Abstract Aimed at the challenges of wide-angle mobile robot visual perception for diverse field applications, we present the spherical robot visual system that uses a 360° field of view (FOV) for realizing real-time object detection. The spherical robot image acquisition system model is developed with optimal parameters, including camera spacing, camera axis angle, and the distance of the target image plane. Two 180 $^{\circ}$ -wide panoramic FOVs, front and rear view, are formed using four on-board cameras. The speed of the SURF algorithm is increased for feature extraction and matching. For seamless fusion of the images, an improved fade-in and fade-out algorithm is used, which not only improves the seam quality but also improves object detection performance. The speed of the dynamic image stitching is significantly enhanced by using a cache-based sequential image fusion method. On top of the acquired panoramic wide FOVs, the YOLO algorithm is used for real-time object detection. The panoramic visual system for the spherical robot is then tested in real time, which outputs panoramic views of the scene at an average frame rate of 21.69 fps and panoramic views with object detection at an average of 15.39 fps.

Digital Rear View Mirrors With Augmented Reality in Comparison With Traditional Rear-View Mirrors

Digital Rear View Mirrors With Augmented Reality in Comparison With Traditional Rear-View Mirrors

Design and Development of a Heating System to Control Windshield Fog

Road visibility in passenger vehicle is of major concern for the car manufacturers and safety design engineers. Water film (Fog) that forms on the windshield during winter times would reduce and disturb the driver’s visibility. Extreme weather condition can make a difference while driving. One may experience the wide range of challenges during driving. The factors which mostly affected the visibility can be rain, fog, ice, snow, dust, etc. Due to such factors, it becomes very tough for driver to have a clear view of front side. Rear view is possible with the help of left and right view mirror fitted outside the front doors. Visibility of rear view mirror depends upon the visibility of the front side window glasses. Driving through rain, produces more challenging situation when water droplets on outsides surface of front window glass obstruct the vision. This problem becomes more dangerous when light gets scattered through water droplets and obstruct the vision during rainy night. The main objective of this work is to find the possible solution for removing the fog from a specific area of front and rear windshield to have a clear view to avoid the accidents. In the present work, hot water and silicon fluid utilized to impinge on the front and rear glasses with the help of converging nozzle and fluid inside the two windshields. The various combination of outlet water and silicon temperature is used for obtaining maximum clearing area. Computer simulated results are verified with the experimental results.

Genome-wide association and functional genomic analyses for body conformation traits in North American Holstein cattle.

Body conformation traits are directly associated with longevity, fertility, health, and workability in dairy cows and have been under direct genetic selection for many decades in various countries worldwide. The main objectives of this study were to perform genome-wide association studies and functional enrichment analyses for fourteen body conformation traits using imputed high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. The traits analyzed include body condition score (BCS), body depth (BD), bone quality (BQ), chest width (CW), dairy capacity (DC), foot angle (FAN), front legs view (FLV), heel depth (HDe), height at front end (HFE), locomotion (LOC), rear legs rear view (RLRV), rear legs side view (RLSV), stature (ST), and a composite feet and legs score index (FL) of Holstein cows scored in Canada. De-regressed estimated breeding values from a dataset of 39,135 North American Holstein animals were used as pseudo-phenotypes in the genome-wide association analyses. A mixed linear model was used to estimate the SNP effects, which ranged from 239,533 to 242,747 markers depending on the trait analyzed. Genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) located up to 100Kb upstream or downstream of the significant SNPs previously cited in the Animal QTLdb were detected, and functional enrichment analyses were performed for the candidate genes identified for each trait. A total of 20, 60, 13, 17, 27, 8, 7, 19, 4, 10, 13, 15, 7, and 13 genome-wide statistically significant SNPs for Bonferroni correction based on independent chromosomal segments were identified for BCS, BD, BQ, CW, DC, FAN, FLV, HDe, HFE, LOC, RLRV, RLSV, ST, and FL, respectively. The significant SNPs were located across the whole genome, except on chromosomes BTA24, BTA27, and BTA29. Four markers (for BCS, BD, HDe, and RLRV) were statistically significant when considering a much stricter threshold for the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. Moreover, the genomic regions identified overlap with various QTL previously reported for the trait groups of exterior, health, meat and carcass, milk, production, and reproduction. The functional enrichment analyses revealed 27 significant gene ontology terms. These enriched genomic regions harbor various candidate genes previously reported as linked to bone development, metabolism, as well as infectious and immunological diseases.

