Real Mass Research Articles

Impacts on Protective Structures against Gravitational Mass Movements—Scaling from Model Tests to Real Events

Gravitational mass movements such as rockfalls, landslides, rock avalanches, or debris flows are increasingly endangering settlement areas and infrastructure facilities in the Alpine region as a result of climate change. An essential component of counteracting the dangers of such events is the construction of suitable protective structures. However, the dimensioning of these protective structures requires in-depth knowledge of the impact process on the structure. Measurements of real large mass movements such as rock avalanches fail due to the large impact forces involved. For this reason, model tests have been carried out by different institutions in different countries in recent decades. An essential aspect of the study of gravitational mass movements using model experiments is scaling experimental results to real events. Therefore, in this study, a model experiment carried out at the University of Innsbruck was recalculated in the first step using the discrete element method (DEM). Subsequently, the experimental results and the numerical DEM model were scaled to a real event using scale factors and then compared again. The aim was to show how well the results of the model tests can be scaled to describe real events of rock avalanches.

Performance analysis on open thermochemical sorption heat storage from a real mass transfer perspective

Internal mass transfer coefficient is considered as a key parameter for open thermochemical sorption heat storage which usually has a large margin between theoretical and actual value. This paper aims to analyze the role of mass transfer on system performance prediction. Al2O3 and LiCl composite sorbents are prepared and adsorption behavior is tested through a thermal gravimetric analyzer and a small-scale air duct experiment. An equation of kinetic coefficient is fitted to describe adsorption process more accurate than empirical equation. For simulation, a one-dimensional model is established based on dimensionless number of heat and mass transfer, and similarity theory is built to predict output parameters. Results indicate that the sorbent with 16.44 % salt content reaches 0.39 g·g−1 maximum water uptake on the condition of 20 °C, 80 % relative humidity. It is indicated that the system using composite sorbents has a heat storage density of 345.58 kWh·m−3. Parameters that influence system output power and duration are also investigated. By adjusting air flow rate and sorption length of sorption reactor, the system can achieve temperature rise of 30 °C at the exit and a steady output of 6 h. One striking fact is that mass transfer coefficient can be used to well predict the performance of real open adsorption thermal energy storage system which is also conducive to system design and optimization.

Flutter of a finite rectangular Wing’D mill in pitch and heave

Exact solutions of flutter are explored for a mode suitable for an oscillating 2D hydrofoil version of the summarised FlutterWing windpump which radically surpasses the old rotary fanpump. The imaginary part G of the 1D Theodorsen wake lift factor T rises singularly from the steady to allow 1D pure pitch flutter around the leading edge at low frequency. But its logarithmic infinite negative pitch damping by the shed vorticity is capped by the log of the 2D span. The downwash of an oscillating trailing (tip) vortex is reduced by a function of the reduced frequency based on spanwise distance. Its lag damps pitch and further raises the pitch unstable aspect ratio A to above 36. All binary pitch & heave neutral flutter frequency contours in (inertia, imbalance) space still pass through a nexus of the same total pitch inertia and imbalance as the corrected virtual mass concentrated at ¾ chord, a very high total in water. The internal bound windwise vortex from ¼ chord to trailing edge reduces as A−2 the 1D lift slope at all frequencies. It expands the 1D T = ½ double root of high frequency elliptical contours kissing the low frequency limit line at the nexus to make them dip below the line to the right of the nexus as hyperbolae with the nexal ray as left asymptote. Thus low A discovers a new wedge of high frequency binary flutter with real mass moments less than the virtual, as in water.

Postopek modeliranja v okviru množičnega vrednotenja nepremičnin

The mass valuation of real estate in Slovenia is based on valuation models, which are made based on realised real estate market data and illustrate the functioning of the real estate market. The system is based on valuation models that simulate the behaviour of the real estate market and allow a statistically reliable assessment of market value. Models are formed using statistical methods of processing real estate market data. This paper presents the quality verification process and preparation of real estate market data. These data are used to design evaluation models or modelling, which consists of time adjustment of prices or rents, zoning, levelling, calibration, and analysis of quality parameters. Finally, the critical information of the modelling process made in the context of real estate mass valuation in Slovenia is summarised.

