Realization Of Fundamental Rights Research Articles

South Africa and the “Othering” of the “Non-Euro-Christian” Religions

At the heart of Rabiat Akande's inspiring article, “An Imperial History of Race-Religion in International Law,” is the problematization of international law as an enabler of the othering of “non-Euro-Christian” religions.1 Akande employs “the imperial history of international law” to demonstrate that “racial and religious othering were mutually co-constitutive in the colonial encounter.”2 She rightly points out that “the legacy of that past survives in the continuing interplay of the racial and religious of the non-Euro-Christian other.”3 The focus of my essay is the post-colonial/settler colony4 and post-apartheid state that is South Africa. I argue that despite its highly acclaimed Constitution,5 which values international law and human rights, colonial and apartheid legacies still exist in South Africa, and come in the form of subjugating minority religions in favor of Christianity. In particular, I focus on the failure of the South African government in 2024 to pass legislation that would legally recognize Muslim marriages despite a constitutional obligation to do so.6 I argue that the government's non-recognition of Muslim marriages for almost three decades is a result of South Africa's colonial and apartheid legacies. South Africa's international and constitutional obligations law should be at the heart of the South African government's realization of fundamental rights when dealing with matters pertaining to religious freedom, especially as they relate to Muslim marriages.

Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul

Along with other causes of migration, earthquakes have displaced millions of people worldwide over the last few decades, forcing them to move to other settlements within the country. As an "earthquake country", Turkey, where approximately 70% of its territory is located in the seismic zone, has faced a variety of environmentally forced migration that refers to a variety of demographic movements like evacuation, flight, displacement, resettlement, as well as forced migration. Disasters and disaster-related forced migrations as an aspect of survival anxiety have severe and irreversible consequences for the existence of physical security, human dignity, health, livelihoods, shelter, and social, economic, and cultural structures and processes of societies or their subunits. Therefore, disasters and disaster-induced migration, which can be defined as a process of significant vulnerability, are considered widespread and severe threats to the enjoyment and realisation of fundamental rights. Earthquake-related forced migration phenomenon is a widespread and high-risk factor, and this risk corresponds to a closer and more destructive possibility for the province of Istanbul. Therefore becomes vital to take preventive measures to mitigate the possible destructive effects as well as to eliminate the risks as much as possible. This study aims to determine whether relevant legislation is adequate to provide an effective and sufficient protection mechanism for environmental displacement that may occur in Istanbul after a significant earthquake for the purpose of “building resilience in crisis” in the view of international standards. Thus, it also emphasises the importance of the human rights approach and legal mechanisms in establishing resilience during crises. This study has been prepared by content analysing the disaster and emergency preparedness plans, policy texts, and relevant legal and regulatory provisions related to understanding and managing the earthquake-induced migration scenario in Istanbul.

The New Family Arrangements as Overcoming Traditionalism: Pluralism and the Concretization of Fundamental Rights in Brazil

Traditionalism is an ideology that advocates for a government founded on principles surpassing mere human and individual aspects. In traditional symbolism, the supernatural principle is invariably regarded as masculine, and that of nature as feminine. Traditionalism underscores the necessity for the family entity to acknowledge the metaphysical dyad distinguishing the masculine from the feminine, contending that the sole legitimate family form is that constituted by the union of a man and a woman and their offspring. This paper seeks to examine the shift from traditionalism to constitutional pluralism within the realm of family entities. It aims to comprehend how constitutional pluralism acknowledges the diversity of family forms and facilitates societal changes in the concept of the family, all the while circumventing state censorship and bolstering individual liberty. The approach utilised is one of normatibrave juridical enquiry. The study reveals that new family structures, rooted in constitutional pluralism, foster the displacement of traditionalism, thereby establishing a new paradigm for interpreting the concept of the family as defined by the Constitution. Traditionalism, having historically occupied a dominant stance regarding the family, yields to pluralism. The realisation of fundamental rights ensures the diversity of family entities, inclusive of the traditional family's rightful claim to existence. Viewed from the vantage point of a pluralistic family constitutional framework, traditionalism should not be perceived as antagonistic to pluralism but rather as one of its valid manifestations a legitimate approach to experiencing life and perceiving the world.

