Real-time Temperature Monitoring Research Articles

Rapid Thermochromic and Highly Thermally Conductive Nanocomposite Based on Silicone Rubber for Temperature Visualization Thermal Management in Electronic Devices.

Effective heat dissipation and real-time temperature monitoring are crucial for ensuring the long-term stable operation of modern, high-performance electronic products. This study proposes a silicon rubber polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based nanocomposite with a rapid thermal response and high thermal conductivity. This nanocomposite enables both rapid heat dissipation and real-time temperature monitoring for high-performance electronic products. The reported material primarily consists of a thermally conductive layer (Al2O3/PDMS composites) and a reversible thermochromic layer (organic thermochromic material, graphene oxide, and PDMS nanocoating; OTM-GO/PDMS). The thermal conductivity of OTM-GO/Al2O3/PDMS nanocomposites reached 4.14 W m-1 K-1, reflecting an increase of 2200% relative to that of pure PDMS. When the operating temperature reached 35, 45, and 65 °C, the surface of OTM-GO/Al2O3/PDMS nanocomposites turned green, yellow, and red, respectively, and the thermal response time was only 30 s. The OTM-GO/Al2O3/PDMS nanocomposites also exhibited outstanding repeatability and maintained excellent color stability over 20 repeated applications.

Highly stretchable, sensitive and healable polyurethane-urea/graphene nanocomposite sensor for multifunctional applications

Flexible wearable electronic devices offer promising potential for monitoring physiological signals. However, creating a single sensor that integrates high tensile strength, sensitivity, self-healing capabilities and a wide working range presents a significant and multifaceted challenge. This study reports a novel nanocomposite consisting of polyurethane-urea elastomer (PUU) and graphene nanoplatelets (E-GNPs) that are mechanochemically modified with diethyltoluene diamine ethacure 100. A low electrical percolation threshold was observed at 4.17 vol% E-GNPs. The sensor based on the PUU nanocomposite at 7 vol% of E-GNPs has revealed a gauge factor up to 17.57 and a wide working range of 361.76 % with high tensile strength of 19.73 MPa. It can withstand 20,000 cycles at 50 % strain. The sensor exhibits negative temperature dependence at 20–100 °C, with a resolution of 0.01/°C at 36–40 °C. Treatments with solvents and heat enable a healing efficiency for sensitivity of up to 70.46 %. The healable sensor enables real-time monitoring of temperature and strain signals, making it ideal for wearable devices in human health and sports monitoring.

Real-time channel temperature monitoring of p-GaN HEMTs based on gate leakage current

The thermal response of Lateral GaN-based High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) is much faster than that of Si-based power devices, owing to its higher power density. This makes temperature-related effects even more critical for GaN HEMTs, highlighting the necessity of monitoring their operating temperature to improve the efficiency and reliability of power circuits. In this article, a real-time monitoring method for channel temperature of p-GaN HEMTs using gate leakage current as a medium is proposed. The dependence of gate current on temperature is demonstrated by 2D electro-thermal TCAD simulation on the reference p-GaN HEMT structure. A novel simple and low-cost gate driver circuit is proposed that integrates a monitoring circuit utilizing the current amplification capability of bipolar transistors and an RC integrator network. The proposed solution is confirmed through SPICE electrothermal simulations and experimental validation on commercially available devices. In conclusion, the online monitoring circuit has been proved effective, higher sensitivity and with minimal impact on the normal switching behavior, offering a promising pathway to improve the reliability of p-GaN HEMTs.

High-Performance Flexible Temperature Sensors Based on Laser-Irradiated Ag-MWCNTs/PEDOT:PSS.

Recently, flexible temperature sensors have attracted significant interest due to their wide-ranging applications in areas such as biomedical monitoring, environmental monitoring, electronic skin, and intelligent robots. However, a combination of high sensitivity and high resolution remains a critical challenge. These properties depend on the synthesis techniques of the sensitive materials. In this work, we use a laser irradiation method to prepare a silver nanoparticle-modified carbon nanotube (Ag-MWCNT) which is further mixed with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The developed temperature sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of -0.45% °C-1 and linearity with an R2 value of 0.998 in the temperature range of 25-80 °C. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated remarkable repeatability, making it suitable for real-time temperature monitoring of the human body and environment. This temperature sensor is successfully demonstrated in practical applications such as monitoring the temperature of various parts of the human body and sensing the spatial temperature. These demonstrations highlight their significant potential in electronic skin and other related fields.

