Real-life Relationships Research Articles

Engagement Matters: The Romantic Relationship between Female Users and the Generative AI

The rapid development of generative AI is changing people’s lives and brought a series of new social issues and concerns. One newly-emerged phenomenon was some generative AI users, especially female users, started to engage in an in-depth, romantic relationship with generative AI. Faced with the new relationship, this ethnographic research aims to investigate the motivation, behaviours, and perspectives of female users so as to provide a comprehensive picture of this group. This digital ethnographic study adopts the methods of semi-structured interviews and text analysis of posts by participants on Xiaohongshu. This study has shown a debate among human-AI romantic relationship female practitioners about whether the generative AI is conscious or is just a machine. However, all participants tend to consider the generative AI to have a humane feature and treat it in a human-like way like in a real-life relationship and gained value which is different from real-life relationships. Finally, in a modernization theory perspective, the authors point out that females’ establishment of human-computer intimacy is driven by individualism and rationalism. By focusing on the motivations and experiences of female users, this study fills a gap in research on the romantic relationship between humans and AI. While responding to public concerns about the potential risks AI may pose to society, this study also provides a reference for future research and policymaking in this field.

“They don’t mean to hurt”: Female gamers’ reluctance in recognizing and confronting sexism in gaming as an online-offline juxtaposition

Female gamers have long suffered from gender-based online abuse in the gaming community. Apart from commonly observed quitting and gender-masking behaviors from female gamers, this study explores what female gamers understand as sexism, how female gamers react to it, and why they choose certain reactions instead of others. Findings show that female gamers are keenly conscious of normalized sexism in gaming culture, and thus often prioritize preventing personal interaction with strangers online, resulting in their shared preference for gaming with trusted acquaintances, which makes gaming an online-offline juxtaposition. Shouldering gender norms in doubled dimensions of gaming and specific real-life relationships, female gamers thus become reluctant to recognize and confront less violent sexism from male acquaintances. Female gamers’ strategic self-protection, although gaining them relatively safer gaming spaces, also consolidates sexism in gaming, and further suggests gaming as a critical social space for reproducing broader gender inequalities.

EMOTIONAL INTIMACY IN DANIELLE STEEL'S NOVEL FINE THINGS

This qualitative study delves into the portrayal of emotional intimacy in Danielle Steel's novel, Fine Things using Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love as a theoretical framework. The research method involved textual analysis of excerpts from the novel, focusing on instances of emotional intimacy depicted among characters. The literature review section provides a comprehensive overview of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, emphasizing its three components: intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment. The analysis highlights the importance of emotional intimacy in various types of relationships, emphasizing its role in fostering closeness, understanding, and trust. The discussion section presents findings from the textual analysis, showcasing excerpts that illustrate the complexities of emotional intimacy among characters in the novel. Examples include moments of vulnerability, communication, and affection shared between romantic partners, family members, and friends. Key findings reveal the nuanced portrayal of emotional intimacy, ranging from expressions of love and support to instances of conflict and betrayal. The conclusion drawn from the analysis underscores the profound impact of emotional intimacy on individuals and their relationships, highlighting its role in shaping the dynamics of love, loss, and personal growth depicted in the novel. Implications of this study extend to a deeper understanding of emotional intimacy in fictional narratives and its relevance to real-life relationships. By applying Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love to literary analysis, this study contributes to the on-going discourse on the complexities of human emotions and intimate connections portrayed in literature.

Gender Differences in Facebook Addiction as a Coping Response to Social Stressors and Poor Self-Confidence

The Threat Appraisal and Coping Theory suggests that when individuals perceive social stressors from important interpersonal relationships (family, friends, romance), and when they have poor self-confidence, they may display the coping behavior of seeking social support, including that provided by social media platforms such as Facebook. However, individuals who perceive intense social stressors and have poor self-confidence may use Facebook to the extent that it interferes with other areas of their lives. The present study examined this cognitive sequence that could lead to such Facebook addiction: SOCIAL STRESSORS à POOR SELF-CONFIDENCE à EXCESSIVE FACEBOOK. Because of past research showing gender differences in each of these variables, we hypothesized that women would be more likely to show the proposed cognitive sequence leading to Facebook addiction. Participants were 243 women and 209 men from a paid online Survey Monkey sample who reported demographics, three social stressors (family, friends, romance), self-confidence with Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, and excessive Facebook use with the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale. Unlike our hypothesized results, moderated mediational analyses with 5000 bootstrapped samples found significantly higher indirect effect sizes for the three-variable sequence in men than in women, specifically when the social stressor was from family or romantic partners. One interpretation would be that when conflicts occur in intimate personal relationships (family, romance), women may have a wider network of real-life relationships in which they share their emotional concerns, whereas men are more likely to rely on online social media to vent concerns about intimate relationships.