The right to information from the point of view of legal theory, international law and international relations

Taking into account the informatization of public life, the growing role of information, and the development of the information society, the right to information is important not only as a certain set of powers but also as a priority vital interest, the implementation of which has a decisive impact on the life of a modern person. The purpose of the work is the study of information rights in the context of law per se, from the point of view of establishing the researched law at the international level and with regard to international relations regarding information. Research methodology consists of such methods as comparative legal method, inference, hermeneutic method, induction and deduction method, and historical legal method. As a result of the conducted research, it was concluded that the legal regulation of the right of citizens to access public information is one of the most important guarantees of the development of any democratic society. It is concluded that the establishment of the right to information and access to public information at the international level has a positive effect on the realization of fundamental rights by citizens, as well as on the activities of authorities and institutions of public society.

Guarantee of the Social Existential Minimum in the Context of Metropolitan Regions: A Study on the Interdependence Relations in Public Functions of Common Interest for the Realization of Fundamental Rights in the Dimension of Social Rights

Guarantee of the Social Existential Minimum in the Context of Metropolitan Regions: A Study on the Interdependence Relations in Public Functions of Common Interest for the Realization of Fundamental Rights in the Dimension of Social Rights

Identitet presude i optužbe u krivičnom postupku - jurisprudencija domaćih sudova

Achieving the identity of the judgment and the charge in criminal proceedings, represents the assumption of the realization of the accusatory principle, as well as the realization of fundamental rights of the accused, such as the right to defense, the right to a fair trial. In order to be able to say that in a specific case there is congruence between the judgment and the charge, it is necessary that identity has been achieved both in the subjective and in the objective sense. The above compliances are regulated by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Serbia, Art. 420. The legislator points to the importance of achieving the subjective and objective identity of the judgment and charge by prescribing the violation of the said identity as an absolutely essential violation of the provisions of the criminal procedure. In this way, the legislator provided additional protection, first of all, to the individual interest, that is, the position of the defendant in criminal proceedings. As it is a very important questio facti criminal procedural issue, which is regulated by the general clause, it is extremely important to establish in which cases the identity of the judgment and charge is violated. For the purpose of establishing such cases, as well as their grouping according to relevant criteria, research was carried out, which included the analysis of a significant number of decisions of domestic courts-qualitative research approach. Also, in order to determine in which cases the subjects of legal remedies indicated in their appeals the existence of a violation of the identity of the judgment and charge, empirical research was carried out of a certain number of decisions of the High Court in Belgrade and the Court of Appeal in Belgrade-quantitative research approach.

Ehdotus uuden puitelainsäädännön selvitystarpeesta luonnon monimuotoisuuden suojelemiseksi – vertailukohtana vuoden 2015 ilmastolaki

This article suggests an assessment of new national framework legislation related to biodiversity loss (called “Biodiversity Act”) to be performed in Finland. Such new framework legislation could partly be inspired by the national Climate Change Act (609/2015), and it could inter alia, promote the following aspects explored in this article: realisation of fundamental rights, more effective and coherent governmental planning, and participative democracy. As the central conclusion of the article, a multidisciplinary assessment of new biodiversity-related framework legislation is recommended. Further research regarding the Biodiversity Act should evaluate the realisation of fundamental environmental rights in the context of biodiversity loss. It would benefit from the study of the impacts of national climate change framework legislation, while also elaborating the differing regulatory aspects of biodiversity loss and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Legislation aiming to halt the biodiversity loss should be studied holistically to assess the need and opportunities for legal reforms and connections between branches of legislation, also accounting for the legal development on supranational level.

