Real Tool Research Articles

Russia’s Arctic is as an object of environmental monitoring

Exploration of the Arctic Shelf is a strategic objective of the sustainable development of our country, taking into account the use of hydrocarbon potential of this territory. At the same time there is a real ecological threat to violate the integrity of biodiversity in the region without implementing the environmental policy of protection of the Arctic Shelf of the Russian Federation. The state strategy until 2025 formulated strategic policy objectives: preserving and restoring the natural environment, ensuring environmental quality, ensuring human well-being and using economic development, eliminating accumulated environmental damage as a result of intensifying economic and industrial activities. A complex solution of these tasks is, on the one hand, the creation of specially protected natural territories, and on the other, the development of an environmental monitoring system. The status of specially protected natural territories allows minimizing industrial activities in a given area, reducing the vulnerability of natural ecosystems to anthropogenic influences. The program of environmental monitoring is a real tool that allows for the collection and analysis of data on the study of environmental reactions to anthropogenic impact, followed by monitoring the state of the biosphere for a development policy for this region dictated the need to develop an environmental monitoring system taking into account its particular features in these latitudes. The proposed system is considered on the example of the Russian Arctic National Park and can be extended to other specially protected natural territories of the Russian Federation. Until now, the lack of an environmental control system in the shelf areas of the Arctic North of Russia and the need for a development policy for this region dictated the need to develop an environmental monitoring system taking into account its particular features in these latitudes. The proposed system is considered on the example of the Russian Arctic National Park and can be extended to other specially protected natural territories of the Russian Federation.

RANCANG BANGUN LEMARI PENGERING BIJI KAKAO BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER ARDUINO UNO 328P

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to design and make a real tool in the form of a drying cabinet for cocoa beans. Because this solution can relieve the farmers who previously drained the cocoa beans in the sun. This drying cabinet uses the Arduiono Uno 328P control and heater element as a heater. This cabinet is also equipped with a DC motor mechanical device to drive the cocoa drying container. This tool is also equipped with a DHT12 sensor which is a resistive sensor whose value changes depending on the water content of the cocoa beans. The sensor plays a role in detecting the temperature and humidity of the seeds in the cacao drying room. Then the output inverting amplifier voltage is read by the ADC Arduino UNO 328p microcontroller, which is then processed and displayed on the LCD. The test results showed that the measuring instrument made was able to measure the amount of water contained in cocoa beans in the range of water content measurement from 60% to 7.5%. Keyword: Cocoa Beans, Temperature, Arduino, DC Motor, DHT Sensor

Slots Startup Synchronization with Shared Resources Dependency

Batch process entails a bottle neck in the majority of plants. This means that an optimal synchronization with the rest of the process lines is mandatory in order to increase the productivity. To obtain the best possible schedule, instead of a feasible solution, the problems usually are implemented using mathematical programming, however the batch processes are considered independent one from each other to facilitate the coding and resolution. In this work the authors present a new formulation that allows an optimal schedule of batch processes which length depend on the synchronization of the startup of those processes. This solution is implemented to use as a real time optimization tool with a rolling horizon method. The distribution of shared resources among the devices is also keep into account.

An equivalent geometry model for turning tool with nose and edge radii

In this study, an equivalent tool geometry was presented, while taking into account the cutting-tool nose and edge radii. The main idea consists in considering that the equivalent geometry induces the same cutting force components as the real tool. In this context, equivalent cutting angle, equivalent direction angle, equivalent uncut chip thickness, and equivalent depth of cut are defined for the new tool geometry. A dual contact at the tool-chip interface, sticking and sliding zones, is considered in the developed thermomechanical model. The influences of the nose and edge radii on the cutting performances are studied. A well agreement was found between analytical and experimental results for different cutting conditions. It is underlined that feed and radial forces are the most sensitive components to nose and edge radii. The proposed equivalent tool has great potential for other applications such as tool wear studying while considering coatings and chip breaker.

