Realm Of Reality Research Articles

Guest editorial: Considering the global-local relationships in education

This special issue of Policy Futures in Education invited authors to consider and re-consider the global-local relationship in education policies. Collectively, the articles in this special issue reflect the dominant perspectives among scholars and practitioners interested in research on globalisation and education, where studies investigated how intertwined worldwide discourses, processes, and institutions affect local educational practices and policies. They underscore both structural and agency processes and the cultural divergences that emerged locally as local institutions and players recontextualise and remake these global policies and discourses. Most articles begin with the narrative of how intergovernmental organisations such as UNESCO, the OECD and the World Bank contributed to disseminating worldwide discourses on human capital and lifelong learning for economic development, which are reflected in many national education policy documents. In line with the dominant perspectives on globalisation and education, the authors largely frame globalisation as a realm of reality with agency that interacts with and transforms another realm of existence, the local. They then demonstrate how the local dimension is and can also be agentic in that local governments, institutions, and people did not adopt these global initiatives wholesale; they adapted and transformed these initiatives to suit the local contexts and needs, resulting in various local variations. Overall, the collection of papers highlights how the global-local relationship is a multi-layered process involving diffusion, adoption, and adaptation.

The disinformation in virtual communities: a systematic literature review

This article discusses disinformation in virtual communities. Freedom of speech and freedom of expression are conditions for creating a democratic society. This form of freedom of speech and expression is the creation of a healthy public sphere in people's lives. The real form of a healthy public sphere is that people are free to voice their opinions without being dominated by other parties (structural or non-structural). In addition, people are free to convey ideas and exchange opinions regardless of the existence of power barriers or because of differences in socioeconomic conditions. The public sphere can be created in the realm of reality as well as in virtual space. The intentional, large-scale, and systematic spread of disinformation seriously harms democracy and is a major challenge to democratic societies. Information disorder is not only a problem in Indonesia but has become a problem in many democratic countries in the world. As a problem with humanity, information disorder has been widely studied by various researchers. But the problem is that currently there is no clear concept related to this information chaos. Experts and the public are still confused about defining fake news, hoaxes, or disinformation. As a social problem, a solution to this information disorder is needed. To make a solution to the problem of disinformation, it is necessary to understand the concept of information disturbance clearly. Therefore, this systematic literature review generally aims to ascertain the concept of disinformation, its types, and how to solve disinformation.

MEMBUMIKAN TEOLOGI ISLAM DALAM KEHIDUPAN BERAGAMA (PERSPEKTIF M ARKOUN)

<em>Point inertia classical Islamic theology thought would appear in the realm of reality if the thought process faced with the reality or the reality of empirical social human life is always growing and developing in line with the growth of science and technology. Mohammed Arkoun is Algerian intellectuals who tried to reread the building of Islamic thought in comprehensive both involving thought kalam (theology), Sufism, jurisprudence, ethics and interpretation. In the Indonesian context, Arkoun thought first recognized in 1987 in a discussion on Empathy Foundation. Muhammad Nasir Tamara, who introduced first by writing an article entitled Mohammed Arkoun and Applied Islamology. In some writings about modernity, Arkoun does not explicitly formulate the constraints of modernity, let alone challenge under him. According to Arkoun, modernity can be divided into two groups, namely, modernity "material" and modernity "intellectual" or "cultural". The former means that much progress has occurred in the outer frame of the human form, while the latter includes the methods, analysis tools, and intellectual siakp which gives the ability to better understand the reality. One anxiety Arkoun against Islamic theological thought is the separation between Islam and Islam actual or conceptual separation between theory and practice which he said is the legacy of Descartes. Grounding Islamic theology in the context of modern life does require accurate strategies and methodologies. Arkoun effort in the context of building reconstruction of Islamic theological thought is one of the strategies</em>

Liminality and In-betweenness in Kathleen Jamie’s Surfacing

The article looks at Kathleen Jamie’s collection of essays entitled Surfacing (2019) and explores the issue of narrative in-betweenness and liminality. The focus in the first part of the article is on the liminal features of Jamie’s essays, on the way the collection is designed, but it also discusses the importance of paratexts such as the book cover. It introduces the concept of spiral time, and liminal space-time so characteristic of Jamie’s writing. The second part analyses an essay entitled “A Tibetan Dog” in which Jamie creatively investigates multimodal “threshold” connections between the present and the past, the realm of reality and the realm of dreams, and, last but not least, the link between intellectual knowledge and bodily wisdom.