Automatic Adjustable Rear-View Mirror Using Servo Motor and Arduino for Bikes

Abstract: The Automatic Adjustable Rear-View Mirror (AARM) system utilizing a servo motor and Arduino for bikes is an innovative solution aimed at enhancing rider safety and convenience. This is an automotive aid for riders, as many times we see that side glass or rear view mirrors of two wheelers are maximum time disorientated and riders barely takes any precaution against it. This system employs servo-controlled mechanisms to enable automatic adjustment of the rear-view mirror angles based on real-time riding conditions. By integrating an Arduino microcontroller, the AARM system achieves dynamic responsiveness to varying situations, providing riders with optimal visibility without manual intervention.

Detecting medial patellar luxation with ensemble deep convolutional neural network based on a single rear view image of the hindlimb

Medial patellar luxation (MPL) is a common orthopedic disease in dogs, which predisposes elderly and small-breed dogs. Unlike in humans, diagnosis in the early course of the disease is challenging because symptoms and joint-pain expression in canines are vague. Herein, we introduced a deep-learning system to diagnose MPL using a single rear-view hindlimb image. We believe that this is the first attempt to build a deep-learning system to diagnose MPL based on image analysis. Notably, 7689 images were collected from 2653 dogs in 30 private animal clinics between July 2021 and July 2022. Model performance was compared with ResNet50, VGG16, VGG19, Inception-V3, and veterinarian performance. For performance comparison, a professional veterinarian with > 10 years of experience selected images of 25 normal dogs and 25 dogs with MPL. The proposed model showed the highest performance, with 92.5% accuracy, whereas human experts showed an average accuracy of 55.2%. Therefore, our model can diagnose MPL using only a single rear-view hindlimb image. Furthermore, to solve the image uncertainty caused by the input image noise, we used a one-class SVM and ensemble learning methods to ensure model robustness. Our study will help diagnose MPL in clinical settings using a single rear-view hindlimb image.

Exploring the Portrayal of Indigenous Culture: A Sociocultural Critique of Folk Literature

The current study examines the relation of culture and language, conveying a range of forms resulting in diversified meanings contextually. Enriched with a visual representation , Pakistani culture presented on vehicles such as trucks and public transport: buses, rickshaws and coasters are also the representation of the indigenization of the cultures through respective languages. The data has been collected from the truck pictures frequently shared on Instagram for the propagation of indigenous culture, language and business purposes to attract customers by putting those phrases and verses written on the rear view side of the trucks. A qualitative approach has been implied to evaluate the data, whereas, the nature of the study is analytical using the images. . The main objective of the study is to analyse the visualized and scripted poetry with reference to Hymes’ social interaction model of SPEAKING (1974) as a theoretical framework. The research suggests that the representation of folk literature on truck vehicles gives us glimpses of the public opinions such as political system, social injustice, economic injustices and more prevalent issues in the country.The findings of the study signifies that indigenous languages permeate the message through printed stuff on trucks.

Lateral Visuomotor Distortions and Their Effects on Performance Carry-Over Effects in a Simulated Laparoscopic Environment

Laparoscopic surgery necessitates viewing the target tissue via a camera on a monitor, resulting in a disruption of surgeons’ hand-eye mapping. This disruption is amplified when the camera cannot provide a front view of the target area (i.e., scenarios requiring a side view) relative to the surgeon. Prior research indicates that azimuth camera rotations between 90° and 135° that provide a side view of the target (relative to the operator’s front view) result in the worst performance. In contrast, a 180° view (providing a rear view of the target) results in superior performance relative to side views. This superior performance has been attributed to a comparatively easy axis or movement inversion of the normal hand-eye mapping. The goal for the present study was to assess whether task performance using a right 45° side view of a target area facilitates subsequent performance using a camera location that is rotated 180° from the right 45° side view (i.e., the camera provides a left 135° view). Results indicated that exposure to a right 45° side view did not impact performance at a subsequent camera position that provided a left 135° side view. This indicates that participants could not utilize an axis inversion from the right 45° side view exposure. Additionally, our findings replicated superior performance at the 180° view condition compared to performance observed at the left 135° side view condition, suggesting that participants in the 180° view condition were able to employ the relatively easy axis inversion.