Prediction of Ground Surfaces by Using the Actual Tool Topography

This paper presents a prediction model for ground surfaces that uses the actual grinding wheel topography to perform a grinding simulation. Precise knowledge of expected machined surfaces plays an important role in process planning. Here, the main criterion is the achievement of the components’ function after manufacturing. Therefore, it is essential to consider the surface roughness to enable a function-orientated workpiece surface. The presented approach uses a real grinding tool topography, which is measured by a 3D laser triangulation sensor in the machine tool. After a data processing step, the measured topography is imported into a material removal simulation. A kinematic simulation of the realistic ground surface enables the data-based confirmation of the envelope profile theory for the first time.

In-Situ Electrochemical Characterization on Pcmp Cleaning Under Brushing Conditions

An in-situ electrochemical method was developed to evaluate pCMP cleaner interaction with substrate of interest under brushing conditions. Results indicate that the kinetics of corrosion inhibitor in PlanarClean(R) AG formulations reacting with copper and cobalt are critical for maintaining galvanic corrosion protection. This technique enables a better understanding of inhibitor adsorption on wafer substrate in real CMP tools. In addition, SEM images obtained on patterned wafer coupons under brushing conditions showed good correlation with in-situ electrochemical data.

(Invited) Joint Time-frequency Analysis of Lithium-ion Batteries Undergoing Dynamic EIS

Joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA) is an important domain of signal processing that is widely applied as a real time diagnostic tool in acoustics, optics, and electronics. The conversion of time series data into dynamic spectral components can be accomplished using a variety of mathematical transforms, such as short-time Fourier transforms (st-FTs), Gabor expansions, wavelets, and others.[1] Electrochemists have used JTFA methods for probing dynamic change in lithium ion batteries undergoing active charge or discharge when the applied current has a superimposed small amplitude oscillation of frequency w. These methods are sometimes called dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) or in situ EIS, and typically involve st-FTs of the voltage and current to get an impedance-like response function.[2,3] Physics-based analysis of DEIS experiments, when performed at all, has involved computationally expensive brute force calculations of the full time series response, followed by st-FT analysis.[4] In this invited talk, we explore the math and physics associated with efficient computations of the dynamic st-FT voltage spectrum generated by batteries undergoing active charge or discharge when the applied current has a superimposed small amplitude oscillation of frequency w. Computationally efficient physics-based predictions of battery st-FT voltage spectra have the potential to significantly improve the value of this diagnostic method for applications such as super fast charging, especially if the underlying physics revealed by the st-FT spectrum can be connected to degradation and safety. Our approach is to apply st-FTs to the physics-based pseudo-two dimensional (P2D) model of a lithium ion battery prior to solving, transforming the time domain equations into a hierarchical set of mixed time and frequency domain equations that are separated by time-scales and sequentially solvable. Slow dynamics associated with the charge-discharge cycle are solved in the time domain and faster dynamics from current oscillations are solved in the frequency domain. Slow time domain terms are included in the frequency domain solutions, creating a mixed time-frequency set of equations for the st-FT voltage spectra that is efficient to solve. The governing equations show the impedance-like nature of the dynamic voltage signal as a function of frequency w, while also clearly revealing time-dependent differences between DEIS and stationary EIS that offers insights into the method as a real-time diagnostic of batteries. Using realistic Li-ion battery model parameters, we show how the selected frequency, C-rate, and cell charge-discharge history affects the st-FT voltage signal amplitude and phase. We evaluate the dynamic results as the battery cycles through different states of charge, and compare DEIS impedance-like response to the stationary EIS signals at the same states. Finally, we show some of our initial experimental results looking at this method from a theory-based perspective. References Qian and D. Chen, IEEE Signal Proc. Mag., 16(2), 52-67 (1999).Itagaki, K. Honda, Y. Hoshi, and I. Shitanda, J. Electroanal. Chem., 737, 78–84 (2015).Huang, Z. Li, J.B. Zhang, J. Power Sources, 273, 1098-1102 (2015).Huang and J.B. Zhang, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163 (9), A1983-A2000 (2016).

