Realistic Figures Research Articles

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A PARALLEL FFT ALGORITHM ON A TRANSPUTER NETWORK

Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) are frequently employed in various applications such as image processing and speech recognition. Though FFT calculations can be speeded up considerably, real time processing requirements are well above that of modern day uniprocessor systems. Computing power can be substantially increased through the exploitation of the inherent parallelism available in FFT calculations. However, experimental performance analysis of the Parallel FFT (PFFT) algorithm has not been sufficiently investigated in a loosely coupled multiprocessor environment. In this paper, we evaluate the implementation of a PFFT on a network of T800 series transputers connected in the form of a linear pipeline and a binary cube. We analyse the speedup obtained, taking into account both computation load and communication overhead. A new load balancing algorithm has been incorporated so that load balancing takes into account both computation and communication loads. Realistic performance figures obtained through ac...

Variance and lower partial moment betas as bases for costing equity capital among regulated utilities

An important question in the setting of public utility rates is, ‘What constitutes a fair rate of return or cost of equity capital for a regulated utility?’ Recent debates over this issue have centred on the CAPM's ability to produce realistic equity cost figures for use in the rate-setting process. Several researchers recommend modified or expanded versions of the market model as a means of improving its predictive capabilities. One such approach is the lower partial moment model. The purpose of the present paper is to assess the robustness of the lower partial moment model relative to the conventional CAPM as a basis for estimating the cost of a utility company's equity capital. The hypothesis that empirical estimates of the LPM beta tend to overestimate the true systematic risk of utility companies was corroborated by our test results.

A Comparison of Attorneys’ Reasons for Settlement in Personal Injury Lawsuits

This study was conducted to determine the reasons that influence the decision to settle a personal injury lawsuit rather than proceed to court for a trial. Additionally, this study compared plaintiff attorneys’ and insurance company attorneys’ reasons for settlement in personal injury lawsuits to determine whether there are significant differences between the two groups. Subjects, 28 plaintiff attorneys and 57 insurance company attorneys, rated the importance of or degree of agreement with 77 statements related to their decision to settle or to recommend settlement. T tests revealed significant differences between the two groups on 31 of the 77 items. Among all 85 attorneys, the top four reasons for settlement were (a) if the opposing attorney offers realistic settlement figures, a jury trial will offer more risk than advantage; (b) settlements are an attractive alternative to a trial partly because of the high costs of litigation; (c) in deciding whether to settle, attorneys attempt to determine the probable verdict in light of the evidence; and (d) attorneys attempt to determine the value of an immediate settlement compared to the uncertainty of a trial.

FINANCING PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT

Summary This paper, which was originally presented as the inaugural lecture of the Centre for Studies in Propety Valuation and Management at the City University in March 1987 analyses and explains the various options, both currently available and shortly to become available, which are open to a developer faced with the task of funding a particular scheme. To fulfil these objectives, a hypothetical retail mega‐development has been invented, realistic figures used and the various funding scenarios then applied to it, each on their own merit, with a view to selecting that which most suited the scheme. By way of introduction, the paper looks at the financial resources of the typical property company and then at the parameters which determine the commercial viability of a scheme. The main text then moves on to analyse each of the funding options available starting with short term borrowing, then looking at forward funding and commitment, then the mortgage alternative and finally a look towards the future with an explanation and application of unitisation to the hypothetical scheme. The paper concludes by comparing the various options set out above, giving the would be developer an indication of the merits and drawbacks of each.

Efficient implementations of quadratic digital filters

Efficient implementation structures of quadratic filters are introduced in this paper using systolic arrays, distributed arithmetic, and linear convolutions with multipliers. The implementations are based on matrix decompositions and consist of a set of parallel 1-D FIR filters in cascade with a set of sequential square-in add-out type of operations. The structures are compared using various realistic figures of merit such as data throughput delay, cost that is proportional to chip area, and variance of roundoff errors in the filter output assuming fixed-point arithmetic. For comparison purposes, the direct and Biglieri quadratic structures are included in this study. Evaluating the comparative results, the conclusion drawn is that the matrix decomposition realization of a quadratic filter implemented with systolic arrays seems to be offering the best compromise among the various conflicting figures of merit.