Implementation of Vue Js and Laravel on Monitoring Battery Management System

This study aims to develop an Internet of Things (IoT) based Battery Management System that monitors battery operation and performance in real-time. They used an Agile Methodology to build a BMS Monitoring System, using the Vue js framework and Laravel. The battery monitoring system provides information on battery temperature, current, and voltage data, essential for monitoring battery conditions below or over limits. The interface is accessible via desktop and mobile devices. This research resulted in real-time temperature (temperature on sensor 1, temperature on sensor 2, temperature on sensor 3, and maximum temperature limit) , current (maximum current limit, current total, and minimum current limit) , and voltage (maximum voltage limit, total voltage, and minimum voltage limit) monitoring based on certain time intervals.

IoAT: Internet of Aquaculture Things for Monitoring Water Temperature in Tiger Shrimp Ponds with DS18B20 Sensors and WeMos D1 R2

Cultivation of tiger prawns stands as a crucial sector in Indonesia's fisheries industry, significantly contributing to the country's foreign exchange. However, challenges persist in the cultivation process, particularly concerning suboptimal harvest outcomes. A critical factor in tiger prawn cultivation is the water temperature within shrimp ponds, a parameter directly influencing shrimp growth. The recommended normal temperature range is 28-31°C. Deviations from this range can adversely impact the shrimp's metabolic system and appetite, resulting in stress and potential mortality. Temperature fluctuations can lead to severe issues such as hindered growth, reduced productivity, and increased shrimp mortality. Real-time monitoring of air temperature emerges as a pivotal element in ensuring the success of shrimp farming. This research aims to provide a practical solution for shrimp cultivation by presenting a system that enables farmers to adjust air temperature in ponds in real-time through a user-friendly website application. The ability to promptly respond to abnormal temperature fluctuations empowers farmers to optimize cultivation conditions, thereby reducing shrimp mortality rates. The research focuses on creating a water temperature monitoring system for tiger prawn ponds using cloud storage through the Firebase platform. By implementing real-time temperature monitoring, financial risks for shrimp farmers can be mitigated, preventing losses attributed to temperature-induced shrimp mortality. The research utilizes the DS18B20 temperature sensor and WeMos D1 R2 as the control center. The website displays air temperature measurements, showcasing a high accuracy of 99% with a minimal error of 1.2%. This underscores the system's effectiveness in measuring air temperature both above and below the pond. The incorporation of IoT technology for monitoring water quality in ponds offers a practical and innovative approach to tiger prawn cultivation, with the potential to enhance production outcomes in each harvest.

Superior Energy Storage Capability and Fluorescence Negative Thermal Expansion of NaNbO3-Based Transparent Ceramics by Synergistic Optimization.

Transparent dielectric ceramics are splendid candidates for transparent pulse capacitors (TPCs) due to splendid cycle stability and large power density. However, the performance and service life of TPCs at present are threatened by overheating damage caused by dielectric loss. Here, a cooperative optimization strategy of microstructure control and superparaelectric regional regulation is proposed to simultaneously achieve excellent energy storage performance and real-time temperature monitoring function in NaNbO3-based ceramics. By introducing aliovalent ions and oxides with large bandgap energy, the size of polar nanoregions is continuously reduced. Due to the combined effect of increased relaxor behavior and fine grains, excellent comprehensive performances are obtained through doping appropriate amounts of Bi, Yb, Tm, and Zr, Ta, Hf in A- and B-sites of the NaNbO3 matrix, including recoverable energy storage density (5.39Jcm-3), extremely high energy storage efficiency (91.97%), ultra-fast discharge time (29ns), and superior optical transmittance (≈47.5% at 736nm). Additionally, the phenomenon of abnormal fluorescent negative thermal expansion is realized due to activation mechanism of surface phonon at high temperatures that can promote the formation of [Yb···O]-Tm3+ pairs, showing great potential in real-time temperature monitoring of TPCs. This research provides ideas for developing electronic devices with multiple functionalities.