Investigation of the Attitudes of Visual Impairment Individuals on Playing the Games Containing Physical Activity

This study is conducted with the aim of investigating the attitudes of visual impairment individuals on playing the games containing physical activity. The game is a culture. It differs in each culture. The game gives the possibility of free life through these activities, which are found in the structure of the inner world of the individual. It provides the spring of the powers of the individual, and strengthens and develops the human in many ways. It makes life livable and saves it from being monotony and ordinary; our pleasure, our source of happiness and joy, our desire to improve ourselves increase; our relationship with people are better off; increasingly we become like ourselves and part of everything. This study was conducted with a total of 191 visual impairment individuals who had different visual acuity. Volunteering was taken into consideration in participation. An analysis of the attitudes of visual impairment individuals to play games with physical activity according to their gender, disability status, sports branches, marital status, age groups, educational status, income level, and visual acuity. Playfulness Scale was used as a data collection tool in the study. The scale consists of 5 sub-dimensions which are the passion for play, risk-taking, social cohesion, game desire, and enjoyment. In this study where analysis of attitudes towards playing games containing physical activity was analyzed, SPSS 22.00 was used which is used in quantitative research methods. Data are summarized by giving percentage and frequency tables. It is seen that the value of the kurtosis and skewness of the variable is -.926 and .095 and these values are between -1 and +1. Therefore, it can be said that the variable has a normal distribution. In the way, the attitudes of visual impairment individuals towards playing games containing physical activity were not significantly different according to gender, age, sports branch, educational status and visual acuity (p> 0.05). It is seen that there is no significant difference in the attitudes of visual impairment individuals towards playing games containing physical activity according to their marital status, disability status, and level of income (p<0,05). As a result, the game, the attitudes of visual impairment individuals towards playing games containing physical activity, should not be considered as a recreating activity played by visual impairment individuals. It should not go unnoticed that the game is a real and important tool in human life. The game develops the imagination, creativity, body, and psychology of both children and individuals. It enhances human relations, socialization, cooperation and enjoyment of life and many of the rules, which are hardly taught and should be obeyed can be taught more easily to individuals during play. In short, the game is the easiest way for people with disabilities to be a part of their lives and can freely express themselves, do something during the game, voluntarily play in games, enjoy them, and prove their existence by adhering to rules and events. By forgetting the concept of the disability, enjoying the game, eliminating the stress and the distress of life, it is a piece of those people to hold on to the life.

Design of a new fast tool positioning system and systematic study on its positioning stability

The challenge of maintaining good surface quality under high operational frequencies in freeform machining invokes the need for a deterministic error analysis approach and a quantitative understanding on how structural design affects the positioning errors. This paper proposes a novel stiff-support positioning system with a systematic error analysis approach which reveals the contributions of disturbances on the tool positioning errors. The new design reduces the structural complexity and enables the detailed modelling of the closed loop system. Stochastic disturbances are analysed in the frequency domain while the non-stochastic disturbances are simulated in the time domain. The predicted following error spectrum agrees with the measured spectrum across the frequency range and this approach is justified. The real tool positioning error, which is free from sensor noise, is revealed for the first time. The influences of moving mass under various bandwidth settings have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. It is found that a larger moving mass helps combating disturbances except the sensor noises. The influences of cutting force are modelled and experimentally verified in the micro lens array cutting experiments. The origins of the form errors of the lenslet are discussed based on the error analysis model.

Climate modulation of Niño3.4 SST-anomalies on air quality change in southern China: Application to seasonal forecast of haze pollution

Air stagnation modulates the frequency and duration of haze events. Based on meteorological and environmental observation data during 1980 to 2013, the present study analyzed the relationship between the interannual variations of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) over tropical central-eastern Pacific and the number of winter haze days (WHD) over the Southern China (SC) region. The potential preceding signal of Sea Surface Temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in Niño3.4 region associated with ENSO can be used as a predictor of haze occurrences in winter. Results indicate that the detrended WHD in the SC is significantly correlated (r = −0.55) with the contemporary SSTAs in Niño3.4 region. The winters with warm Niño3.4 SSTAs in (El Niño) tend to be accompanied with less haze events in the SC, resulting from more local precipitation and enhanced mid-level winds, which helps to build an unstable condition that is conductive for the decrease of haze occurrence. The precursory signal of WHD variability can be detected in the tropical central-eastern Pacific SST, which is amplified since August to winter season. Based on the August–October mean SSTAs in Niño3.4 and three other identified predictors, we developed a seasonal prediction model of the WHD using RF regression method. The model accounted for 90% of the total variance of the WHD in the SC and ranked the SSTAs in Niño3.4 as the most important predictor. This implies that the SSTAs tropical Pacific play a significant role in the variability of WHD in the SC. Since the predictors can be readily monitored in real time, the model provides a real time forecast tool and could brighten the prospects for seasonal forecast of haze anomalies in vulnerable regions such as the SC.