Динамика и структура смысловых базовых установок кыргызстанцев

This article presents a study of the meaningful basic sets dynamics (hereinafter referred to as MBS) among Kyrgyzstanis, as well as an attempt to determine the structure of MBS. In this paper, we rely on the level theory of the set was offered by A. G. Asmolov. Shifts in meaningful sets are always determined by changes in a person's real life relationship with social reality. The purpose of the study is to examine the dynamics and structure of the Kyrgyz people's MBS. The study is longitudinal in nature and covers the period from 2010 to 2021. It involved men and women who were on average 15 years old in 2010 and 26 years old in 2021. The main methodology was the questionnaire “Meaningful basic sets” (adaptation by A. D. Ishkov and N. G. Miloradova of the questionnaire “Dysfunctionality Scale” by D. Burns). It was revealed that the dynamics of MBS occurs in both male and female samples. Statistically significant differences were found depending on achievement, self-demanding behavior, and responsibility for others. The structure of MBS changes over time due to the loss of connections between MBS, which can speak about the formation of relative independence of MBS in the meaning sphere of personality. The prospects for this study are: expansion of the methodological tools, recruitment of an additional sample, for example, Russians, as well as inclusion in the analysis of data obtained by non-standardized methods.

Exploring sociodemographic factors of problematic internet use: a cross-national study of North Macedonia and Poland

This paper investigates the correlation between problematic internet use (PIU) and sociodemographic factors, with a specific emphasis on culture, gender, and age. Employing a quantitative, cross-national survey design, data was collected from a total of 780 respondents from North Macedonia and Poland. The study did not find relationship between demographic factors, such as age and gender, and PIU. However, disparities emerged upon examination of cross-national differences. Respondents from North Macedonia exhibited a greater susceptibility to PIU when compared to those from Poland. These national differences manifested across multiple aspects of PIU, including decreased enjoyment of offline activities, diminished real-life relationships, and weakened self-control. The findings emphasize the importance of considering cultural context when studying internet usage patterns and potential addiction. As social media and the internet have become a regular social activity, prevention campaigns should be based on social norms and harm-reduction strategies directed towards social groups rather than individuals. This approach acknowledges the collective nature of the problem and seeks to address the root causes of problematic internet use.

Unraveling Virtual Threads: The Impact of Social Media Engagement on Family Dynamics and Real-Life Relationships

Virtual communication through social networking sites: Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Snapchat, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Gaming Sites, and YouTube is the key characteristic of contemporary lifestyles, relationships, and interactions of young adults with friends and family (Bhowmick & Madhu,2020). Its spread has raised concerns in Pakistan, a multi-lingual and multi-ethnic Muslim country, with conventional, family-orientated social frameworks based mostly on joint and extended systems. Online over-engagement though is increasing awareness, it is reducing real communication between parents and their (young) adults in urban Pakistan that the society considers essential for propagation of family norms, traditions, and values (Woodward, 2020). It has compromised real family time and inter-family social networking by involving individuals in the virtual world. They are physically present with their families but they are mentally engaged with their mobile phones (Kanwal, Pitafi, Akhtar, and Irfan, 2019). This research explores the multifaceted impact of virtual engagement with social networking sites on patterns of open communication within families. The study aims to investigate the influence of virtual engagement on real-life priorities and connections, proposing hypotheses that posit significant correlations between online identity maintenance and decreases in family social interaction and bonding. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the research employs a survey method with standardized questions to collect data from 800 participants. The data is analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26, revealing key demographic information and social media usage patterns. Linear regression analyses support the hypotheses, demonstrating a significant relationship between time spent on social media and reduced family interaction and bonding, as well as its impact on family relations and priorities. The findings suggest that excessive engagement in sustaining online identities negatively influences real-life relationships, emphasizing the need to address the growing trend of social media dependency in familial contexts. The findings serve as a guide for the strategists who may plan to sustain social values and good relations between parents and their (young) adults in what they are perceiving as digital Pakistan of the future.

