Reality Of Violence Research Articles

What’s in a Game? Wake Working (Fantasy) Football’s Anti-Black Temporalities

For Christina Sharpe, “wake work” involves a consciousness of how Black being still operates in the afterlives of transatlantic slavery. This article invokes wake work to highlight the palatability of anti-blackness in the game of fantasy football, calling attention to temporalities of anti-Black violence through Black autoethnography. Deploying a Black feminist relational method where telling is theory, I continue this method within rhetorical studies to focus on racialized/classed/gendered dimensions of National Football League (NFL) fantasy football. I tell my Black im/migrant story of learning dynamics of U.S. structural racism through the game in the age of #BlackLivesMatter—specifically, how it reveals violent criminalization and commodification of Black bodies through hypercapitalist representations of blackness in on- and offline discourses. Finally, I read the racial problematics of an ESPN clip—an auction scene in which Odell Beckham Jr. is sold in a live-action fantasy football draft. This analysis concludes that (fantasy) football’s rule-driven cultural codes make anti-blackness casually consumable. Building on scholarship emphasizing the racialized objectification of Black NFL players, I argue these codes render Black bodies manipulatable statistics while sidestepping their violent realities, logics/logistics reminiscent of the transatlantic slave trade’s operations.

The Elusiveness of Self-Defense for the Black Transgender Community

This Essay was written as a part of the Nevada Law Journal's symposium on Race and Gender and Policing. It explores the need for but elusiveness of self-defense as a viable affirmative defense for Black transgender victims of crime. The Black transgender community suffers disproportionate rates of intimate partner violence, discriminatory harassment, and sexual violence from both strangers and acquaintances. Yet members of this community also report disproportionate rates of ambivalence, discriminatory treatment, and physical violence from law enforcement investigating these crimes. Black transgender individuals experience under-policing driven by stereotyped attitudes that transgender individuals are inherently deceitful or that transgender women are actually men and can handle themselves. And they experience over-policing for while trans, a widely reported phenomenon wherein transgender individuals walking in public are repeatedly targeted for suspected prostitution. Within this reality of violence and under protection, many members of the Black transgender community report resorting to self-defense tactics to protect themselves, including carrying firearms in public. Unfortunately, recent high profile cases of Black transgender self-defense illustrate that viable affirmative self-defense claims prove elusive for this community. Racist biases about the inherent criminality of Black individuals infect every step of the criminal justice process, negating otherwise viable self-defense claims. Moreover, many of the same trans-phobic attitudes affecting the criminal investigative process similarly impact the viability of self-defense claims for transgender individuals using self-defensive measures as a necessary last resort.

For the Dead: Witnessing Images of Violence in Jonathan Littell's Une Vieille Histoire: Nouvelle Version

This article deals with representing violence and witnessing in Jonathan Littell's novel Une Vieille Histoire: Nouvelle Version. First, I show how by means of renouncing mimetic representation, Littell "weaves" a reality of violence and excessive sensations into a text and creates disturbing abstract-corporeal images that stimulate readers' attention to contemporary prevailing violence in our societies. I then claim that narrators in the novel, in their role as abusers, victims, or witnesses, become fascinated with images of violence that stupefy them, turning them into blinded witnesses who cannot testify on ungraspable and impenetrable images of violence. As witnesses, narrators become gazes, mirrors, and bodies bereft of subjectivity that embody the collapse of witnessing and the violence done to bodies in the text.

Creating Transformative Spaces in Education: Facing Humanity, Facing Violence

This paper considers the difficulties that accompany projects in education variously configured around a multicultural or intercultural label, particularly when they are built upon, for example, idealised conceptions of humanity, notions of the common good and dialogue, or ideas of recognition. My premise here is that, while such idealisations may be constructed with the best of intentions, they occlude discussions of how to face the violent realities that can also be part of social interaction. My focus here is on the existential conditions that frame our encounters with other people, and how such existential concerns lead us to confront more openly the violence that can inhere in such encounters. Beginning from this existential position, I argue, actually invites alternative ways of formulating transformative work in education, namely a focus on the present. Secondly, I turn to explore the transformative spaces created by performance artist Marina Abramovic, and how her projects reveal what we are up against existentially when it comes to facing humanity in the here and now, in all its messiness. And, finally, I make the suggestion that an education committed to the existential conditions of facing humanity can be built on a reconceptualization of conversation, as opposed to dialogue. Here I argue that conversation offers the kind of potential for transformation in its open-endedness and anarchic sensibilities.