QUANTUM MECHANICS WITH QUATERNIONIC MASS

Quantum mechanics with quaternionic mass is considered. The momentum eigen-value equation with quaternionic mass yields the Klein-Gordon equation with a mass consisting of longitudinal and traverse masses. The scalar field total mass is found to be a sum of these masses. This field appears to be connected with two subfields conserving linear momentum. It is found that a particle with real mass satisfies the quantum Telegraph equation, whereas that one with quaternionic mass satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation. A quantum force acting on the particle is found to be proportional to its velocity. When the particle field is coupled to an electromagnetic field, an additional term in the particle's energy appears reflecting the interaction of the particle's angular momentum with the magnetic field.

Rapid-field-deployable DART-MS screening technique for 87 opioids and drugs of abuse, including fentanyl and fentanyl analogs

Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs are playing an increasing role in the opioid health crisis that is sweeping America. These synthetic opioids are much more potent and lethal than morphine or heroin and must be treated with extreme caution. Many of these substances are entering the country through International Mail Facilities (IMFs) and Express Courier Hubs (ECHs) in the form of counterfeit prescription drugs and bulk powders, resulting in a critical need for field-deployable techniques that can safely provide rapid screening to prevent these products from reaching the public. Here we describe a direct analysis in real time thermal desorption mass spectrometer (DART-MS) with database searching capabilities that allows quick detection of numerous target compounds. Minimum detectable levels for 87 opioids and drugs of abuse have been determined. This technique was applied to eight samples sent to the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Forensic Chemistry Center for analysis and the results are compared to those collected using gas chromatography with mass spectral detection (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with mass spectral detection (LC-MS).

Direct analysis in real time high-resolution mass spectrometry for authenticity assessment of lamb

In comparison to more traditional methods of determining food authenticity, such as gas chromatography analysis, the primary advantages of DART-HRMS include its high speed and throughput of analysis. This study used a non-targeted metabolomics method based on real-time high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with chemometric analysis to distinguish lamb samples from four regions. Orthogonal least squares-discriminant analysis revealed a distinct difference between these four lamb regions. The potential markers were chosen based on the variable's importance in projection values, variance, and fold change. A total of 79 markers were identified using the matching chemistry database. These markers differed significantly between lambs in four regions according to heatmap analysis. The linear discriminatory analysis model had an initial classification rate of 100.0% and a cross-validation accuracy of 82.50% on the identified markers. The research demonstrates that DART-HRMS can perform a rapid authentication evaluation of lamb samples.

Ambient mass spectrometry for rapid authentication of milk from Alpine or lowland forage.

Metabolomics approaches, such as direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS), allow characterising many polar and non-polar compounds useful as authentication biomarkers of dairy chains. By using both a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA), this study aimed to assess the capability of DART-HRMS, coupled with a low-level data fusion, discriminate among milk samples from lowland (silages vs. hay) and Alpine (grazing; APS) systems and identify the most informative biomarkers associated with the main dietary forage. As confirmed also by the LDA performed against the test set, DART-HRMS analysis provided an accurate discrimination of Alpine samples; meanwhile, there was a limited capacity to correctly recognise silage- vs. hay-milks. Supervised multivariate statistics followed by metabolomics hierarchical cluster analysis allowed extrapolating the most significant metabolites. Lowland milk was characterised by a pool of energetic compounds, ketoacid derivates, amines and organic acids. Seven informative DART-HRMS molecular features, mainly monoacylglycerols, could strongly explain the metabolomic variation of Alpine grazing milk and contributed to its classification. The misclassification between the two lowland groups confirmed that the intensive dairy systems would be characterised by a small variation in milk composition.