PO 8441 EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF SENSITIVITY OF LAMP AND REAL-TIME PCR

BackgroundHuman African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, remains a serious problem in tropical Africa. Timely diagnosis of this disease requires systematic population screening, particularly for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which has a long asymptomatic period.The lack of sensitivity and specificity of conventional diagnostic tests has led in recent years to the use of molecular tools. Amplification of parasite-specific DNA sequences significantly improved diagnosis of infection. However, these molecular tools still have some limitations especially in the case of low parasitaemia. Furthermore, research is still needed to make molecular detection a real control tool for the fight against sleeping sickness. The purpose of this study is to determine the threshold of sensitivity of real-time PCR using the 18S and TgsGp primers and of the LAMP technique, applied in the DiTECT-HAT project as molecular reference tests.MethodsWe used serial dilutions containing 0, 1, 10, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106 parasites per ml of blood. Samples were extracted, and DNA was amplified.ResultsThe analytical sensitivity of the 18S real-time PCR with the Taqman probe of the filter paper samples is 100 parasites/ml and that of the TgsGp real-time PCR with the Taqman probe of filter paper samples is 104 parasites/ml. For Lamp technique, the analytical sensitivity is 103 parasites/ml.ConclusionThis study shows that a ‘negative PCR’ would not mean ‘no parasite’. It suggests that DNA detection techniques should still be improved.

PO-1111 Knowledge-Based Planning as a Real Time Review QA Feedback Tool in the TROG 1501 SPARK trial

PO-1111 Knowledge-Based Planning as a Real Time Review QA Feedback Tool in the TROG 1501 SPARK trial

StomieCare : un programme d’intervention psycho-éducationnelle individuelle à composantes cognitivo-comportementales pour des patients opérés d’un cancer du rectum avec stomie temporaire