Konsep Perlindungan Nasab dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam

Benefit as the core of maqâshid al-syariah has an important role in the development of Islamic law. Because Islamic law was revealed with the aim of presenting the benefit of humans, both in this world and in the hereafter. One of the benefits that are protected is the protection of lineage. Nasab is human nature, because humans have the instinct to regenerate. On the other hand, humans have the nature of obedience to God. So that the two natures accumulate in lineage protection. Lineage protection is concerned with quantity on the one hand, and quality on the other. The exact point proportions of the two are seen from the bounded realm of reality. Lineage protection is not only about regeneration, but also includes all intermediaries (wasilah) that support it, both in terms of quantity and quality. The purpose of this study is to find out what things can damage the lineage, such as adultery, incest marriage, prostitution and so on.

METAMORFOZE PROSTORA I VREMENA U PROZI BRUNA ŠULCA I GORANA PETROVIĆA

The article studies metamorphoses of time and space in the prose by Bruno Schultz and Goran Petrović. The novel entitled Sundries Shop “At The Lucky Hands” (Sitničarnica “Kod srećne ruke”) was chosen due to the typological similarity of its title to the first book of short stories by the Polish classic (Cinnamon Shops (Sklepy cynamonowe)). Shops mysteriously appear and mysteriously disappear, and these are the places where one of the key mysteries of the works’ poetics is hidden. Another Schultz’s place of mystery is the book as a parallel world, as well as oneiric spaces that are difficult to separate from the realms of reality. The writers also have another thing in common – the art of depicting an unusual version of the world, the won- der of textual space, levelling the boundaries between reality and sleep. The article investigates the functions of Schultz’s places of mystery (shop, garden, Book) in Goran Petrović’s Sundries Shop “At The Lucky Hands”. Examining Schultz and Petrović’s places of mystery we conclude that their secret is con- nected with the mystery of time, which flows according to special laws. We are looking for a possible answer in the Serial Time Theory by the English soldier, aeronautical engineer and phi- losopher John William Dunne, presented in the study entitled An Experiment with Time (1927).

A Hidden Murder in Edgar Allan Poe's "'Thou Art the Man'"

A Hidden Murder in Edgar Allan Poe's "'Thou Art the Man'" Yasuhiro Takeuchi Despite its complicated narrative design, "'Thou Art the Man'" (1844) is generally known as a "comic detective story" (Thompson 6). Its "detective" attempts to convince people that another man is the culprit in a murder for which the "detective" himself is responsible. However, in the end he is exposed by another detective figure, the narrator of the story. Since "[t]here is no attempt to treat the murder seriously" (Quinn 422), it seems reasonable that John T. Irwin esteems it as "the first parody of [the analytic detective genre]" (202). But characterizing the story as primarily a parody or comedy does not seem to do it justice. I argue that this rather obscure story, published two months after "The Purloined Letter," is possibly an advanced form of a tale of ratiocination, Poe's experiment to push the genre a step forward from the famous Dupin story. As with the purloined letter, Poe seems to have hidden another murder in plain view in the text of "'Thou Art the Man,'" a story that is actually turned inside out to appear to be the story of a solved murder case. Consequently, the battle of wits is not simply fought between the two fictional characters—akin to the battle between the Minister, who hides the letter, and Dupin the finder in "The Purloined Letter"—but is also expanded into the realm of reality, into a developing "battle" between the narrator and the reader. In his annotations to the story, Stephen Peithman also points out the possibility that the narrator "hides or covers up any clues" (314), but expresses his preference for the Dupin stories, because in them "the evidence is always right there in front of us, awaiting only Dupin's explanation of what it all means" (323).1 In contrast, it is precisely because of the very possibility that the "narrator is playing games with us" (Peithman 323) that "'Thou Art the Man'" becomes more intriguing for a reader such as [End Page 527] Richard Kopley, who suggests in his study of the Dupin stories that "we may learn from Dupin to become our own Dupin. His detection may be taken as an allegory of our own potential reading," more specifically, that of "a close reading of the text, a formal analysis" (2). Kopley's approach—in which the reader assumes the role of literary detective—will be even more applicable to a crime story not already provided with a Dupin. In "'Thou Art the Man,'" Poe seems to have left room for us here to play the role of a Dupin, and to wait for us to read the story more closely. The murder that the narrator of "'Thou Art the Man'" claims to solve is that of Barnabas Shuttleworthy, a wealthy citizen of Rattleborough. His dissipated nephew, Pennifeather, is initially arrested (with no resistance in the process) for Shuttleworthy's death, as the result of an investigation led by Charles Goodfellow (the first detective-like character in the story). But the narrator (the second detective) in the end ingeniously compels Goodfellow to admit both his guilt for the murder and his scheme to frame Pennifeather. Knowing that Shuttleworthy once promised Goodfellow to send him a box of wine, the narrator puts Shuttleworthy's corpse in an empty box and sends it to Goodfellow on the pretext that it is a gift from Shuttleworthy; when the box is opened in the presence of Goodfellow and his guests, the victim's bloody body jumps out of it and accuses Goodfellow, saying "Thou art the man" (1057). The words are actually pronounced by the narrator, using his ventriloquial abilities; utterly stunned, Goodfellow makes "a detailed confession" (1057) of his crime and dies on the spot. This apparent plot, however, contains some incongruous elements to which the narrator himself deliberately draws our attention: Pennifeather's unreasonable willingness to admit his guilt, Goodfellow's curious silence about the sender of the wine, and Goodfellow's motive for the crime, which is characterized as the desire for vengeance upon Pennifeather. There seems to be another, less incongruous scenario...