Fuzzy Support Vector Machine Using Function Linear Membership and Exponential with Mahanalobis Distance

Support vector machine (SVM) is one of effective biner classification technic with structural risk minimization (SRM) principle. SVM method is known as one of successful method in classification technic. But the real-life data problem lies in the occurrence of noise and outlier. Noise will create confusion for the SVM when the data is being processed. On this research, SVM is being developed by adding its fuzzy membership function to lessen the noise and outlier effect in data when trying to figure out the hyperplane solution. Distance calculation is also being considered while determining fuzzy value because it is a basic thing in determining the proximity between data elements, which in general is built depending on the distance between the point into the real class mass center. Fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) uses Mahalanobis distances with the goal of finding the best hyperplane by separating data between defined classes. The data used will be going over trial for several dividing partition percentage transforming into training set and testing set. Although theoretically FSVM is able to overcome noise and outliers, the results show that the accuracy of FSVM, namely 0.017170689 and 0.018668421, is lower than the accuracy of the classical SVM method, which is 0.018838348. The existence of fuzzy membership function is extremely influential in deciding the best hyperplane. Based on that, determining the correct fuzzy membership is critical in FSVM problem.

A Transport Theory Route to the Dirac Equation

Starting from the similarity between the spherical harmonics approximation of order one to the linear transport equation (usually referred as P 1 approximation) and the Klein-Gordon equation of the quantum physics, an extended set of equations is introduced, which is proved to be equivalent to the Dirac equation with imaginary mass. Conversely, when a real mass is restored into the extended P 1 system, a new equation is obtained, whose solutions are superposition of the spinors for a spin particle and the corresponding antiparticle.

A novel three-dimensional center energy deposition model for the hybrid synthetic jet actuator

The low energy conversion efficiency of the plasma synthetic jet actuator (PSJA) and the misfiring problem caused by the low gas backfill rate have hindered the application of the PSJA in supersonic aircraft for fast response aerodynamic control. Although the hybrid synthetic jet actuator (HSJA) based on the PSJA has the potential to solve these problems, the heat and mass transfer mechanism of hybrid synthetic jets is still unclear. According to the capacitive discharge process, a novel three-dimensional center energy deposition model was proposed in this paper. The accuracy of the three-dimensional center energy deposition model was verified by comparing it with the experimental results. Considering the damped oscillation of the discharge intensity, the effect of nonconstant center energy deposition on the heat and mass transfer inside the cavity was further discussed. The simulation results show that the electrodes have an impact on the creation and evolution of the vortices inside the cavity. And the three-dimensional nonconstant center energy deposition model reveals the real heat and mass transfer mechanism of the HSJA, which provides the theoretical foundation for improving energy conversion efficiency and gas backfill rate of the HSJA.

Ultrafast and high-throughput quantitative analysis of carbamazepine in human plasma by direct analysis in real time tandem mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase extraction to eliminate matrix effects

Therapeutic drug monitoring of carbamazepine is necessary for its clinical application with the purpose to reach therapeutic concentration and reduce the risk of concentration-dependent toxicity. An ultrafast analytical assay for quantification of carbamazepine in human plasma was developed and validated based on direct analysis in real time tandem mass spectrometry (DART-MS/MS). After reversed phase solid phase extraction with Waters Oasis HLB, carbamazepine and internal standard carbamazepine-D2N15 were monitored by positive ion mode followed by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions at m/z 237.1→194.0 and 240.1→196.2, respectively. The DART-MS/MS method is ultrafast and high-throughput and the analytical time for each sample is only 0.4 min. The assay was linear in the concentration range 0.50–30 μg/mL and intra- and inter-day accuracies were within ± 15% and trueness were < 13.9% at all concentrations. The method was successfully applied to therapeutic drug monitoring of carbamazepine in human plasma.

Quasi-Helmholtz decomposition, Gauss' laws and charge conservation for finite element particle-in-cell