Notre recherche visait à développer et mettre en place un programme d’intervention psychosociale individuelle à l’attention des personnes opérées d’un cancer du rectum avec stomie temporaire. Cet article présente la structure et le contenu de ce programme d’intervention psycho-éducationnelle qui est une adaptation du programme développé et validé par Dolbeault et al. (2009) auprès de femmes atteintes d’un cancer du sein. Ce programme s’inspire largement des techniques cognitivo-comportementales et comprend des discussions thématiques autour de problèmes communs, d’apport d’informations et d’apprentissage de techniques (résolution de problème, restructuration cognitive). Il cible plus particulièrement les besoins psychosociaux des patients et vise à favoriser l’expression des émotions, à réguler la détresse émotionnelle et à restaurer l’image du corps et la qualité de vie de ces sujets. Ce programme, dont la validité a été mise à l’épreuve et sera présentée dans un article à venir, a suscité un vif intérêt chez les patients qui y ont participé et devrait pouvoir être généralisé à tout sujet volontaire opéré d’un cancer du rectum avec stomie temporaire. Worldwide, colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers. For locally advanced rectal cancer, the standard treatment is rectal excision with or without preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Anastomotic leakage is one of the most important early complications and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Temporary/protective stoma is recommended to prevent anastomotic leakage. Despite its clinical benefits, stomas unavoidably affect patients’ physically, psychologically and socially. In the context of cancer care, psychosocial interventions are valuable complements to physical treatments to help minimize stress, improve quality of life and reduce depression. The literature review performed by Hoon et al. (2013) revealed that very few studies (n = 11) focused on psychological interventions for colorectal cancer patients (with or without stoma). Educational interventions and cognitive-behavioral therapy were the two most commonly used psychosocial interventions. Regarding educational interventions, we performed a systematic review of the educational interventions on colorectal cancer patients with stoma. We noted that most interventions and evaluations were focused on stoma self-management and very few on psychosocial skills (Faury et al., 2017). Concerning the cognitive-behavioral therapies for colorectal cancer patients, their primary objectives are to implement lifestyle interventions to modify diet, exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption, to manage symptoms and fatigue, and to adjust weight control behaviors (Hoon et al., 2013). As part of our research project, we have developed an individual psychosocial intervention for people with rectal cancer and temporary stoma during and after their surgical treatment period. The main objective of our research was to study the effects of this type of intervention on variables such as psychological distress, quality of life, and body image through a randomized study comparing a treatment group to a control group. This article describes the structure and the content of this intervention, which is an adaption of the psycho-educational intervention developed by Dolbeault et al. (2009) for French women with breast cancer after the end of their treatment period. Largely based on cognitive-behavioral techniques, it consists of thematic discussions, information and education, and teaching problem solving and cognitive restructuring. It specifically targets emotional needs and body image. The program included three individual sessions with a psychologist (45 to 60 min): the first session was performed during the first hospitalization (rectal excision with temporary stoma); the second during the second hospitalization (stoma reversal operation) and the third, one month after the stoma reversal operation. The topics of these interventions were: the meaning of cancer and its treatments (session 1); the effects of cancer and its treatments on quality of life and self-esteem (session 2); the effects of a reversal stoma operation on patients’ life and uncertainty management (session 3). At the end of each session, a drawing of the person, which is a real clinical tool, was used in order to allow patients to discuss their perception of their body. The purpose of this article is to help other clinicians who want to help patients with rectal cancer and temporary stoma, since patient satisfaction appears to be very high.

Quality standards in respiratory real-life effectiveness research: the REal Life EVidence AssessmeNt Tool (RELEVANT): report from the Respiratory Effectiveness Group\u2014European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Task Force

IntroductionA Task Force was commissioned jointly by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and the Respiratory Effectiveness Group (REG) to develop a quality assessment tool for real-life observational research to identify high-quality real-life asthma studies that could be considered within future guideline development.MethodsThe resulting REal Life EVidence AssessmeNt Tool (RELEVANT) was achieved through an extensive analysis of existing initiatives in this area. The first version was piloted among 9 raters across 6 articles; the revised, interim, version underwent extensive testing by 22 reviewers from the EAACI membership and REG collaborator group, leading to further revisions and tool finalisation. RELEVANT was validated through an analysis of real-life effectiveness studies identified via systematic review of Medline and Embase databases and relating to topics for which real-life studies may offer valuable evidence complementary to that from randomised controlled trials. The topics were selected through a vote among Task Force members and related to the influence of adherence, smoking, inhaler device and particle size on asthma treatment effectiveness.ResultsAlthough highlighting a general lack of high-quality real-life effectiveness observational research on these clinically important topics, the analysis provided insights into how identified observational studies might inform asthma guidelines developers and clinicians. Overall, RELEVANT appeared reliable and easy to use by expert reviewers.ConclusionsUsing such quality appraisal tools is mandatory to assess whether specific observational real-life effectiveness studies can be used to inform guideline development and/or decision-making in clinical practice.

The REal Life EVidence AssessmeNt Tool (RELEVANT): development of a novel quality assurance asset to rate observational comparative effectiveness research studies