Initial fundamentals for the generation of a pre model of phenomenological analysis focused on the concept of violence

The article proposes an investigation for the construction of a pre-analysis model, based on the phenomenological conception from the psychology referred to by Fisas Vicenç, to then address the construct of violence, based on the cultural perspective from Rojas Blanco, stripping himself from the dualistic conception of gender that arises from the Cartesian philosophical conception, aspect that prevents addressing the issue of violence as a great psychosocial phenomenon, leaving it in a purely legal problem, without transcending the psychological as an alternative solution to the current problem. The methodology used is of a hermeneutical nature, focusing the interpretation on the theoretical position, the statistics are analyzed, as the interpretative scenario related to the topic, using the main elements of the pre-model as a form of empirical application of the same, to the social contexts that require it. For this, then, the interpretative analysis of the primary elements of the family violence category is used, in relation to the various manifestations of this, at the social level. Essentially, the pre-model, its elements and the way of articulating them to the phenomenological world are presented as a result, for a more objective view at the reality of violence in the different scenarios. It is important to refer to the need to transform the perspective of violence from the complex, dissolving the notion of duality that stands around this category at the level of national and international institutions. A more humane and in-depth look at this category allows more objective decisions to be made, about the different issues that emerge around the concept of violence.

이성적 상징계와 몽환적 상상계의 혼융 - ‘팔루스적 언어’를 벗어나는 남성작가 정찬 -

This study analyzes the narrative method, perception, and narrative meaning of Jeong Chan"s work. It looks at how he shows the perception of negation and resistance to existing frameworks, as do other male writers, but how he also creates a unique atmosphere. He uses a chaotic narrative reenactment and "warmth" and "hope", rather than a violent reality reenactment, and he has begun to disassemble "Phallus" as a male writer. The uniqueness of Jeong Chan"s work is in how it is composed of multiple intertwines in character, setting, narrative style, and narrative space (imagination, recognition area) that require more detailed analysis than simply "difficulty." The analysis identifies Jeong Chan as a writer who, unlike other male writers, is attempting to repress the privilege of "Phallus" and to escape the masculine limits of "Phallocentralism". This shows how the postmodern experimental perception of de-construction, post-modern, and deconstructionism eventually escape from the "Phallogocentralism". In other words, Jeong Chan"s characters exhibit "de-rational" behavior and mental (fantasy, dreaming) space, and at the same time perform a certain achievement in reproducing "Phallocentralism", as his male characters do not use the privileged power of fathers and men but lean on their children and mothers or return to the imaginary world. In addition, the author looks at the expansion of the realm of imagination, not just "disband" but also the expansion of the narrative realm by exploring "new subjects" after defection. Writer Jeong Chan focusses more on the post-dismissal story, on the premise that "the world is suffering." The narrative even suggests alternatives to the problems of how selves live after defection and the formation of a "new subject." On the premise of such a writer"s judgment and awareness of the world, the stories break down the rational-oriented language and system"s ideological boundaries and narrate a dreamy imaginary space. This extends the realm of perception to the imagination, such as dreams, fantasies, and souls. In the image of abandoning the rational symbolic system of "Father"s Name", that is, the "Phallus" real order, and returning to the imaginary world such as "child, mother", the male head (family) is no longer a power and savior, which implies that in this situation, the Phallogocentism of modern people is dismantled. In addition, the researcher reveals the circulation of the artist"s view of history and the perception of natural circulation in that the adult of the symbolic world returns to the imagination, such as in fantasy and dreaming, and seeks salvation and hope from the child. The study discerns the cyclical perception that dismantling and collapse are linked to another ‘generation’ and ‘mixing’, separate from the developmental history of modern times, which recognizes ‘failure’ and negativism.

Review: Frank Furness: Architecture in the Age of the Great Machines, by George E. Thomas

Review: <i>Frank Furness: Architecture in the Age of the Great Machines</i>, by George E. Thomas

Empathy and nausea: virtual reality and Jordan Wolfson’s Real Violence

Jordan Wolfson’s Real Violence (2017) is a brief virtual reality (VR) piece that depicts the artist beating a man to death with a baseball bat. Wolfson uses the haptic possibilities of VR to rapidly induce nausea in the viewer, an act that both relies on empathetic aspects of VR simulation – ‘empathy’ here linked with its history in German aesthetic psychology as Einfühlung – and is a confrontational distancing that questions the politics of ‘empathetic’ immersion. Real Violence demonstrates how contemporary judgments of VR and empathy repeat debates from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reinventing and emptying particular political/aesthetic strategies that have long characterized a strain of modernist art that uses the formal possibilities (and limits) of media in order to critique the very same possibilities (and limits). This article, through its discussion of Wolfson’s work, seeks to identify and inhabit the complex contradictions present in any discussion of empathy, transgressive confrontation, and the social function of art and VR today. It examines the limitations of immersion and emotional projection, along with the limitations of interpreting this work (and VR in general) as a means for enacting ‘progressive’ social and ideological change through the immersive, empathetic capacities of media. The article concludes by arguing that judgments of Real Violence (and the politics of ‘transgressive’ art more broadly) require assuming the will or intent of an artist who uses confrontation and transgression to ‘correct’ the experience of the viewer, which is something that cannot be assumed for either Wolfson or Real Violence, and rather his work is exemplary of emptying out the possibilities represented by both VR and critical aesthetic intervention.