Development of particle-in-cell (PIC) methods using finite element based methods (FEMs) have been a topic of renewed interest; this has largely been driven by (a) the ability of finite element methods to better model geometry, (b) better understanding of function spaces that are necessary to represent all Maxwell quantities, and (c) more recently, the fundamental rubrics that should be obeyed in space and time so as to satisfy Gauss' laws and the equation of continuity. In that vein, methods have been developed recently that satisfy these equations and are agnostic to time stepping methods. While this development is indeed a significant advance, it should be noted that implicit FEM transient solvers support an underlying null space that corresponds to a gradient of a scalar potential ▪ (or ▪ in the case of wave equation solvers). While explicit schemes do not suffer from this drawback, they are only conditionally stable with time step sizes that are mesh dependent and very small. Furthermore, the null space produces spurious charge that can corrupt the desired physics of a PIC simulation. A way to overcome this bottleneck, and indeed, satisfy all four Maxwell's equation is to use a quasi-Helmholtz formulation on a tessellation. In the re-formulation presented, we strictly satisfy the equation of continuity and Gauss' laws for both the electric and magnetic flux densities. Results illustrating the efficacy of this scheme will be demonstrated by analyzing non-neutral beams with space-charge and the adiabatic expansion of a neutral plasma with realistic parameters (Debye length and real mass ratios).

Likelihood-based bacterial identification approach for bimicrobial mass spectrometry data

Mass spectrometry is a potential diagnostic tool for rapid bacterial detection. However, in order to use this technology in clinical settings, it is important to develop sound statistical algorithms that can accurately analyze polymicrobial mass spectrometry data. Here, we propose a likelihood-based bacterial identification algorithm for bimicrobial mass spectrometry data. Specifically, we introduce a two-component mixture model with partially known labels. This method can model peaks with unknown origins. It also considers errors in mass-to-charge ratios and intensities of peaks between observed and reference mass spectra. Coupled with a decoy strategy, the likelihood is used to identify bacterial species and to measure uncertainty of such identifications. Using two real mass spectrometry datasets, we demonstrate the superior performance of our approach in accurate bacterial identifications, compared to model-free approaches. Example datasets and R codes for the proposed method are freely available under MIT license at https://github.com/soyoungryu/BacID.

Presentation of a new physics theory based on the HM16 model of the ether

In this paper, we present a new physics theory that offers some explanations of physical phenomena in nature, including some that have remained unexplained to date. Our New Physics Theory 2016 (NPT16) is based on a new model of the ether called HM16.The ether was eliminated from physics in 1905 by Einstein, through his Special Relativity Theory (SRT), based on experiments carried out in 1881/87 by Michelson (ME81/87). We reintroduce the ether to physics as a result of two errors that we have discovered in Michelson’s analysis of his experiments ME81/87. We initially proposed the development of NTP16 in 2016, and we now present an actualised, up-to-date form of NPT16. NPT is the result of taking into account the special properties of ETH ether, which in the HM16 model is characterized by its composition, as a deformable elastic body, without friction, so without energy consumption/loss. ETH consists of compact ether cells EC, which transmit the fundamental vibrations FVs of ECs, created by microparticles MPs, constituted as energy concentrations in their own vortices/oscillations, energy that creates even the mass m of MP. Longitudinal and transverse FVs vibrations, are transmitted between MPs and between ECs, by mechanical percussion pi, specific to the current positive or negative electric charge of an MP. And gravity is the result of the interaction forces FDC between the dipoles, so-called electric, but created by a Coulomb type force FCC, between two MPs completed with a term in lnr. And at astronomical distances, there is a ratio R = FDC/FN ≈ 1.60, which indicates the presence of an increase in the real mass of the stars, of about +60%, compared to the mass considered by gravitational Newton force FN, a result that can explain/replace the current fictitious dark matter. The NPT also gives a physical explanation of the phenomenon of increasing the mass of a material body MB, as its speed V increases. This speed V, leads to an accumulation of energy around MPs, stored in the ECs vortices of ETH around MP, created even by the V-speed motion of the MP. And the energy accumulated around the MP is added to the MP’s own energy, which is even the mass of the MP thus increased.

Influence of an R&D lot on productivity in semiconductor manufacturing

Both high productivity of finished goods and new product development are important for manufacturing firms to compete in a market successfully. High productivity is closely related to near-term profit, while new product development is imperative for long-term competitiveness. In a semiconductor fabrication facility, the final stage of new product development is testing new R&D lots in a real mass production environment. Because the test shares the same facility of mass production, if the R&D lots are processed to prioritize fast product development, it negatively influences the productivity of the lines. This study develops a stochastic model to analyze how the flow speed of R&D lots affects starvation of a bottleneck stage and the throughput of regular production lots on a semiconductor fabrication line. The model calculates the distributions of the delay time of R&D lots and the starvation time of the bottleneck stage under a given flow control policy of the R&D lots. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate how this model can be used on actual manufacturing lines to determine appropriate speeds of R&D lots.