TRIGGERING ENVIRONMENTALISM THROUGH ACCESS TO COURT: IMPERATIVE OF DEEPENING THE RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT IN NIGERIA

The environment is increasing emerging as a critical component of the socio-economic development of average Nigerians as it has not only been valuable to traditional societies for their nutritional and health needs, but also, crucial to the realization of fundamental rights. This is more pertinent as it relates to the inhabitants of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria where the activities of oil multinational companies has made the region to be synonymous with oil pollution, devastated environment and human right abuses. Unsurprisingly, Nigerian courts are increasingly being called upon to adjudicate on issues relating to pollution and other environmental abuses by both private and public persons within the oil sector. Most times, environmental disputes are brought to the court in Nigeria as tortuous cases seeking compensation for damages. Remedies can also be sought under statutory laws or as writ petitions under the fundamental human right enforcement procedure rules. The latter implicates the provision of a human right to healthy environment under statutory laws, and whether such right is recognised as binding by the courts in Nigeria. This paper explores how environmentalism can be triggered in Nigeria through the judicial recognition of the right to a satisfactory environment. It recognises that there are some efforts towards such judicial recognition of the right. However, it argues that to promote environmentalism in Nigeria, there is a need to deepen judicial recognition of the right by detailed pronouncements on the justiciability of the right.

Theoretical characteristics of the category "fundamental human rights"

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of fundamental human rights as a special category. It is established that fundamental human rights should be understood as main, most important, basic rights. Three aspects of distinguishing this category of human rights are proposed. The content-value aspect indicates the connection of fundamental rights with basic social values, which determines their universal nature. The hierarchical aspect determines the place of fundamental rights in the system of human rights and freedoms, emphasizes their supremacy and systemic nature. The procedural-restrictive aspect demonstrates the peculiarities of the realization of fundamental rights in the context of the functioning of public and political power and emphasizes the prevention of state interference in the most important areas of private life.
 The influence of local conditions and local cultures on the recognition of certain rights as fundamental on the example of activity of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has been studied. It is emphasized that in specific conditions of place and time, certain human opportunities become especially relevant and require increased legal protection and guarantees, which leads to the expansion of the catalog of fundamental human rights. Examples include freedom of access to information and the right to privacy, which have become fundamental rights in recent decades. It is concluded that fundamental human rights are aimed at protecting the most important, basic social values, are the basis for the formation of an integrated human rights system and create a reliable framework that protects the individual from excessive pressure from public and political authorities.

O município protagonista: breve análise da execução da política urbana à luz do artigo 182 da Constituição

In a globalized world, with Brazilian society naturally increasingly integrated with that of other countries, popular tolerance for problems such as corruption and poor provision of public services decreases and there is an awakening of demands for improvements. The people's demands are directed towards, in addition to the sensitive areas of health, education and probity, to urban infrastructure interventions directly linked to urban planning, precisely because cities are home to the overwhelming majority of the population. In this context, achieving federative autonomy by the 1988 constitution, also influenced by the spontaneous social phenomenon of urbanization, the municipality leaves its once timid role in the realization of fundamental rights to receive, by express option of the constituent, the task of executing urban policy defined in its master plan, ensuring the sustainable management of cities as a prominent diffuse right. Thus, the importance of urban planning rights is expanded, contributing to this protagonism, mainly through what is called “Active or Operational Urbanism”, which, far from being limited to the control of the exercise by the individual of the right to property and to build, is preordained to transform the artificial environment built by man through urbanization actions, benefiting and re-benefiting the habitable spaces with the scope of giving citizens a functional, sustainable and balanced city, meeting the most acute and modern popular desires. The peculiarities of the execution of urban policy to which the 3 levels of the federation under municipal leadership compete, are also analyzed in light of the specific attributions of the local entity for planning and controlling the use, subdivision and occupation of land and execution of the urban policy, inspired by cooperative federalism, by the clause of local interest and the principle of federative subsidiarity, which translate into an indisputable municipalization of actions (articles 23, single paragraph, 30, I and VIII and 182 of the Constitution).