Assessment of body conformation traits and their relationship with production performance of Sahiwal cows

Linear type scoring is key component in decision making process in the herd, as it focusses on the selection of animals with higher productive potential based on their body conformation/linear traits. The present study was carried out on 150 lactating Sahiwal cattle of first to fifth parity. Measurements on linear type traits were recorded 1 h before the evening milking at three different stages of lactation. The average score point of objective linear type traits was stature 5.77±0.08, chest width 4.59±0.10, body depth 5.24±0.10, rump width 5.56±0.09, rump angle 4.48±0.08, rear legs sets 4.81±0.12, foot angle 4.84±0.10, fore udder attachment 4.85±0.11, rear udder height 5.52±0.10, udder depth 5.31±0.08, rear udder width 4.27±0.09, central ligament 4.01±0.09, fore teat length 3.49±0.10, rear teat length 3.94±0.09, teat circumference 4.20±0.11, teat diameter 4.16±0.10 and udder balance 5.25±0.11. On the other hand, average score point of subjective linear type traits (1-9 scale) was angularity 4.69±0.09, rear leg rear view 5.05±0.06, body condition score 6.53±0.08, locomotion 4.88±0.06, fore teat placement 4.41±0.07 and rear teat placement 6.28±0.08. Most of the body conformation traits in Sahiwal cattle were falling under intermediate category and of desirable type. However, some traits like stature, chest width, body depth, rump width, angularity, central ligament, rear udder height, rear udder width and fore udder attachment expressed scope for further improvement.

Ultra-wide angle panoramic imaging system based on a multiplexed reflective surface.

We propose an ultra-wide angle panoramic imaging system based on a multiplexed reflective surface, which consists of a panoramic head unit (PHU) and the relay lens group. The multiplexed reflective surface is applied in the PHU to reflect light from glass and air for imaging, obtaining the front and rear view channels, respectively. With a field of view (FoV) of 360∘×(35∘-120∘) and an f-number of four, this system has good image quality and relative illumination in the FoV. In addition, it has loose tolerance requirements and a diameter ratio of 7.2, reducing the difficulty of manufacturing and assembly. This optical system architecture provides a promising solution for panoramic perception over a wider FoV.

Discriminant canonical tool for inferring the effect of αS1, αS2, β, and κ casein haplotypes and haplogroups on zoometric/linear appraisal breeding values in Murciano-Granadina goats.

Genomic tools have shown promising results in maximizing breeding outcomes, but their impact has not yet been explored. This study aimed to outline the effect of the individual haplotypes of each component of the casein complex (αS1, β, αS2, and κ-casein) on zoometric/linear appraisal breeding values. A discriminant canonical analysis was performed to study the relationship between the predicted breeding value for 17 zoometric/linear appraisal traits and the aforementioned casein gene haplotypic sequences. The analysis considered a total of 41,323 zoometric/linear appraisal records from 22,727 primiparous does, 17,111 multiparous does, and 1,485 bucks registered in the Murciano-Grandina goat breed herdbook. Results suggest that, although a lack of significant differences (p > 0.05) was reported across the predictive breeding values of zoometric/linear appraisal traits for αS1, αS2, and κ casein, significant differences were found for β casein (p < 0.05). The presence of β casein haplotypic sequences GAGACCCC, GGAACCCC, GGAACCTC, GGAATCTC, GGGACCCC, GGGATCTC, and GGGGCCCC, linked to differential combinations of increased quantities of higher quality milk in terms of its composition, may also be connected to increased zoometric/linear appraisal predicted breeding values. Selection must be performed carefully, given the fact that the consideration of apparently desirable animals that present the haplotypic sequence GGGATCCC in the β casein gene, due to their positive predicted breeding values for certain zoometric/linear appraisal traits such as rear insertion height, bone quality, anterior insertion, udder depth, rear legs side view, and rear legs rear view, may lead to an indirect selection against the other zoometric/linear appraisal traits and in turn lead to an inefficient selection toward an optimal dairy morphological type in Murciano-Granadina goats. Contrastingly, the consideration of animals presenting the GGAACCCC haplotypic sequence involves also considering animals that increase the genetic potential for all zoometric/linear appraisal traits, thus making them recommendable as breeding animals. The relevance of this study relies on the fact that the information derived from these analyses will enhance the selection of breeding individuals, in which a desirable dairy type is indirectly sought, through the haplotypic sequences in the β casein locus, which is not currently routinely considered in the Murciano-Granadina goat breeding program.