The Prevalence of Huayan-Chan 華嚴禪 Buddhism in the Regions of Northern China during the 11th Century

Abstract In the 11th century, the dissemination of Buddhism in the territories of Northern Song 北宋 dynasty (960–1127) China, Khitan 契丹 Liao 遼 (907/916–1125), and Xixia 西夏 (Tangut 党項, 1038–1227) kingdoms each reached a peak. What united the learned peoples of these three kingdoms in terms of religious and intellectual development was the comparatively widespread study and adoption of the teachings of Huayan Buddhism, or studies of and commentaries to the translations of the Avataṃsaka-sūtra into Chinese in 60-, 80-, and 40-rolls (Huayan jing 華嚴經, esp. T nos. 278, 279, 293). In this article I address some of my earlier research concerning two treatises composed by Bensong 本嵩 (active ca. 1083–1085), the Huayan guan tongxuan ji 華嚴觀通玄記 (Record of the Profundities of Total Meditative Insight [or Contemplation] of the Gaṇḍavyūha chapter of the Avataṃsaka-sūtra Flower Garland Sūtra) and Fajie guan sanshimen song 法界觀三十門頌 (Verses Praising the Thirty Contemplative Approaches or Gates presented in the Gaṇḍavyūha Chapter on Entry into the Realm of Reality), among other examples from the period, to illustrate how these Huayan teachings were actually the product of Huayan and Chan Buddhist ideological frameworks, which fruitfully can be called Huayan-Chan. In order to demonstrate why the rubric ‘Huayan-Chan’ can be productive, I examine a range of commentarial Buddhist texts in Chinese to show who the patriarchs of Huayan-Chan were considered to be during the 11th century across the ethnically and linguistically diverse region of Northern China, and bring to the fore what some of these key teachings were. My main goal is to present the specific circumstances within which Huayan-Chan developed within the three kingdoms of Northern Song China, the Khitan Liao, and the Tangut Xixia.

Megjegyzések a nemiség drámáját illetően (2.)

Our personal relationship with the body might rightly be characterized as dramatic. This implies the free choice between two radically different fundamental attitudes towards bodily existence. The consequences of this or that fundamental disposition are articulated in all spheres of life: religious, social, political, and cultural. Our contemporary society with its commodity fetishism and disregard not only towards being but even existence tries to avoid the real drama in which happiness as a divine- human community is at stake. Yet our bodily existence with its limitations unavoidably confronts us with personal and existential questions on how we deal with the tension between temporality and eternity, the visible and invisible realm of reality, the fundamental human desire to become more than human. When encountering the mystery that we remain for ourselves as humans, our response entails a choice either to reject the reality of bodily existence by enhancing it (transhumanism), or, on the contrary to acknowledge the gift character of the body (theosis).

Symmetry and Contextuality

The general concept of symmetry is realized in manifold ways in different realms of reality, such as plants, animals, minerals, mathematical objects or human artefacts in literature, fine arts and society. In order to arrive at a common ground for this variedness a very general conceptualization of symmetry is proposed: the existence of substitutions, which, in the given context, do not lead to an essential change. This simple definition has multiple consequences. (i) The context dependence of the notion of symmetry is evident in the humanities but is by no means irrelevant, yet is often neglected, in science. By taking this context dependence into account, the subtle problematics of concept formation and of the ontological status of ‘similarities’ become evident. In general, the substitutions underlying the concept of symmetry are not really performed but remain in a state of virtuality. Counterfactuality, freedom and creativity come into focus. The detection of previously hidden symmetries may provide deep and surprising insights. (ii) Related to this, due attention is devoted to the aesthetic dimension of symmetry and the breaking of it. (iii) Finally, we point out to what extent life is based on the interplay between order and freedom, between full and broken symmetry.