Effects of Socioeconomic Differences on the Sophistication of Nigerian Children's Human Figure Drawings

Drawings of a man and a woman were obtained from 125 Yoruba school children from middle and low income schools. Comparisons based on over-all shape and proportion of figures, inclusion of and position of body parts, and inclusion of clothes and fine details were made between subjects of middle and low income. Middle-income children drew more realistic figures than low-income children based on all the measured criteria. Findings were related to differences in socialization. Implications for education were also discussed.

Sweat composition in exercise and in heat.

Sweat samples were collected from the forearms of eight male volunteers using light gauze pads applied for 20-min periods. Preliminary trials indicated that this technique yielded realistic figures for both sweat volume and sweat composition. Tests were conducted under three conditions: a) outdoor exercise, cool environment; b) indoor exercise, normal room temperatures; and c) sauna exposure. In all environments, proximal forearm samples indicated a larger sweat secretion than distal forearm or hand samples. [Mg2+] decreased as sweat flow increased, but after allowance for interindividual differences of sweat volume, [Na+], [K+], [Ca2+], and [Cl-] were independent of sweat flow rates. The differential effect of sweat flow suggests active regulation rather than contamination. Interindividual differences of sweat composition could not be explained in terms of differences in personal fitness. Sauna bathing yielded sweat with a higher [Mg2+] and [Ca2+] content than did exercise; however, [Na+], [K+], and [Cl-] were similar for the three experimental conditions. Again, the data are best explained in terms of an active regulation of sweat composition. Total ionic losses do not seem sufficient to deplete body mineral reserves unless many days of training are undertaken in a hot climate.

Children's Left-Right Concepts: Generalization across Figure and Location

FISHER, CELIA B., and BRAINE, LLA G. Children's Left-Right Concepts: Generalization across Figure and Location. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 451-456. This study establishes that young children can form abstract concepts of left and right which are not bound to the specific training context: Children are able to generalize to new figures and to new spatial locations. In experiment 1, 16 children between the ages of 3 and 4 were given left-right and up-down problems in which they were trained to discriminate between 180-degree rotations of symmetric drawings of realistic figures. Following training, the child's ability to generalize to 16 new shapes was tested. For both problems, children who reached criterion on training showed almost perfect generalization. Similar results were found for 8 children trained on the left-right problem using asymmetric drawings. In experiment 2, 16 preschoolers (mean age = 3-8) were trained on left-right and up-down problems using a single figure in specific locations. Again, children who reached criterion on training showed almost perfect generalization when the stimuli were presented in 16 new locations. The nature of the preschool child's left-right judgments is discussed.

Motive Power in British Industry and the Accuracy of the 1870 Factory Return

IN recent number of this Reviewl Prof. A. E. Musson drew attention to the industrial horsepower figures in the I870 Factory Return2 and concluded from them that a The statistical evidence relating to industrial power re-emphasizes the traditional importance attached to textiles, especially cotton, in the Industrial Revolution, not only in its early stages but also far into the nineteenth century, as against more recent interpretations which have tended to emphasize advance over broad industrial front.3 He argued that comparison of the I870 Factory Return with the First Census of Industrial Production of I9074 demonstrated that . the really massive growth of steam power occurred in the later nineteenth century, not in the heroic age of the early Industrial Revolution.5 The viability of these propositions depends on the completeness of the I870 Factor Return, however, and to test them it is therefore necessary to establish whether the parliamentary statistics were comprehensive, and if not how close to the truth they were. Prof. Musson's focus was mainly before I850, and while he recognized that the I870 Factory Return was incomplete he did not pursue this point. This article is not, however, intended as critique of Musson's; rather it seeks to take his work forward and establish more comprehensive and realistic figures of steam and water power in Britain in I870. It shows that the I87o Factory Return seriously understated the industrial power at that date, since it was both selective in its coverage, omitting all mining, milling, and public utilities, and was also incomplete even for manufacturing industry; these gaps will be filled in from other sources. The revised figures thus compiled show rather different picture both of the importance of the textile industries and of the rates of growth of power from that painted by Prof. Musson, so some space will also be devoted to brief discussion of these points. The argument may be developed in four stages. Firstly, the legislative background to the i870 Factory Return must be set out, as this vitally affected the form it took. It is then necessary to examine the deficiencies of the Return in the trades to which it applied, after which attention can be turned to the areas it did not cover. Finally, some attempt to aggregate the figures must be made and the problems of comparing the I870 figures with those for I907 discussed.