TANGGUNG JAWAB PEMERINTAH SEBAGAI AKIBAT PENGARUH ASAP KEBAKARAN LAHAN DAN HUTAN DI PROVINSI RIAU BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 36 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG KESEHATAN

The form of responsibility that has not been realized by the government is that there are still forest and land fires that cause poor health, so it is necessary to take firm action from the government to immediately realize the compensation for the impact of the smoke. In the end everyone, women, young people, children have the right to other fundamental health related and highly dependent on a healthy environment. The formulation of the problem in this study is the responsibility of the government as a result of the effects of the smoke from land and forest fires in Riau Province based on Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health, due to the legal responsibility of the government as a result the effect of smoke from land and forest fires in Riau Province based on Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health. The method used is normative legal research. Sources of data consist of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. In this study the data were analyzed qualitatively and in drawing conclusions, the authors applied the deductive thinking method. The conclusion in this study has answered the problems that arise, namely the responsibility of the government as a result of the influence of the smoke from land and forest fires in Riau Province based on Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health, that the state's responsibility to fulfill the right to health has at least 3 forms, namely respecting the right to health, protecting the right to health and fulfilling the right to health. The government should uphold the right to health for all people in order to improve a healthy standard of living in order to realize the highest public health standard, and this is also the responsibility of the state for the realization of fundamental rights in the health sector. The conception of state responsibility in fulfilling the right to health is a positive legal right, therefore the government is obliged as the personification of the state to fulfill the rights of citizens' health. The neglect of the right to public health in the form of denial of the protection and provision of proper public health services is a violation of the constitution. The legal consequence is the government's responsibility as a result of the influence of the smoke from land and forest fires in Riau Province based on Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health that health is fundamental rights of every human being, therefore every individual, family and society has the right to receive protection for their health. The government is responsible for regulating and protecting the right to optimal public health. The government's responsibility in fulfilling the right to health is manifested in the provision of proper health facilities and facilities that are easily accessible to the public.

Ações coletivas: Evolução e desafios para uma perspectiva transformadora da jurisdição à luz do princípio do acesso à justiça e da duração razoável do processo

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar alguns aspectos das denominadas ações coletivas atinentes a evolução de seus conceitos e as discussões atuais da doutrina sob seus temas centrais. A proposta é apresentar historicamente a evolução do processo coletivo como um novo processo civil, indispensável à um acesso à justiça substancial aos jurisdicionados, na medida em que mescla a celeridade e economia processual, assegurando igualdade, isonomia e duração razoável do processo. Medida que promove a concretização efetiva de direitos fundamentais de uma sociedade contemporânea que intenta ter suas acepções atendidas. Para tanto, utiliza-se da metodologia dedutiva em análise bibliográfica e legislativa para tecer a tese argumentativa da importância das ações coletivas à pacificação social.

Colisión de derechos en pandemia. Derecho a la salud y límites a la acción estatal

En contextos de epidemias/pandemias, la salud es un derecho fundamental y es entendido como derecho-núcleo que funciona como eje articulador desde y hacia dónde se dirigen las acciones de los órganos de gobierno, primariamente, y de los demás actores públicos y privados, secundariamente. La potestad del Estado de invocar legítimamente la protección de la salud colectiva como causa de restricción de ciertos derechos y libertades producirá inevitablemente un conflicto en el ejercicio de otros derechos fundamentales. Así, el objetivo del presente trabajo busca analizar estas dinámicas de colisión. Con este propósito, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de diversas fuentes, un exhaustivo análisis e identificación de la normativa internacional aplicable, así como del alcance de los principios jurídicos relevantes y de los contenidos mínimos inderogables de los derechos y libertades que puedan presentarse en disputa ante la preponderancia de unos sobre otros, utilizando de base el método documental con un enfoque cualitativo. Se concluye, que en el desarrollo de una epidemia/pandemia, cuanto más amenazada se encuentra la salud colectiva y los demás derechos estrechamente vinculados, mayor será el rol del Estado en la consecución de sus obligaciones de hacer manifestadas en sus decisiones políticas y políticas públicas. El Estado —en tanto ente garante y servidor del respeto y realización de los derechos y libertades fundamentales— deberá armonizar aquellos que estén en conflicto con una mirada a corto, mediano y largo plazo y siempre direccionado por el principio de proporcionalidad, en consonancia con los límites constitucionales y convencionales.