A microwave resonance thin-film sensor for real-time wireless temperature monitoring in composites manufacturing

Composites are of growing importance to today's industries. Curing or consolidation under certain temperatures is a vital process to manufacture composite parts. Great attention has been paid to monitoring the temperature of composite parts being processed. Wireless monitoring methods are extensively explored for their unique advantages in realizing real-time monitoring of specific temperature distribution of the part. Here, a flexible microwave resonance sensor is first introduced to achieve real-time wireless temperature monitoring of composites. When applied to curing processes with different heating rates, it was found that the sensing relationship of the sensor was varied. Through in-depth analysis, the relationship between peak frequencies and temperature was established with consideration of different heating rates. In several curing processes with different heating rates, the mean error of the thin film sensor using a heating rate-related relationship was about 4.23 °C. which can be reduced by more than 43 % compared with the method using a static relationship.

Research on temperature rise characteristics and hot spot temperature inversion method of oil-immersed transformer based on coupling of magnetic-fluid-thermal field

The hot spot temperature is an important factor affecting the operation state and insulation life of oil-immersed transformer. It is of great value to carry out multi-physical field coupling simulation research on magnetic-fluid-thermal field of oil-immersed transformer and accurately calculate and predict the hot spot temperature of transformer for transformer service life evaluation. In this paper, the oil immersed transformer is taken as the research object, and five characteristic parameters of the hysteresis model are obtained by using PSO optimization algorithm according to the experimental magnetic characteristics data of the core material and the classical J-A hysteresis model, A 3D simulation model of magnetic-fluid-thermal field is established based on the electrical and structural parameters of the oil-immersed transformer. Combined with the magnetic characteristics of the core material, the thermal field and the surrounding fluid distribution of the transformer core and winding are obtained by two-way coupling method. On this basis, in order to accurately reflect the correlation between the hot spot temperature of the transformer winding and the temperature of the oil tank wall, the selection position of the characteristic temperature point of the transformer tank wall is determined by streamline analysis method, and the hot spot temperature of the oil-immersed transformer is retrieved by support vector machine method. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the hot spot temperature reaches 0.998, and the inversion method has a high enough accuracy. It provides theoretical basis and technical support for real-time monitoring of hot spot temperature in oil-immersed transformer windings.

Internet of things based smart system in the modified greenhouse solar dryer for agricultural products

The objective of this study is to develop a smart monitoring and control system for a modified greenhouse dryer for agricultural products utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and wireless sensor networks. This system enables real-time monitoring of air temperature and humidity, activation of the exhaust fan, adjustment of the heater, and determination of the optimal heating time. The investigation focused on the implementation of a microcontroller in the modified greenhouse system. The system possesses the capability to issue commands for the initiation of the heater and exhaust fan while also facilitating real-time monitoring. The system is equipped with an emergency command that can temporarily halt activities. The system utilizes two different temperature ranges, namely 45°C–50°C and 35°C–65°C, to analyse variations in heater usage across different temperature levels. Both software tools (Telegram and Google Excel spreadsheet) possess the functionality to monitor and regulate the temperature within a greenhouse by utilizing the chat network Telegram. Furthermore, the users possess the capability to store and access data related to the greenhouse system within an Excel spreadsheet.

Sesame-ball-like PTT nanoplatforms with fluorescence-background-free temperature sensing

In this study, spherical Ag+-poor Ag2S nanoparticles (~15.8 nm) with uniform distribution (~2.1 nm) were successfully synthesized by a one-step aqueous phase. They exhibited good optical absorption properties and pH...

Ultrahigh-speed absolute temperature sensing using ferroelectric HfO2 enabled by transient negative differential capacitance.

Conventional ferroelectric polarization-driven temperature sensors, like pyroelectric sensors, often face challenges such as slow response times, limited compatibility with conventional nanoelectronics, and inability to operate under constant temperature conditions. These shortcomings hinder their adaptability to a broad range of applications, especially when compared to thermal and optical sensors. To address these challenges, we introduce a proof-of-concept methodology that enables ferroelectric-based pyroelectric sensors to measure absolute temperatures with high accuracy and speed. Specifically, we demonstrate that a perturbation pulse (+0.8 V, duration = 180 ns) can serve as an effective probe for quantifying both absolute and dynamic temperatures across ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO) nanolaminates. The device demonstrates an ultrafast response time of ∼50 nanoseconds, offering one million readings per second and a temperature sensing accuracy comparable to the state-of-the-art temperature sensing accuracy of 1.0 K. The observed performance is attributed to the temperature-dependent change of transient negative differential capacitance and effective ferroelectric polarization of HZO. For potential applications, we successfully integrated the sensor with a commercially available universal serial bus interface, thereby demonstrating real-time temperature monitoring during data transfer and environmental heating activities. Our research significantly broadens the range of applications for pyroelectric sensors for both steady-state and rapid dynamic temperature measurements.