Short-term media effects include the alterations of sensitivity towards the real violence from the past

The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of TV news on the perception and processing of emotional footage of a historical documentary. We noted that the emotional frames taken from TV news stories are relatively weak emotional stimuli compared to the emotional frames of historical documentary. The subjects exposed to the pre-stimulus evaluated the Holocaust pictures as more unpleasant and more activating than those not exposed it. The event-related potentials (ERP) recorded during the presentation of the negative (historical) images had various amplitudes of oscillations due to the preliminary affective impact of TV news footage. The amplitude of the frontal ERP component that related to the decision-making (P300) was bigger in the group without preliminary exposure to the emotional TV news frames due to the reduced sensitivity to the content of images. In this case, the historical images attracted less attention and demanded less emotional effort for emotional evaluation of visual information, analysis, retrieval of information from memory and semantic processes, namely searching for the meaning of the pictures (occipital P300 and the late positive potential). Short-term media effects include alterations of sensitivity towards the emotional content of visual information.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Emotion; violence; Holocaust TV news;&#x0D;

A Study on Intersectionality of Feminist Family Romance -Focused on Novels of Kim Yi Seol

In novels by Kim Yi Seol, familial relationship is developed based on a plot of ‘mother-daughter’. It is opposed to ‘Family Romance’ of S. Freud, which is unfold on a basis of the Oedipean relation between ‘father and son’. The feminist defiance to a normal family centered on a man, which has become prominent since 2000, is being realized as the ‘Feminist Family Romance’. In other words, in novels by Kim Yi Seol, female characters maintain the relationship of non-separation with their mother from whom they were forced to be separated to go into paternal order and stay in ‘semiosphere chora’. Making a crack in ‘The Symbolic’ centered on father, they also show the flexibility to reject idealization of maternity at the same time. (Chap. 2). In addition, as for the relation with their father(husband), they not desire but reject them. Therefore, even if a female body comes to arrive at abjection, they disturb ‘The Symbolic’ while actively struggling against the violent reality.(Chap. 3) As such, daughters who are not isolated from their mother and reject their father become a mother themselves(daughter-mother) or remain as the daughter of the mother(mother-daughter), sharing the female identity. Hence, rather than the vertical dominance shown from the Oedipean relation between father and son, they show the horizontal solidarity centered on the sisterhood.(Chap. 4). In such a context, ‘Feminist Family Romance’ which conducted the feminist appropriation of the existing family romance reveals Intersectionality, in which two voices made by mother and daughter interact with each other. Accordingly, Feminist Family Romance of Kim Yi Seol has significance in that it embodied the historicity and politicality of the feminist family that has been left out so far.

“I Grew Up… I Was Still Small”: Experiences before and after Juvenile Incarceration in South Africa

ABSTRACT Child maltreatment and exposure to violence are pervasive in South African townships. Coupled with economic hardships, many youth turn to drugs and crime, and eventually come in contact with the juvenile justice system. The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of how one young man perceives aspects of his life prior to, during, and after incarceration in South Africa. The study focuses on a semi-structured interview with “Bobby”, a twenty-six-year-old male living in a city in western South Africa. The theoretical perspective guiding this study was Dilthey’s hermeneutics. The interview data was analyzed using Gilligan’s Listening Guide methodology. Prevalent themes include pervasive violence for Bobby at home and in school, drug abuse, gang activity, and crime. Bobby’s experiences often produced dissonant melodic lines – conflicting voices that are in opposition with one another. Two voices of conflict were the voice of knowing his current reality and the voice of evading the violent reality that surrounds him. This study illustrates the need for research to hear the voices of other youth, as well as the need for research on effective school- and community-based interventions to address issues with the maltreatment of youth, substance abuse, and gang involvement.