How Location-Based Games Incentivize Moving About: A Study in the Context of Nature-Going

Location-based multiplayer games such as Pokémon GO are tied to real-world locations. Past research has demonstrated that, consequently, these games influence where players move. In order to explore what dynamics in these games incentivize travel to specific places or areas, we engaged in interviews with active players. We discovered 11 unique game dynamics, which could be positioned under three overarching themes: (1) the playing field, as determined by the placement of points of interest, the players' habitat and their surroundings; (2) the player communities and real life relationships, which motivated and directed the playing; and (3) coincidental motivational support, which highlighted how location-based games offer multi-layered motivation for players to travel to, and engage with, specific real-world locations. Our study contributes to the fields of gamified human mobility and human-nature interaction by elucidating how playful technologies can influence where and when people move.

Internet Use Disorders: Subjective Importance of Online Friends in the Context of Real-Life Social Support and Comorbid Mental Disorders

Introduction: Previous studies analyzing friendships with people only known through the Internet mainly focused on quantitative aspects (e.g., the number of online friends or the time spent with them). Little is known about the perceived quality of online compared to real-life friends in individuals with an Internet use disorder (IUD). This study aimed to analyze associations of the increased subjective importance of online friends and IUD by controlling for the perceived real-life social support and comorbid mental disorders. Methods: Based on a general population sample, 192 participants who were screened positive for risky Internet use took part in face-to-face clinical diagnostic interviews. IUD was assessed using the structure of the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) and the adapted criteria of Internet gaming disorder in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The number and the increased subjective importance of online compared to real-life friends were assessed with the Online and Real-Life Friends scale (ORLF), real-life social support was assessed with the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), and comorbidity was assessed with the M-CIDI. Data were analyzed with binary regression models. Results: Of 192 participants with risky Internet use, 39 participants (19 men; age M = 29.9, SD = 12.2) fulfilled the criteria of IUD in the last 12 months. IUD was not associated with the number or perceived social support of online friends per se. In multivariate analyses, IUD was associated with increased subjective importance of online friends, independently from comorbid anxiety or mood disorders. However, when controlling for real-life social support, associations of IUD and increased subjective importance of online friends were no longer present. Conclusion: These findings highlight the necessity of therapeutic interventions aimed at strengthening social skills and engaging in real-life relationships in the prevention and therapy of IUD. Due to the small sample size and the cross-sectional analysis, however, further research is needed.

"Buy High, Sell Low": A Qualitative Study of Cryptocurrency Traders Who Experience Harm.

The constant, substantial price fluctuations of cryptocurrency allow traders to engage in highly speculative trading that closely resembles gambling. With significant financial loss associated with adverse mental health outcomes, it is important to investigate the impact that market participation has on mental health. Therefore, we conducted interviews with 17 participants who self-reported problems due to trading. Thematic analysis was conducted revealing themes: (1) factors in engagement, (2) impacts of trading and (3) harm reduction. Factors in engagement captured factors that motivated and sustained cryptocurrency trading. Impacts of trading outlined how cryptocurrency trading positively and negatively impacted participants. Harm reduction described methods participants employed to reduce mental distress from trading. Our study provides novel insights into the adverse impacts of cryptocurrency trading across multiple domains, especially mental health, relationships and finances. They also indicate the importance of further research on effective coping strategies for distress caused by financial loss from trading. Additionally, our study reveals the significant role social environments play on participants' expectations and intentions regarding cryptocurrency trading. These social networks extend beyond real-life relationship to include celebrity and influencer endorsement. This encourages investigation into the content of cryptocurrency promotions and the influence they have on individuals' decision to trade.

Proposal for an objective binary benchmarking framework that validates each other for comparing MCDM methods through data analytics.

When it comes to choosing the best option among multiple alternatives with criteria of different importance, it makes sense to use multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods with more than 200 variations. However, because the algorithms of MCDM methods are different, they do not always produce the same best option or the same hierarchical ranking. At this point, it is important how and according to which MCDM methods will be compared, and the lack of an objective evaluation framework still continues. The mathematical robustness of the computational procedures, which are the inputs of MCDM methods, is of course important. But their output dimensions, such as their capacity to generate well-established real-life relationships and rank reversal (RR) performance, must also be taken into account. In this study, we propose for the first time two criteria that confirm each other. For this purpose, the financial performance (FP) of 140 listed manufacturing companies was calculated using nine different MCDM methods integrated with step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA). İn the next stage, the statistical relationship between the MCDM-based FP final results and the simultaneous stock returns of the same companies in the stock market was compared. Finally, for the first time, the RR performance of MCDM methods was revealed with a statistical procedure proposed in this study. According to the findings obtained entirely through data analytics, Faire Un Choix Adéquat (FUCA) and (which is a fairly new method) the compromise ranking of alternatives from distance to ideal solution (CRADIS) were determined as the most appropriate methods by the joint agreement of both criteria.