No future / No hope / No narrative? Víctor Gaviria y sus películas Rodrigo D: No futuro, La vendedora de rosas y Sumas y restas

Starting with his directorial debut, Rodrigo D: No futuro (1990), until his magnus opus, Sumas y restas (2005) –on the social phenomenon of narcotraffic in Medellin–, passing through what is arguably his best-known feature film, La vendedora de rosas (1998), the films of the Colombian director Victor Gaviria put the distinction between the realms of reality and fiction in crisis, as well as the distinction between representation and what is represented. In this sense, Gaviria’s work challenges the whole notion of representation itself. In this article, I argue that this is due to the fact that Gaviria’s artistic project involves a permanent reflection on how to represent a reality that is, in the end, impossible to represent, such as the case of the violent reality of Medellin’s slums. Reading the three aforementioned films in reverse, starting with the most recent one and ending with the one that launched the director’s cinematic career, I suggest that the real contribution of Gaviria to film history is that, in order to consider the living experiences of those living in extreme marginality, at the periphery of the periphery, he reccurs to a model that is not based on representation but on auto-representation. This model has almost no narrative content, but it is highly affective, including the most wretched subjects of Medellin at the end of the 20th Century, those subjects who lack future, hope, and even narratives.

The schmittian model of international law; Conceptual Consistency and Justificatory inadequacy

Smittian Model of International Law; the Conceptual Consistency and Justificatory Inadequacy S. Mohammad. G. SEYED FATEMI ) professor of Law, Shahid Beheshti UNiversity( Maryam HAJI ARAB ) Phd Candidate of International Law, shahid Beheshti University) Abstract Inspired by Machiavelli, Carl Schmidt considers politics to be the realm of reality, not ethics. Therefore, he observes the basic concepts of modern state theory in a historical context: the theological concepts have become secularized and replaced the omnipotent transcendental God with the absolute Sovereigns. Later, the modern wisdom with the ideal of the“rule of law” displaced the absolute rulers from the throne of the throne, and replaced the plural and degenerate pseudo-diviners. Pseudo-diviners who are sometimes bladed against themselves. And all the controversy is the same: the modern state guarantees the order and stability of society. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain it and not to blade against itself. Here the Schmidt's claim to describe "what the ruler is" finds a prescriptive aspect: if the political is tied to the absolute ruler, he must "restore the personal character of sovereignty and make it indistinguishable again." But what presuppositions and implications the retrieval of this sovereign would have for international politics and how much its worldview is successful in explaining the facts of contemporary international law? We believe that "Schmitt's success in explaining the contemporary international law bares its Hobbesian foundations. At the same time, the only way to abandon Schmitt's ingenious doctrines is to leave his realistic playground and move from the point where he escaped, namely, ethics. " KeyWords: Anarchism,Authority, Exception, Hobbesian, Liberalism, Paradigm, Political.

Main-Group-Based Electro- and Photoactive Chiral Materials.

This Review discusses the structure-property relationships in chiral molecules, macromolecules (polymers), and supramolecules (crystals, liquid crystals, or thin films) containing main-group elements. Chirality is a major property in our world, having a prominent influence on processes in biology, chemistry, and physics. Its impact in optics due to its interaction with electromagnetic waves gave rise to a multitude of effects, such as the Cotton effect and circularly polarized luminescence, making possible applications such as 3D displays and polarized sunglasses. Herein, a particular emphasis will be given to the influence of chirality on the conducting and optical properties of molecules or materials containing frontier heteroelements, particularly boron, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur. These synergic materials are expected to become game-changers in the field of materials science by bringing new properties into the realm of reality, such as chirality-induced spin-selectivity, circularly polarized luminescence, and electrical magnetochiral anisotropy. This Review should be of interest for chemists and also physicists working in the fields of molecular and supramolecular chemistry, and molecular materials in the broadest sense.