Brazilian Police Officers Killed in the Line of Duty: Daily Life of a Violent Reality

This paper presents data on the causes and circumstances of on-duty police deaths in Para state, Brazil. We specifically analyzed deaths occurring from January 2010 to December 2017. Fifty-two deaths were examined using the database of the Secretary of Intelligence and Criminal Investigations (Siac) of Para State Secretary for Public Security (Segup) and the investigative procedures undertaken by the internal inspector of the Para Military Police and by the Homicide Division of Para Civil Police. Results show that in a little less than fifty percent of all cases, on-duty police deaths are not directly related to direct confrontations with criminals even when they occur during work shifts. Despite the common discourse that police are killed by criminals seeking revenge, or because their equipment, especially guns are robbed, the number and nature of police deaths during the period of investigation does not corroborate these speculations. Keywords: Police deaths. Improper conduct. Performance. Execution. Accidents. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-4-05 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Colocar-se na obra literária: uma leitura dos que estão à margem

Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos a ideia de que a filosofia hermenêutica contempla uma atitude moral de empatia, de colocar-se no lugar do outro, através da leitura do texto literário. Sob essa perspectiva, discorremos acerca da situação de opressão de duas personagens ficcionais – Popróshin, de “Diário de um louco”, narrativa de Nikolai Gógol, e o louco do Cati, da obra de mesmo título de Dyonelio Machado. Os seres humanos apresentados nestas histórias são levados à loucura por realidades sociais opressoras, injustas e violentas, o que sensibiliza o leitor. Consideramos que, ao debruçar-se sobre as questões da natureza humana, a hermenêutica aponta para as possibilidades que o ser tem de existir e permite ao intérprete a oportunidade de outrar-se na construção da compreensão, ampliando seu horizonte de sentidos. Tal ponto de vista interpretativo requer que o leitor se coloque na obra para poder escutá-la, já que o que é pesquisado não se separa daquele que pesquisa. Assim, como aporte teórico, baseamo-nos nos pressupostos da filosofia hermenêutica, sobretudo de Hans-Georg Gadamer e de Ernildo Stein, nas ideias concernentes ao tema da tradução de Jacques Derrida, além de autores que possam contribuir para uma reflexão acerca da violência e da loucura.

No future / No hope / No narrative? Víctor Gaviria y sus películas Rodrigo D: No futuro, La vendedora de rosas y Sumas y restas

Starting with his directorial debut, Rodrigo D: No futuro (1990), until his magnus opus, Sumas y restas (2005) –on the social phenomenon of narcotraffic in Medellin–, passing through what is arguably his best-known feature film, La vendedora de rosas (1998), the films of the Colombian director Victor Gaviria put the distinction between the realms of reality and fiction in crisis, as well as the distinction between representation and what is represented. In this sense, Gaviria’s work challenges the whole notion of representation itself. In this article, I argue that this is due to the fact that Gaviria’s artistic project involves a permanent reflection on how to represent a reality that is, in the end, impossible to represent, such as the case of the violent reality of Medellin’s slums. Reading the three aforementioned films in reverse, starting with the most recent one and ending with the one that launched the director’s cinematic career, I suggest that the real contribution of Gaviria to film history is that, in order to consider the living experiences of those living in extreme marginality, at the periphery of the periphery, he reccurs to a model that is not based on representation but on auto-representation. This model has almost no narrative content, but it is highly affective, including the most wretched subjects of Medellin at the end of the 20th Century, those subjects who lack future, hope, and even narratives.

When Media Violence Awakens our Better Nature: The Effect of Unpleasant Violence on Reactivity toward and Enjoyment of Media Violence

The effects of violent media on aggression-related outcomes is an ongoing debate, often focusing on the effects of violence portrayals that are sanitized for the viewer. However, narratives that focus on the real world consequences of violence are also known to receive critical acclaim and broad exposure. Do unpleasant portrayals of violence affect viewers’ subsequent reactivity to violence? Results from two laboratory studies show that priorexposure to unpleasant violence increases donation behavior to assist victims of real world violence (N = 60) and decreases enjoyment of fictional media violence (N = 109). The implications of these findings are discussed.

Why Humanitarianism Needs a Pacifist Ethos

ABSTRACTDebates concerning the relationship between humanitarianism and the use of force are by no means a new phenomenon, yet humanitarian rationales for waging war have become more and more commonplace over recent decades. The commitment to humanitarian intervention, in particular, raises deep theoretical and practical questions about the foundational principle of political neutrality espoused by many humanitarian aid organisations. In this paper I will provide an overview of the literature on the relationship between humanitarianism and the use of force before advancing the argument that a genuine humanitarianism must necessarily be premised upon a pacifist ethos. A pacifist ethos, in this context, is presented as a commitment to non-violence and anti-war activism even while recognising the limits of such an aspiration. Such an understanding of pacifism in practice, inspired in part by realist ethics, allows humanitarian actors to take strong, principled, and sustained stands in support of universal values of peace and human well-being without losing sight of the material challenges posed by the very real violence of the arenas in which they operate.