Study of Modifications Induced by Continued Direct Oral Anticoagulant Therapy during Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Procedures on Standard Hemostasis Parameters

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is used as an anticoagulant during the atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedure to prevent the occurrence of thromboembolic events. Guidelines recommend an activated clotting time (ACT) greater than 300 s (s) based on studies of patients treated with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) for their AF. However, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have supplanted VKAs in AF and are now used as first-line therapy. It is recommended not to interrupt them during the procedure, which could interfere with the ACT measures. To assess the real-life relationship between ACT, DOAC concentrations, and UFH anti-Xa activity in patients treated by uninterrupted DOAC therapy. We conducted a single-center retrospective study. We analyzed consecutive patients with AF who underwent catheter ablation under DOAC therapy. In total, 40 patients were included, including 15 (37.5%), 20 (50.0%), and 5 (12.5%) on rivaroxaban, apixaban, and dabigatran, respectively. Baseline ACT was significantly lower in the apixaban group. ACT was linearly correlated with the residual concentration of apixaban and dabigatran but not with rivaroxaban. After UFH injection, ACT was linearly correlated with the anti-Xa activity, regardless of DOAC. Patients in the apixaban group received a higher total dose of UFH during the procedure to achieve a target ACT > 300 s, which resulted in significantly higher anti-Xa activity during the procedure. Our results raise the question of optimal management of intra-procedural heparin therapy and highlight the limitations of the ACT test, particularly in patients on apixaban.

Psychological Defenses of Students in the Process of Experience of Time

Experiences of person reveal his/her real-life relationships. Process of change of problematic relationship of students through psychological defenses is also experienced. Objective: distinguish characteristic time experiences of students due to systematic use of psychological defenses in the organization of life. Hypothesis: for student’s systematic use of psychological defenses for solving problems with high probability is associated with expressed experiences of violation of the integrity and disintegration of duration of the performed processes of vital activity. Methods. 139 randomly selected students were subjects (aged: Me=19.00; min=17.00; max=26.00). The following standardized methodologies were used to collect empirical data: questionnaire “Life Style Index” (R.Plutchik, G.Kellerman); Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI, Form В); scale of subjective control of R.Baumeister; scale “competence in time” from text of self-actualization (E.Shostrom); methodology “Scale of time experience” (A.A.Kronik, E.I.Golovaha). Results: Completeness of experience by the subjects of the current moment implies a high stability of their personal organization and is associated with experiences in the current time of speed, limitation, diversity, and is also associated with the psychological defenses of substitution and regression. For subjects with reduced stability of personal organization there is a higher tendency to use such psychological defenses: substitution; regression; compensation; denial of reality. The defensive mechanisms of substitution and regression are associated with the experience of time as spasmodic and intermittent, in addition, substitution is associated with the unpleasant experience of time, and regression with its organization and fragmentation. Conclusions. Use of students of psychological defenses of replacement and regression, which limit and distort perceived information, is accompanied by experience of time as a fractioned, fragmented sequence of actual changes in a meaningful process.

A Comparison of East Asian Women's Survival Status in Cinematography: Take Tōkyō Joshi Zukan and Beijing Women's Illustration as Examples

Film and television literature reflects social reality and the direction of cultural thinking. In recent years, film and television works about the current situation of women in East Asia have attracted a great response in the market. Two typical examples are "Tōkyō Joshi Zukan" and the Chinese adaptation of "Beijing Women's Illustration", which portray in detail the workplace life, family background and personal growth experiences of contemporary women in these two East Asian countries, Japan and China, respectively. Tōkyō Joshi Zukan is a Japanese web series that started in 2016, was directed by Tabata, starred by Asami Mizukawa, and premiered on Amazon on December 16, 2016. Based on a four-panel manga of the same name, the series follows the twenty years of the life of Aya Saito, a girl from Akita Prefecture who has longed for the big city since childhood and comes to Tokyo after graduating from a local university. Beijing Women's Illustration is a drama co-produced by Xiong Kids Media and Youku, directed by Li Zhi, written by Zhang Jia and starred by Qi Wei, Chen Jin and Wu Yue, which premiered on Youku on April 10, 2018. Adapted from the novel of the same name, the drama is about the real-life relationships and lives of solo women represented by Chen Koyi, a northern drifting girl who experienced ten years in Beijing. This paper selects these two TV series for comparative study to explore the current situation of contemporary women's lives in East Asia.