Ceramic Firing Temperature Trajectory Monitoring System on IoT-Based Gas Furnace

This study introduces a novel system where a conventional ceramic furnace is upgraded with IoT capabilities, specifically utilizing NodeMCU and a thermocouple sensor. The integrated system enables real-time temperature monitoring, facilitating the correction of firing trajectory errors in the ceramic firing process. The sensors reading minimizes errors by detecting temperature changes with a maximum deviation of -2.5 °C and a minimum deviation of -1 °C. The average error ranges from 1.81% to 3.79%. The collected data is seamlessly transmitted to Google Spreadsheet for online monitoring. This comprehensive solution not only minimizes recording errors but also ensures the quality of final ceramic products by preventing issues such as cracks, breaks, black cores, and non-uniform sizes. The incorporation of NodeMCU, thermocouple sensors, and online monitoring represents a significant technological leap in optimizing ceramic firing processes for heightened precision and efficiency.

Thermal sensitivity of Ho3+ fluorescence in oxyfluoride nanocrystals and derivative embedded fibers

(Y1-x-yHoxYby)OF/polyacrylonitrile (YOF-HuYv/PAN) composite fibers prepared by electrostatic spinning have been demonstrated to possess effective upconversion (UC) luminescence and sensitive temperature feedback properties for laser display and real-time temperature monitoring in complex environments. When the excitation power density is increased to 73 mW/mm2, the total luminous flux reaches 3.35 mlm, demonstrating that the Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped YOF nanocrystals embedded in the composite fibers are efficient luminous materials. The quantum yields (QYs) of green and red emissions from Ho3+ are derived to be 2.97 × 10−5 and 1.40 × 10−5 respectively when the pump power density arrives at 73 mW/mm2 under 977 nm laser, and the high photon generation efficiency ensures sufficient fluorescence intensity for tracing temperature feedback. The maximum relative sensitivities appear at 303 K, while the absolute sensitivity (SA) and relative sensitivity (SR) of the nanofibers retain 13.77% K−1 and 0.34% K−1 at 433 K respectively, demonstrating that the nanofibers have superior optical temperature sensing properties. The composite fibers with effective luminescence and high temperature sensitivity as luminescent materials provide a potential option for the field of laser display and temperature sensing.

Real-time temperature monitoring technology for dynamic combustion processes using dual-probe femtosecond CARS

We propose a fast responsive and non-invasive optical temperature measurement method which can be used to monitor the temperature of air-fed flames in real time. This method is based on femtosecond time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (fs-CARS). Two probe pulses with different wavelengths are employed in the CARS system to generate two CARS signals, and the intensity ratio of the two CARS signals has a definite numerical relationship with temperature and therefore can be used to rapidly measure the flame temperature. The temperature of methane/air swirl flames was monitored by the dual-probe fs-CARS thermometry with a sampling rate of 100 Hz. For the steady swirl flame, the measured average temperature in the inner recirculation zone is 1551 K with a standard deviation of 3.7%. While, at a higher methane/air equivalent ratio of 0.74, the flame cannot remain steady, and the temperature frequently jumps from around 1700 K to 2000 K, causing the vortex to expand and break. A significant advantage of the dual-probe fs-CARS thermometry is that the temperature of the flame can be obtained immediately during the measurement without any post-processing. Therefore, this method is a potential candidate for accurately monitoring the real-time temperature of turbulent combustion.

Prediction of pressure and temperature profiles for two-phase flow in multilayered gas wells by DTS data

Downhole temperature and pressure data are crucial information to help us understand the fluid flow dynamics in the reservoir. With the advancement of downhole monitoring technology, high-precision and high-resolution monitoring instruments facilitate qualitative and quantitative utilization of transient downhole temperature and pressure data in monitoring applications. The distributed temperature sensors (DTSs) overcome the limitations of traditional monitoring techniques and achieve real-time temperature monitoring in complex downhole conditions. However, the physical phenomena and response mechanisms hidden in the temperature data obtained by (DTSs) in transient, multilayered combined production and two-phase gas wells have not been thoroughly studied yet.Gas-water two-phase fluid flow in the reservoir is the prime consideration of this study. In this paper, based on the principles of mass, energy conservation, Darcy's law, and the second laws of thermodynamics, a forward model is established to predict pressure and temperature distribution in a multilayered vertical gas well system by coupling the flow model and thermal model. The model considers the changes of fluid high-pressure properties and microheat effects such as the Joule-Thomson effect, viscous friction to reach the desired solution. Subsequently, the model is solved numerically and used for sensitivity analysis of parameters influencing temperature and pressure distribution, such as gas production rates, permeability, Joule-Thomson coefficient. At last, the model is applied to a multilayer combined production well. The results of the example show the pressure, temperature and production profile can be predicted precisely.