BackgroundEvidence from observational comparative effectiveness research (CER) is ranked below that from randomized controlled trials in traditional evidence hierarchies. However, asthma observational CER studies represent an important complementary evidence source answering different research questions and are particularly valuable in guiding clinical decision making in real-life patient and practice settings. Tools are required to assist in quality appraisal of observational CER to enable identification of and confidence in high-quality CER evidence to inform guideline development.MethodsThe REal Life EVidence AssessmeNt Tool (RELEVANT) was developed through a step-wise approach. We conducted an iterative refinement of the tool based on Task Force member expertise and feedback from pilot testing the tool until reaching adequate inter-rater agreement percentages. Two distinct pilots were conducted—the first involving six members of the Respiratory Effectiveness Group (REG) and European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) joint Task Force for quality appraisal of observational asthma CER; the second involving 22 members of REG and EAACI membership. The final tool consists of 21 quality sub-items distributed across seven methodology domains: Background, Design, Measures, Analysis, Results, Discussion/Interpretation, and Conflict of Interest. Eleven of these sub-items are considered critical and named “primary sub-items”.ResultsFollowing the second pilot, RELEVANT showed inter-rater agreement ≥ 70% for 94% of all primary and 93% for all secondary sub-items tested across three rater groups. For observational CER to be classified as sufficiently high quality for future guideline consideration, all RELEVANT primary sub-items must be fulfilled. The ten secondary sub-items further qualify the relative strengths and weaknesses of the published CER evidence. RELEVANT could also be applicable to general quality appraisal of observational CER across other medical specialties.ConclusionsRELEVANT is the first quality checklist to assist in the appraisal of published observational CER developed through iterative feedback derived from pilot implementation and inter-rater agreement evaluation. Developed for a REG-EAACI Task Force quality appraisal of recent asthma CER, RELEVANT also has wider utility to support appraisal of CER literature in general (including pre-publication). It may also assist in manuscript development and in educating relevant stakeholders about key quality markers in observational CER.

The – weak – role of memory in tool use: Evidence from neurodegenerative diseases

ObjectiveAlthough tool use disorders are frequent in neurodegenerative diseases, the question of which cognitive mechanisms are at stake is still under debate. Memory-based hypotheses (i.e., the semantic knowledge hypothesis and the manipulation knowledge hypothesis) posit that tool use relies solely on stored information about either tools or gestures whereas a reasoning-based hypothesis (i.e., the technical-semantic hypothesis) suggests that loss of semantic knowledge can be partially compensated by technical reasoning about the physical properties of tools and objects. MethodThese three hypotheses were tested by comparing performance of 30 healthy controls, 30 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 13 patients with semantic dementia in gesture production tasks (i.e., pantomime of tool use, single tool use, real tool use) and tool or gesture recognition tasks (i.e., functional and contextual matching, recognition of tool manipulation). Individual, item-based patterns of performance were analyzed to answer the following question: Could participants demonstrate the use of tools about which they had lost knowledge? With this aim in mind, “validation” and “rebuttal” frequencies were calculated based on each prediction. ResultsPredictions from the technical-semantic hypothesis were more frequently observed than memory-based predictions. A number of patients were able to use and demonstrate the use of tools for which they had lost either semantic or manipulation knowledge (or both). ConclusionsThese data lead to question the role of different types of memory in tool use. The hypothesis of stored, tool-specific knowledge does not predict accurately clinical performances at the individual level. This may lead to explore the influence of either additional memory systems (e.g., personal/impersonal memory) or other modes of reasoning (e.g., theory of mind) on tool use skills.

New efficiency opportunities arising from intelligent real time control tools applications: the case of Compressed Air Systems’ energy efficiency in production and use

Most of the production facilities in Europe make use of compressed air to drive equipment for manufacturing and Compressed Air Systems (CAS) account for about 10% of the total electrical energy consumption of European industries. Therefore, reducing CAS energy consumption is a crucial task to meet the European goals of improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental impact of the industrial sector. This work is part of a wider research activity aimed at developing a strategy to optimize the energy use in CAS. In particular, this paper shows the importance of monitoring energy consumption and control energy use in compressed air generation, to enable energy saving practices, enhance the outcomes of energy management projects, and to guide industries in energy management. We propose a novel procedure in which measured data are compared to a baseline obtained through mathematical modelling (i.e. regression functions) to enable faults detection and energy accounting, through the use of control charts (i.e. variations’ control and the Cumulative Sums). The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated in a case study, namely the compressed air system of a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant.