Protas, pažįstantis save patį: dvynio sutiktuvės? Augustino de Trinitate

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] This paper focuses on Augustine’s account of self-knowledge, with a particular reference to De Trinitate. One of its main peculiarities is that self-knowledge (notitia sui), self-love (amor sui) and the mind (mens) are constructed as a mental triad. It is claimed that this scheme revolves around some incompatible assumptions as fautes de mieux. Self-knowledge is brought into play as a separate ontological unit: not only as an accident but also as a substance. At the same time, mind and self-knowledge are considered as concepts that can be reduced into one ontological unit. It is suggested that the symbiosis of these different ways of consideration could be inspired by Augustine’s attempt to cancel via analogiae between the corporeal and intelligible realms of reality.

Crossing Borders in Irish Drama and Theatre. Art, Artist and Sacrifice

Abstract Among the infinite variety of borders crossed in the theatre – social, national, cultural, gender, generic, aesthetic, existential, and many others – this essay focuses on self-reflexive border-crossings in Irish kunstlerdrama (artist-drama) and theatre. Spanning over eighty years, in selected plays from W. B. Yeats’s The King of the Great Clock Tower (1934), through Brian Friel’s Faith Healer (1979), Frank McGuinness’s The Bird Sanctuary (1994) and Marie Jones’s Stones in His Pockets (1999), to Enda Walsh’s Ballyturk (2014), a few forms of theatrical representation of transgressing and/or dissolving boundaries are explored while attempting to delienate which borders need to be respected, which contested, abolished, and then which to be transcended. Artist figures or artworks within drama, embodying the power to move or mediate between different realms of reality, including art and nature, stage and auditorium, life and death, reveal that sacrificial death proves crucial still in a non-sacrificial age, in enabling the artist and/or instigating spiritual fertility. In addition to his/her role, function, potential in affecting social and spiritual life, the representation of the artist necessarily reflects on theatre’s art seeking its own boundaries and opening itself to embrace the audience.

Chasing the addicted engram: identifying functional alterations in Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles that mediate drug-related learned behavior.

Given that addiction has been characterized as a disorder of maladaptive learning and memory, one critical question is whether there are unique physical adaptations within neuronal ensembles that support addiction-related learned behavior. The search for the physical mechanisms of encoding these and other memories in the brain, often called the engram as a whole, continues despite decades of research. As we develop new technologies and tools that allow us to study cue- and behavior-activated Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles, the possibility of identifying the engrams of learning and memory is moving into the realm of reality rather than speculation. It has become clear from recent studies that there are specific functional, electrophysiological alterations unique to Fos-expressing ensemble neurons that may participate in encoding memories. The ultimate goal is to identify the addicted engram and reverse the physical changes that support this maladaptive form of learning.

Elements of Myths and Legends in the Text Sulalatus Salatin from the Author’s Perspective

Myths and legends are the folk processes foregrounded in the past with their own interpretation on the universe and the creatures in it and apparently considered as the truth by the storyteller or its followers. The text Sulalatus Salatin excellently written by A. Samad Ahmad has now becoming the heritage of Malay supremacy. It is loaded with grandeur narrative elements of the fantasy to the realm of reality. Thus, this study examines the elements of historiography (the origin), symbolism, humanities and the majesty of figure through a metaphorical prose role particularly in researching the life hierarchy of the ruler and its people. This thorough study is conducted on the elements of plot, setting and unique character driven as the implicit narrative element, sarcasm, advice and the metaphorical to significantly prove such delivery style of philosophy. Myths and legends were addressed through various elements indicating the glory thoughts of the Malay author in conveying messages courteously and implicitly. Based on the results of this study, it was found that text Sulalatus Salatin has not only acted as Malay historical discourse alone, but each element presented implicitly contains high philosophical value of culture, religion and civilisation of the Malay race and reflects the high-end thinking credibility of the Malays. In addition, the metaphorical techniques used by the author in telling the story exhibits a style that is not easily comprehended on the surface, but encourages the readers to further analyse it in a real context. Hence, it is evident that Salatin Sulalatus previously seen from the lenses of myths and legends actually withholds a golden treasure of Malay thoughts in upholding its race.

Transforming Indian agriculture: is doubling farmers' income by 2022 in the realm of reality?