Design and Development of A Digital Soil Temperature Monitoring System Based on The Internet of Things at North Sumatra Climatological Station

Soil temperature is a crucial parameter in monitoring and understanding climate and soil ecosystems. It plays a vital role in various environmental aspects, including agriculture, ecology, and geoscience. Monitoring soil temperature is necessary for planning and managing agriculture and natural resources. Currently, temporal observations of soil temperature by BMKG are limited, conducted only at 07:55, 13:55, and 18:55 local time. This limitation makes it difficult to perform detailed soil temperature analysis. This research was conducted to design a digital soil temperature monitoring device accessible via the internet. Seven DS18B20 sensors were used at depths of 0 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm, combined with an ESP8266 module using the Arduino system. The implementation of this design resulted in a real-time soil temperature monitoring system with data updates every 10 seconds. The observed data are displayed on a 20x4 LCD and sent to the cloud, making them accessible on the webpage http://monitoringsuhutanah.my.id. Calibration results indicate that the DS18B20 sensors used in this study provide accurate and consistent temperature measurements, with an average correction range of (-0.20) to 0.24, thus suitable for operational use. Field tests show that the digital data are accurate and correspond (linearly correlate) with conventional data. This is based on a correlation value of 0.7, while the RMSE values range from 0.5 to 2.18 and the bias ranges from (-0.69) to 0.08.

Water-modulated low-wavelength fluorescence emission of PSmOrange

The fluorescent protein (FP) family has been a prominent focus for several decades due to its extensive applications in bioimaging. However, the fluorescence mechanisms of fluorescent proteins have not been fully elucidated. Recently, there have been reports suggesting the involvement of water in the fluorescent behaviors of FPs. Although numerous theoretical calculations and a few experimental studies based on protein solutions have been conducted, direct experimental evidence to unravel the role of water within fluorescent proteins remains elusive. Herein, we reported the impact of water on the low-wavelength fluorescence emission of PSmOrange, a model FP known for its excellent photostability and high-water content. We found that the presence of water induces the emergence of this low-wavelength fluorescence emission. This effect can be attributed to a hydrogen bond network involving the fluorophore and water molecules. Manipulating this hydrogen bond network by altering temperature or water types proved to be an effective strategy for modulating the fluorescent behaviors of PSmOrange. This study sheds light on the role of water in modulating the low-wavelength fluorescence emission of FPs and pave the way for the design and development of the next generation biomolecule-based fluorescence probes in real-time temperature monitoring in cold chain storage.

Prototype of Forest and Land Fire Monitoring and Detection System Using IoT-Based WSN Technology

Forest and land fires are a recurrent issue in several Indonesian regions, necessitating advanced technological solutions for early detection and monitoring due to their significant impact. This research project focuses on developing a prototype system utilizing IoT-based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology to detect forest and land fires. The prototype offers real-time remote monitoring of temperature, humidity, smoke levels, and wind speed in the forest through an Android app or web interface. To validate its performance, the prototype was compared to existing BMKG tools, with results showing minor temperature errors (2.41%) and a humidity error of 17.68%. The anemometer sensor exhibited a slight 4-second data transmission delay. Importantly, the prototype excelled in fire detection, effectively identifying temperature and humidity changes within a 2-meter radius or more indicative of fire outbreaks. This pioneering prototype promises to significantly enhance early warning and response mechanisms for forest and land fires in Indonesia, contributing to more effective environmental conservation and disaster management.

Особливості реалізації комбінованого оптоволоконного інструментарію, суміщеного з пірометром

A combined optical fiber instrument combined with a pyrometer (hereinafter referred to as an optical fiber instrument) is designed for the implementation of high-intensity laser thermotherapy, HIL therapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, etc. with the function of dynamic real-time temperature monitoring. The design of the fiber-optic instrument allows it to be used in combination with diode surgical laser devices during the treatment of traumatized, wounded and sick people.