3d [formula omitted] dualities for SU(Nc)×U(1) Chern-Simons gauge theories

We systematically study 3d N=2 dualities for U(Nc) gauge theories with different CS levels for the abelian and the non-abelian factors. We derive such dualities by a gauging/ungauging procedure on other known dualities and by adding an opportune CS contact term for the baryonic symmetry. This allows us to follow the various steps on the three sphere partition function, obtaining exact identities among the new dual phases proposed here. We apply the procedure to various cases, namely SQCD without and with adjoint, chiral dualities and some sporadic cases arising from the real mass flow of models with an E7×U(1) enhancement of the global symmetry.

Supersymmetric Ground States of 3d $\mathcal{N}=4$ Gauge Theories on a Riemann Surface

This paper studies supersymmetric ground states of 3d \mathcal{N}=4𝒩=4 supersymmetric gauge theories on a Riemann surface of genus gg. There are two distinct spaces of supersymmetric ground states arising from the AA and BB type twists on the Riemann surface, which lead to effective supersymmetric quantum mechanics with four supercharges and supermultiplets of type \mathcal{N}=(2,2)𝒩=(2,2) and \mathcal{N}=(0,4)𝒩=(0,4) respectively. We compute the space of supersymmetric ground states in each case, graded by flavour and R-symmetries and in different chambers for real mass and FI parameters, for a large class of supersymmetric gauge theories. The results are formulated geometrically in terms of the Higgs branch geometry. We perform extensive checks of compatibility with the twisted index and mirror symmetry.

Might expert knowledge improve econometric real estate mass appraisal?

The article examines whether expert knowledge improves the estimation results of real estate mass appraisal models. Six econometric models were compared: OLS, mixed, the Bayesian model, the Inequality Restricted Least Squares (IRLS) model, ridge and LASSO regression (with regularization). In three of the models (mixed, Bayesian, and IRLS) prior knowledge was applied. In mixed and Bayesian models priors took the form of intervals for model parameters. In IRLS, restrictions in the form of inequalities were applied. In the empirical example mass appraisal models were applied in the valuation of undeveloped land for residential purposes. Models with prior knowledge turned out to be the best with regard to the consistency of estimates with theory. Also, prediction accuracy was better for models with prior knowledge. In the case of low quality data expert knowledge might significantly improve estimation results of real estate mass appraisal econometric models.

Investigating dark energy by electromagnetic frequency shifts

The observed red shift $z$ might be composed by the expansion red shift $z_{\rm C}$ and an additional frequency shift $z_{\rm S}$, towards the red or the blue, by considering Extended Theories of Electromagnetism (ETE). Indeed, massive photon theories - the photon has a real mass as in the de Broglie-Proca theory or an effective mass as in the Standard-Model Extension (SME), based on Lorentz-Poincar\'e Symmetry Violation (LSV) - or Non-Linear Electro-Magnetism (NLEM) theories may induce a cosmological expansion independent frequency shift in presence of background (inter-) galactic electromagnetic fields, and where of relevance LSV fields, even when both fields are constant. We have tested this prediction considering the Pantheon Catalogue, composed by 1048 SNe Ia, and 15 BAO data, for different cosmological models characterised by the absence of a cosmological constant. From the data, we compute which values of $z_{\rm S}$ match the observations, spanning cosmological parameters ($\Omega$ densities and Hubble-Lema\^itre constant) domains. We conclude that the frequency shift $z_{\rm S}$ can support an alternative to accelerated expansion, naturally accommodating each SN Ia position in the distance-modulus versus red shift diagram, due to the light-path dependency of $z_{\rm S}$. Finally, we briefly mention laboratory test approaches to investigate the additional shift from ETE predictions.