Sownik frazeologizmw z archaizmami. Pamitki przeszoci w ocenie naukowej Profesora Bogdana Walczaka. Aneks do zbioru

The basic aim of the article is to present a body of scholarly material which has not been included in the lexicographical publication entitled Sownik frazeologizmw z archaizmami. Pamitki przeszoci because of the methodological assumptions which have been adopted. The text takes into account selected terminological combinations, with special reference to those which gained currency in colloquial usage e.g.: bieg wsteczny reverse gear, lusterko wsteczne rear view mirror, dom zdrojowy spa, katar sienny hay fever, udar mzgu stroke, wotum zaufania motion of confidence, wotum nieufnoci motion of no confidence, zb sieczny incisor (tooth).

Car make and model recognition system using rear-lamp features and convolutional neural networks

Recognizing cars based on their features is a difficult task. We propose a solution that uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) and image binarization method for car make and model classification. Unlike many previous works in this area, we use a feature extraction method combined with a binarization method. In the first stage of the pre-processing part we normalize and change the size of an image. The image is then used to recognize where the rear-lamps are placed on the image. We extract the region and use the image binarization method. The binarized image is used as input to the CNN network that finds the features of a specific car model. We have tested the combinations of three different neural network architectures and eight binarization methods. The convolutional neural network with parameters of the highest quality metrics value is used to find the characteristics of the rear lamps on the binary image. The convolutional network is tested with four different gradient algorithms. We have tested the method on two data sets which differ in the way the images were taken. Each data set consists of three subsets of the same car, but is scaled to different image dimensions. Compared to related works that are based on CNN, we use rear view images in different position and light exposure. The proposed method gives better results compared to most available methods. It is also less complex, and faster to train compared to other methods. The proposed approach achieves an average accuracy of 93,9% on the first data set and 84,5% on the second set.

Evaluation of potential effects and genetic parameters in conformational limb defects in Pura Raza Española horses

Morphological limbs defects are the most frequent defects in horses. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence, associated effects and genetic parameters of hock and knee defects in Pura Raza Española horses, using two different approaches. In Approach_1, the hock defects analysed were closed, open, convergent and divergent and the knee defects studied were buck, calf, bench and knock. Defects were classified into 3 levels: 0 no defect, 1 slight defect and 2 serious defects. Approach_2, which used a linear scale, in a pair of opposing defects, divided into 5 levels, from −2 to 2, where 0 corresponded to the absence of defects: Lateral view (closed/open) and rear view (convergent/divergent) hock defect, lateral view (buck/calf) and frontal view (bench/knock) knee defect. A total of 43,358 horses, with an average age of 5.07 years, were evaluated, with a prevalence of horses affected ranging from 3.31% (bench) to 74.12% (convergent). Genetic parameters were estimated using a Bayesian procedure with the BLUPF90 software. Heritability in Approach_1, ranged from 0.25 (bench) to 0.42 (divergent) and in Approach_2, from 0.18 (bench/knock) to 0.24 (convergent/divergent). The opposing defects may be related to different genes, and it is therefore better to study them as separate defects and not on the same linear scale. The highest positive genetic correlation was between calf vs knock (0.70). Our results imply that selection against limb defects is possible and would allow us to reduce the genetic risk of the horses’ offspring suffering from them. Highlights There high prevalence of hock and knee defects in PRE horses make the animals unsuitable for sport and cause a significant economic loss to the breeding herds. The evaluation of limb defects independently instead of the traditional linear scale, where the opposite defects are located at the extremes, has good results for its genetic evaluation. Using the hock and knee defects as a selection criteria in the PRE' s breeding program could contribute to the eradication of major conformation defects which make the animals unsuitable for sport.