Seizure Disorders Among Prisoners

To the Editor.— The interesting and straightforward article by King and Young was stimulating to read, particularly since the recent Presidential Commission Report on Control of Epilepsy and Its Consequences pointed out the lack of hard data on which to base realistic incidence figures. The Commission came up with a projected overall incidence of 1% of the population, twice that of the usual medical survey data indicating an incidence of 0.5%. Similarly, on the basis of mixed data the Epilepsy Foundation of America has in the past used an estimated figure of 2%. These projected incidence rates suggest that the 1.9% incidence rate in prisoners may be closer to reality in the general population than previously realized. A recent unpublished community population survey of Mobile County in Alabama on the incidence of developmental disabilities shows an epilepsy incidence of 1.49%. Furthermore, when the community population survey data are compared with

Are "Consistent Time Series Data Relating to Pakistan's Large-Scale Manufacturing Industries" Inconsistent: A Comment

In the Spring 1976 issue, The Pakistan Development Review published an article by A. R. Kemal [2] on "Consistent Time Series Data Relating to Pakistan's Large-Scale Manufacturing Industries" (hereafter referred to as Kemal I). That article was followed by a second article [3] in the Winter 1976 issue of the same journal, entitled "Sectoral Growth Rates and Efficiency of Factor Use in Large-Scale Manufacturing Sector in West Pakistan" (here¬after referred to as Kemal II). These two articles had very significant impact because they purport to present more realistic figures describing the development of Pakistan's large-scale manufacturing sector during the period 1959-1960 to 1969-1970. This was a period in which that sector grew rapidly and was subject to strong structural changes. Fresh data for the large-scale manufacturing sector during that critical period could therefore lead to a reinterpretation of Pakistan's economic history during the 1960's. The purpose of the two Kemal articles appears to have been to provide such a new statistical picture for large-scale manufacturing, and the study on which they were based was financed by the Planning Commis¬sion, Government of Pakistan.

A developmental theory of suicide

Suicide, a growing statistical ally of the grim reaper's harvest, is beginning to gain its due attention from governmental, medical, religious, and psychiatric circles. There are signals from the social scene which indicate that Americans are gradually acknowledging suicide as a tragic fact of life about which we want to do something besides feel ashamed, anxious, or guilty. Government sponsored research, suicide prevention centers, an international professional society, swirls of articles in professional, paraprofessional, and lay publications, police education ∗ ∗ To enlighten its force, the Chicago Police Department has produced a highly sensitive, powerful, and educational film on suicide and its immediate management. , legal arousal, liberalization of insurance company policy, and a journal of suicidology all give hints that public concern may someday eventuate in a “Suicide Prevention Fund” not unlike those of The Heart Fund, the American Cancer Society, or Easter Seal Campaigns. Significantly, the religious community's attitudes, which earlier viewed this act as a final sin, are altering. The Pastoral Care Movement (publishing articles like, “The Funeral of a Suicide” 1) is turning increased attention to this calamity. Not very long ago, the Anglican Church's position changed, granting the “Burial Office” for persons killed by their own hands. Modern theologians, like Tillich 2 and Bonhoeffer, move against the stigma of suicide toward its acceptance as a tragedy in similar company with mental illness. The social stigma of suicide has made study of the problem difficult, especially reliable reporting. These altering attitudes are likely to eventuate in a statistical “growth” in the reported 23,000 persons per year in the United States who die by self-destruction. But the problem is not changed by more realistic attitudes or figures. Like other human afflictions, its causes should offer avenues to cure or alteration. The intent of this communication is to further the understanding of the act by theory construct derived from contributions in the literature, other theories of suicide, and primarily from clinical observations. This paper's goals are (1) the formulation of a psychological theory of suicide's etiology, (2) integration of the formulation with clinical data, and consequently, (3) suggestions for management as they stem from the theory and clinical findings.

Children’s orientation judgments: Retinally or environmentally determined?

Children between the ages of 3 and 9 years judged the uprightness of pictures of realistic figures under three conditions: tilt of the visual surround, tilt of the subject, and tilt of both subject and surround in the same direction. The tilts used were 0, 90, and 180 deg. Judgments were not affected by tilt of the visual surround alone. With 90-deg head tilt, subjects of all ages made judgments in terms of gravitational cues. With 180-deg tilt, the youngest children made judgments based on retinal cues, whereas the older children used gravitational cues more often. The discussion made two main proposals: that uprightness judgments could be based on different cues under 90- and 180-deg head tilts, and that the age differences were due to a change in the nature of the judgments being made rather than to a change in the framework used.