Problematizing the variable of conflict to address children, media, and conflict

ABSTRACTIt is children who are most affected by political conflict. Efforts to establish global peace, equality, justice, and security should, therefore, consider best approaches for aiding and empowering children. To increase relevance of media to these approaches, I review a nascent literature concerning children, media, and conflict that emphasizes analyses of effects on or reception by children of non-fiction violence, or news. This literature was created in response to children and media literature that emphasized analyses of effects on or reception by children of only fictive violence. Regardless of whether the focus has been placed on real or imagined violence, both literatures only analyze peace-zone, not conflict-zone children. I instead propose problematizing the variable of conflict to address lives of children who indeed live in conflict zones, and have been displaced by and/or born of sexual violence within them. Such a critical turn, to study children and media in conflict zones, enables a holistic understanding of how human beings on whom political conflict has the most impact interpret, respond to, play with, or use media to shelter themselves from or mediate conflict. The implications may better improve lives of those directly swayed by and daily experiencing structural and physical violence of conflict zones life.

Review: Architecture and Urbanism in the French Atlantic Empire: State, Church, and Society, 1604–1830, by Gauvin Alexander Bailey

Gauvin Alexander Bailey Architecture and Urbanism in the French Atlantic Empire: State, Church, and Society, 1604–1830 Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 640 pp., 7 maps, 287 color illus. $75 (cloth), ISBN 9780773553149 My reading of Gauvin Alexander Bailey's hefty and beautifully illustrated tome on French colonial architecture was interrupted by my participation in a conference in one of France's former colonial capitals, Saint-Louis, Senegal. Given that the title of the conference was Colonial Cities in Global Perspective, I expected to see some synergy with Bailey's book, but I also assumed there would be little obvious overlap.1 Only a couple of the papers delivered at the conference touched on architecture, and none with the range or depth of Bailey's discussions of ideology, buildings, and labor. However, I was struck by the ways that the physical landscape of Saint-Louis evoked the critical gaps that Bailey describes between French ideals, imagination, and reality. While the history of Saint-Louis continues to be touted for the sake of tourism and research, the city is also a resolutely Senegalese one where colonial architectural forms can be obscured by the practices of everyday life. One of Bailey's main goals is to trace the disjuncture between French attempts to glorify state and church through architecture on one hand and the violent realities of colonialism on the other. His first couple of chapters outline French ideologies about urbanism and architecture. Chapters 3–7 then examine the history of builders, contractors, and artisans, including Amerindians, Africans, and enslaved and free people of color, as well as French civilian and royal architects.2 Chapters 8–11 focus on urbanism and planned cities. In the final section of the book (chapters 12–16), Bailey looks closely at changing secular and ecclesiastical architecture in the French colonial context, including the development of vernacular styles such as the open gallery or veranda that assumed particular cultural meaning and significance in France's Atlantic empire. On several occasions during the conference in Senegal, certain buildings in the city immediately reminded …

Violence in Algerian Society and its Eradication between Reality and Challenge: The Case of Algerian School

Violence in Algerian society remains a serious social evil and a difficult reality that has attracted the attention of scholars, academicians and researchers from different Algerian towns. The focus of different initial studies performed, mainly focused on the responsibility of the most important institutions concerned with the social up growing and education, namely the family and the school towards the birth of violence and its eradication. Indeed, in the case one of these crucial institutions fails to perform its duties and assume its responsibility, violence becomes the language of the family with its members, of the school with all its different components; consequently the language of a whole society. On this basis, important questions impose themselves: what is the reality of violence in Algerian schools? And what are the appropriate measures that Algerians should take to reduce or eradicate it? Our analysis resulted in the necessity to review the duties of both the Algerian family and school, and some suggested strategies to reduce or eradicate school violence in the Algerian society.

Crianças-soldado, uma realidade atual em contexto internacional: a utilização de crianças e adolescentes em conflitos armados

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar um panorama sobre o recrutamento de crianças-soldado para os conflitos armados vividos em alguns países do continente africano, em especial em Angola, e uma análise sobre a utilização de crianças e adolescentes das comunidades cariocas no tráfico de drogas e nos distúrbios urbanos. Duas realidades distintas, porém ambas constitutivas de violações aos Direitos Humanos. Assim, para a consecução deste objetivo, pretende-se discutir os desdobramentos jurídicos de algumas normas específicas que visam a proteger as crianças e os adolescentes diante da violenta realidade em que se encontram milhares deles.