Стратегические намерения государства в развитии сельхозмашиностроения

&lt;span&gt;В статье даётся промежуточная оценка степени достижения целевых индикаторов Стратегии развития сельскохозяйственного машиностроения России на период до 2020 года, позволившая автору сделать вывод о несоответствии достигнутых отраслью результатов ожиданиям. Изменения в системе стратегического планирования, связанные с вступлением в силу федерального закона № 172-ФЗ, обусловили принятие новых стратегических документов по развитию отечественного сельхозмашиностроения. Поэтому автор рассматривает смыслообразующие намерения государства в отношении отрасли в новых реалиях на предмет их обоснованности, согласованности и непротиворечивости. Результатом стал вывод о сохранении проблем качества разрабатываемых стратегических документов, не ставших пока реальными инструментами управления.&lt;/span&gt;

Приближенное решение задачи о квадратуре круга

It is known that squaring the circle (the problem consisting in construction of a square with the same area as a given circle), together with duplication of cube and angle trisection, is one of the most famous unsolv able problems of constructive geometry for construction with compass and straightedge. The solution of squaring the circle problem is reduced to the straightening of the circle, that is, to the construction of a segment equal in length to the circle, and its insolvability is connected with the pi character transcendence. In this paper, the limiting case of one of Christian Huygens theorems, which establishes an estimate for length of circumference of a circle through perimeters of regular polygons inscribed in circle and circumscribed about it, is proved. On this basis has been proposed and justified an approximate method for squaring the circle problem solving, which allows consistently construct arbitrarily exact solutions of the problem. We will approximate an arc of a circle whose radius is a multiple of the given circle’s radius, with the help of a segment which is parallel to a shrinking it chord, and then will increase or decrease this segment in the required number of times, so that the resulting segment’s length would be approximately equal to half of the given circle’s circumference. The approximation accuracy will be the higher the smaller arc of the circle we will consider. But possibilities of real tools are limited, and not suitable for both too small and too large drawing scales. In order to cope with this problem, an algorithm for scaled approximation has been proposed, in which it is sufficient to increase (or reduce) the drawing fragment, so that all the time sta y within the sheet of the same size. Perhaps this approach will be useful for other constructions, including the exact ones, where it is necessary to come to very large or vice versa very small drawings’ dimensions.

Clinical and genetic risk factors for Fulvestrant treatment in post-menopause ER-positive advanced breast cancer patients

BackgroundAmong breast cancer (BC) patients, near 40% are post-menopause, and 70%–80% are hormone receptor (HR)-positive. About 30%–40% BC patients who are diagnosed as invasive carcinoma HR-positive BC would eventually develop metastatic breast cancers. In 2016, FALCON trial proves Fulvestrant as an effective first-line endocrine therapy for post-menopause HR-positive advanced BC (ABC) patients. But even after FALCON published, Fulvestrant is rarely used as first-line in real world ABC patients in China.MethodIn this study, 136 Fulvestrant users were enrolled from 2015. To investigate the clinical and genetic risk factors for Fulvestrant treatment response in real world data, biostatistic and bioinformatic analysis tools were adopted.ResultKM curves showed that Fulvestrant first-line users had a median progression-free survival (mPFS) of 15.67 months, which was longer than the second-line users and third (or higher)-line users (mPFS = 7.47 and 5.43 months, respectively). 16 s (or higher)-line users were voluntarily received circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) testing after progression. ctDNA testing results showed that compared to patients with PFS longer than 6 months, Fulvestrant users with PFS less than 6 months had a significantly higher mutation rate of ESR1 or ERBB2 gene (0/6 vs 6/10, Fisher’s Exact p-value = 0.03). Multivariate COX regression analysis showed that clinical features, including lymph node metastasis and HER-2 positive, were significant risk factors for poor PFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.396 and 2.863, respectively]; high portion of estrogen receptor-positive cells was significant protective factor (HR = 0.663). Propensity-score matching (PMS) analysis suggested that visceral metastasis, prior palliative chemotherapy, and old age at Fulvestrant usage were not significant influential factor for PFS.ConclusionFirst-line Fulvestrant usage could guarantee a better prognosis than higher-line usage. ESR1 or ERBB2 mutation was found to be related to poor PFS in higher-line Fulvestrant users.