“Mirror-image” errors without mirror-image stimuli

Recent work has indicated that discrimination between upright and inverted stimuli is difficult when stimuli are one above the other, and discrimination between stimuli turned left and right is difficult when stimuli are side by side. That is, errors are frequent under conditions in which mirror-image confusions can be made. Young children were given a task requiring the matching of orientation of (a) identical realistic figures that could form mirror images of each other or (b) nonidentical realistic figures that could not form mirror images. The same pattern of errors appeared for the identical and nonidentical figures, indicating that the errors are not mirror-image confusions. It is argued that the errors are due to a strategy of matching analogous parts of the two figures.

The recognition of simple and complex realistic figures in patients with unilateral brain lesion.

Forty-one patients with unilateral retro-rolandic brain lesion were examined by means of three experimental tests requiring the recognition of complex realistic figures. In addition, all patients were given two tests for the recogniion of common objects and simple realistic line drawings. A set of control variables included tests for elementary visual functions, non-verbal intelligence and aphasia. Furtheron, the influence of side and hemispheric locus as well as severity of brain lesion was examined.

A Simulation for a Short Takeoff and Landing System Traffic Analysis

A model has been developed to simulate an urban short takeoff and landing (STOL) system. It was designed as a tool for the evaluation of flight hardware and also to provide insight into the specialized nature of an urban transportation system such as the one envisioned for the Northeast Corridor. The actions of aircraft are treated in the high level of detail characteristic of an urban shuttle system with its constraints and limitations. Considerations included: 1) variable passenger demands, 2) dispatching decisions, 3) takeoff and airspace regulations, 4) variations in interfering aircraft traffic, and 5) off-corridor services. The implementation allows for simulation and analysis of aircraft and passenger movements and the consequent interactions. Output is generated in terms of the realistic and useful figures of cost, revenue, and systems performance needed to evaluate each phase of the STOL operation. The model was written in the general purpose simulation system language.

Recognition by children of realistic figures presented in various orientations.

Recognition by children of realistic figures presented in various orientations.

Radio Relay Design Data 60 to 600 MC

This paper presents general design data for a complete radio relay transmission system. All parameters are shown in graphs either as gain or attenuation figures (decibels). From these figures, either a level diagram may be plotted or the final signal-tonoise ratio may be obtained by simple addition or subtraction of the respective parameters. In order to get realistic figures for various modulation systems, a new parameter has been defined which accounts for the deficiency of the demodulator. Numerical examples are presented to show the convenience in practical use.

Research Items

Central Wyoming Pictographs.—Dr. E. B. Renaud of the University of Denver, in a special investigation report to Science Service of Washington, describes two series of pictographs in Central Wyoming not previously visited by archaeologists. On a prairie trail 15.5 miles south of Moneta and 77 miles west of Casper numerous pictographs were found on much eroded sandstone cliffs, extending over a district about a quarter of a mile long. The most curious, and in fact unique, pictographs are shields or circles, mostly coloured, the principal shades still discernible being a strong green, a pale orange, and a purplish red. These disks are sometimes grouped in panels of ten or twelve. They represent conventional designs, human and animal figures, usually one in each circle or two or three, one being central and the other two smaller and artistically distributed, or arranged in quarters. For various reasons they cannot have been made less than two hundred years ago, and are perhaps older. In addition to the coloured type of circular pictographs there are many incised figures of men, animals, and conventional designs of the more generally known type of petroglyph. Some are isolated; more often they are grouped in panels. They may be more recent than the coloured pictographs. Among the animals represented are deer or elk, buffalo, antelope, small quadrupeds, others not identifiable, snakes and birds. The turtle is usually coloured, and never appears except on circular pictographs. This is an animal at present non-existent in the region. There are several styles of anthropomorph. One has pointed shoulders and the sexual parts are emphasised; the other, which is rarer, represents human figures with a bigger round face or head, no shoulders, and neck as broad as the body, which is rectangular. The arms are uplifted as in worship. A third type has shield and lance and recalls the type of Sand Creek, south of Laramie. A second group of pictographs, 19 miles south-east of Lander, consisting of realistic figures of men and animals, was also visited.