Indian agriculture is essentially monsoon- and market-dependent, and suffers frequent distresses posing threat to the welfare of farmers as well as interest in farming. Declining farm productivity and income have serious implications on rural prosperity and overall economy. Hence, increasing the real farm income, i.e. nominal (actual) income adjusted to inflation has become a priority for the state and policy planners. The Government of India, in its budget 2016–17 proposed to double the farmers’ income by 2022 (marking the 75th year of Independence) by addressing the agrarian distress and crisis. Indian agricultural databases lack farmer income series. Nevertheless, it has been estimated from survey data that the farm income growth, currently hovering around 1%, has declined since 2011–12 (ref. 1). We discuss here the farm income trends across holding sizes and states, as well as disaggregated sources of farm income using the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data for 2003 and 2013 (ref. 2). The potential pathways integrating science and technology (S&T), institutions and policy to double the farmers’ income are explored.

Andric's legend of an artist: Conversation with Goya

The paper will focus on Andrić's understanding of an artist and art from a critical, theoretical viewpoint, taking into account Andrić's article (essay, legend) Conversation with Goya. We shall try to demonstrate the situation in which a new artistic expression is set before writers who are no longer only writers, but critics as well. The same artistic expression becomes a problem that is to be understood in a way writers would formulate their own literary perspectives as a specific discursive or theoretical framework. A new artistic expression results from widespread artistic relations, with new aesthetic values accompanying it. We shall delineate this new understanding of art in which a work of art becomes an entirely new realm of reality which follows the decrees of art, with the elements of nature and life, but is also shaped by the artist's temperament and garbed into a new form of existence. The question thereof raised is: how does Andrić see art, a work of art, an artist?.

The Control of "Invasive" Ideas in a Digital Age

The Control of "Invasive" Ideas in a Digital Age Agnes Callamard (bio) INTRODUCTION With the end of World War Two, it seemed that much of the world emerged resolute to turn away from the horrors of genocide and massacre, as well as from authoritarianism, central control, and heavy censorship of any and all ideas deemed invasive and challenging of authority. The United Nations was established, international human-rights standards were introduced, the free market and free trade developed, and liberal democracies flourished—at least in some parts of the world. These developments also cleared the way for freedom of expression to become an international human-rights norm and, as such, to gain state protection. Some 60 years later, the advent of the Internet constituted a significant, even radical and historical turning point in the realization of freedom of expression. The Internet not only proclaimed and enabled the global exchange of ideas across borders; it also announced the advent of a new world—a world without sovereignty, a world of no government, no central control. The vision of this first digital generation was to unleash a new social contract: with a truly global technology, a new (online) world was to emerge, and its rules and governance would arise organically (Barlow 1996). In that new world, ideas were to flow unhindered, largely uncontrolled except by the working of the technology. These were Internet "genesis" claims, hyperbolic but not entirely beyond the realm of reality. [End Page 119] Not surprisingly, in this new world, conceptions of freedom loomed far larger than notions of control or censorship. Regulation, censorship, and control of ideas could only be conceived as the collateral "damage" of technological developments, of glitches in need of corrections, reached through a collective and transparent process. The early-days Internet was off limits to legislation and control by political authorities and institutions, the traditional instruments of censorship. Such a state of affairs (as idealized as it may have been by Internet founders) shifted progressively and then considerably over the past decade, with Internet management and governance the object of a range of competing and acrimonious claims. The governance of the Internet, of which regulation and censorship are key elements, has become a central subject of inquiry and concern, at the heart of international disputes, amongst states and between state and nonstate actors. If the initial vision of a free flow of information across frontiers is no longer the order of the day, what kind of freedom and what kinds of control and censorship have emerged in the online world of the 2010s? Has the revolutionary technology unleashed and allowed control over ideas, as unprecedented as the global exchange of ideas it has also permitted? THE INTERNATIONAL FREE SPEECH REGIME Ideas have been censored throughout history—from the banning of Bibles produced in the vernacular German language to the burning of books in Nazi Germany and the purging of artists and writers in the Soviet Union—because they were perceived and defined by those in power as threatening the cohesion of a community (geographically based or not), the mores and/or the orthodoxy of a dogma upon which the community, the country, the church, or the state is founded. In the views of the state or the church, such ideas were akin to an invasion of organized marauders intent on challenging or destroying the status quo, the order of things, the way society thought of itself, the systems of power allocation and distribution. [End Page 120] From Socrates' death by poison for impiety and corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens, to the censors in Rome responsible for both public accounting and oversight of mores in society, and to the early days of the Inquisition—all of these testify to the existence of organized control over ideas as a method of governance and of the preservation of power structures. The advent of Gutenberg's printing press and its capacity for mass production of information—and thus the development of a new and expanding literate class—heightened the necessity of censorship from the standpoint of those in power. Censorship by church and state, in turn, produced resistance, resulting in the adoption of the 1689...