O ciclo paradoxal de subinclusão/sobreinclusão/desconfiança na modernidade periférica

O objeto do presente trabalho consiste em analisar a relação entre a assimetria do binômio subinclusão/sobreinclusão e a desconfiança em regiões cuja modernidade é descrita como periférica na teoria dos sistemas sociais. Através de pesquisa de revisão bibliográfica, inicialmente, constatou-se que na sociedade moderna inúmeras expectativas conflitantes exsurgem, cabendo ao direito a generalização congruente das expectativas normativas. A confiança de que as pessoas se comportarão conforme as expectativas institucionalizadas, bem como que o sistema jurídico as reafirmará em caso de frustração, reduz a complexidade social e permite a convivência social. Em seguida, compreendemos que, em regiões periféricas, a desdiferenciação social promove assimetria entre subincluídos e sobreincluídos. Os direitos fundamentais não possuem, nesse sentido a efetividade e eficácia suficientes para promover a inclusão generalizada das pessoas no sistema jurídico e político. Como resultado, apoiando a pesquisa bibliográfica com uma pesquisa quantitativa, verificou-se um ciclo paradoxal entre desconfiança e subinclusão/sobreinclusão em regiões periféricas da modernidade, o que compromete a concretização de direitos fundamentais e sua função inclusiva.

Análise de alguns cenários de tributação de serviços públicos

A Constituição protege a livre iniciativa justamente para que se viabilize o desenvolvimento nacional esperado, como almeja o artigo terceiro da Carta Maior. Para tanto, é necessário que a economia do país possua trilhos próprios, bem estabelecidos, firmes, seguros e que tenham como rumo o crescimento continuo e responsável. Com essas metas em vista, o papel do Estado é de regulação, não de invasor ou de agente ativo desse cenário. Não se pode ser maestro, músico e plateia ao mesmo tempo. Assim, o Estado pode agir em ambientes onde se procura o lucro, com objetivo de autodesenvolvimento, apenas quando precisar de tal prestação para alcançar o seu desiderato público. Ou seja, sua atividade fora do âmbito restrito de ente público - com todas as prerrogativas e sujeições inerentes a essa condição - é excepcional e assim devem ser tratadas e exercidas conformes os limites constitucionais dessa excepcionalidade. O presente trabalho não pretende trazer respostas definitivas, mas apenas levantar inquietações e lembrar o fato cada vez mais presente de que a responsabilidade demandada pela prestação de atividades e serviços públicos faz com que se torne imprescindível a existência e aplicação de instrumentos jurídicos com viabilizem esse exercício, bem como se proteja a ordem econômica dos reflexos negativos que eventualmente tenham que suportar, de igual maneira, a plena realização dos direitos fundamentais.

Un replanteamiento al significado del activismo judicial

Este trabajo propone un replanteamiento a la forma de entender el activismo judicial, sobre todo, alejarlo de las críticas que se han gestado desde diferentes posiciones teóricas sin un sustento empírico fuerte, ya que en la práctica judicial ese activismo, en específico, el que se da en sede constitucional de última instancia, representa una vía institucional para la concretización de los derechos fundamentales y la sociedad democrática. Así, el activismo judicial al representar una consecuencia del control judicial tendrá una base institucional que es compatible con el diseño institucional del Estado Constitucional, pues ese diseño ha conferido discrecionalidad a los jueces constitucionales para concretizar el contenido de la Constitución.

O ORÇAMENTO PARTICIPATIVO NO MUNICÍPIO DE PORTO ALEGRE COMO MECANISMO DEMOCRÁTICO DE CONCRETIZAÇÃO DOS DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS

Em 2019, o modelo de gestão pública do orçamento participativo completou 30 anos de existência no município de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul. Tal experiência serviu de paradigma para a implementação em outras cidades. Nesse sentido, questiona-se de que forma o orçamento participativo de Porto Alegre pode ser compreendido como um mecanismo democrático de concretização dos direitos fundamentais para a população local. Para tanto, utilizar-se-á o método dedutivo-monográfico, efetuando uma pesquisa do tipo teórica, na modalidade bibliográfica e documental baseada na constituição, leis e publicações afins. Empregou-se a perspectiva da abordagem qualitativa, tendo em vista a contextualização e argumentação sobre as teorias e fenômenos analisados. Primeiro, há de se examinar os elementos da teoria da democracia e dos direitos fundamentais, depois entender a configuração da política orçamentária municipal para os direitos assegurados pela ordem democrática, para analisar a experiência do orçamento participativo porto-alegrense. Como resultados iniciais, observou-se que o mecanismo em estudo pode ser entendido como um dos exemplos de prática democrática que possibilita influenciar na atuação estatal principalmente relacionada com os direitos sociais, econômicos e culturais a partir da eleição de prioridades a serem contempladas pelo orçamento municipal.

A banalização do argumento jusfundamental: os direitos insaciáveis e os deveres fundamentais sob a ótica da hermenêutica crítica

O presente trabalho visa verificar o fenômeno da banalização do argumento jusfundamental especialmente em razão da injustificada e excessiva constitucionalização do Direito brasileiro. A partir disso, almeja-se demonstrar o surgimento dos intitulados “direitos insaciáveis” e, consequentemente, o indevido solipsismo jurídico, que acaba por interferir na efetividade e na concretização dos direitos fundamentais. Desse modo, o texto concluiu que o ativismo judicial, na medida em que é praticado no país, acaba hipertrofiando a concepção de direitos fundamentais, ainda mais ao considerar a maneira antidemocrática como são aplicados pelos juízes. Assim, verificou-se a importância de se considerar as noções dos deveres fundamentais, como ferramenta para evitar a utilização indevida do argumento pautado nos direitos fundamentais. O trabalho foi realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica qualitativa e, na escrita, utilizou-se o procedimento dedutivo.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL LAW IN THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPEANIZA

The article is devoted to the issues of updating the methods of administrative and civil law through the prism of convergence of dispositive and imperative methods in conditions of Europeanization. It was noted that administrative law cannot, as before, be guided by the priority application of the imperative method because of emergence of relations of horizontal type and initiatives to apply the dispositive method of civil law. It is stated that the question of the Europeanization of methods of administrative law is fi rst of all a question about correlation of methods of legal infl uence on public relations which are regulated by administrative law and civil law. This question is about the competitiveness of private and public beginnings of the activity of public administration which is not inherent to the classical «managementary» administrative law. The author has paid attention to the panEuropean tendencies of development and the infl uence on national system of instruments (forms) of public administration, including private legal mechanisms, dominance of the services orientated state. Today the activity of modern public administration is aimed to implement its service component. Modern public administration is characterized by resilience, dualism, and openness to public interest as a key category of administrative law. Such characteristics should have a European good administration that functions for individual and for his interests, for realization of fundamental rights, freedoms and interests through the concept of rule of law.

Rigidez constitucional mínima como una forma débil del constitucionalismo

Algunos autores contrarios a la práctica constitucional actualmente dominante han defendido una rigidez constitucional “mínima” como una forma “débil” del constitucionalismo en la que la voluntad mayoritaria puede identificar el alcance de los derechos fundamentales por encima de las determinaciones judiciales. El objetivo de este trabajo es plantear algunas reflexiones críticas sobre dicha propuesta, adoptando para ello como parámetro normativo (lo que trataré de identificar como) la racionalidad intrínseca de la práctica constitucional contemporánea en las democracias liberales. Dicha argumentación crítica avanza del siguiente modo: en primer lugar, se discute la distinción formal (basada exclusiva o principalmente en el diseño institucional) entre sistemas de control jurisdiccional “fuerte” y “débil”; en segundo lugar, se pone en duda la supuesta relevancia de la reforma constitucional en la concreción histórica de los derechos básicos; y, por último, se rechaza la rigidez constitucional mínima entendida como parte de un modelo constitucional genuinamente alternativo (la “soberanía popular fuerte”) diseñado para superar la práctica constitucional dominante.