Random Walks on Networks with Centrality-Based Stochastic Resetting

We introduce a refined way to diffusely explore complex networks with stochastic resetting where the resetting site is derived from node centrality measures. This approach differs from previous ones, since it not only allows the random walker with a certain probability to jump from the current node to a deliberately chosen resetting node, rather it enables the walker to jump to the node that can reach all other nodes faster. Following this strategy, we consider the resetting site to be the geometric center, the node that minimizes the average travel time to all the other nodes. Using the established Markov chain theory, we calculate the Global Mean First Passage Time (GMFPT) to determine the search performance of the random walk with resetting for different resetting node candidates individually. Furthermore, we compare which nodes are better resetting node sites by comparing the GMFPT for each node. We study this approach for different topologies of generic and real-life networks. We show that, for directed networks extracted for real-life relationships, this centrality focused resetting can improve the search to a greater extent than for the generated undirected networks. This resetting to the center advocated here can minimize the average travel time to all other nodes in real networks as well. We also present a relationship between the longest shortest path (the diameter), the average node degree and the GMFPT when the starting node is the center. We show that, for undirected scale-free networks, stochastic resetting is effective only for networks that are extremely sparse with tree-like structures as they have larger diameters and smaller average node degrees. For directed networks, the resetting is beneficial even for networks that have loops. The numerical results are confirmed by analytic solutions. Our study demonstrates that the proposed random walk approach with resetting based on centrality measures reduces the memoryless search time for targets in the examined network topologies.

Predictive Models of Life Satisfaction in Older People: A Machine Learning Approach.

Studies of life satisfaction in older adults have been conducted extensively through empirical research, questionnaires, and theoretical analysis, with the majority of these studies basing their analyses on simple linear relationships between variables. However, most real-life relationships are complex and cannot be approximated with simple correlations. Here, we first investigate predictors correlated with life satisfaction in older adults. Then, machine learning is used to generate several predictive models based on a large sample of older adults (age ≥ 50 years; n = 34,630) from the RAND Health and Retirement Study. Results show that subjective social status, positive emotions, and negative emotions are the most critical predictors of life satisfaction. The Support Vector Regression (SVR) model exhibited the highest prediction accuracy for life satisfaction in older individuals among several models, including Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Ridge Regression (RR), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator Regression (LASSO), K Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Decision Tree Regression (DT) models. Although the KNN and DT models exhibited better model fitting than MLR, RR, and LASSO, their performances were poor in terms of model validation and model generalization. These results indicate that machine learning is superior to simple correlations for understanding life satisfaction among older adults.

Claustration, hikikomori, visites à domicile : la Société Médico-Psychologique en 1953 avec Louis Gayral

The 170th anniversary of the Société Médico-Psychologique is an opportunity to update the work of a great clinician from Toulouse, Professor Louis Gayral, and the foresight of the Annales Médico-Psychologiques for having published in 1953 his voluminous article of 27 pages on “claustration”, we say today “acute social withdrawal/hikikomori”. This conduct consists in withdrawing from society and relationships with others, at least from real life relationships. This is a difficulty encountered by our contemporary societies which, like an addiction, tends to recur. It includes a young person, an entourage, a particular state of society. Gayral's work shows that this conduct was described in 1953, and we propose to compare his description with the current description. This clinician generally identifies the transnosographic and dimensional aspects, what he calls the “choice of the symptom”, approached at the level of the individual, his unconscious and his own experience. This symptom seems to him a major symptom in mental pathology. It would not only be symptoms of a disease but of a conflict between a sick person and the world, while recognizing that the societal aspect cannot be identical today. It supports ideas that are the common thread today of transnosographic and societal reflection concerning social withdrawal/hikikomori. Thus, mental illness is for him the encounter of a personality, at a particular given moment, with a series of circumstances or multiple and entangled causes. Clinician “from theorization to pragmatism”, he therefore develops the dimensional aspects. His definition of claustration is that of a narrowing of existence to a restricted and materially enclosed space, with a reference to the rules and uses of social life. There are negative signs such as the absence of organic disorders and in particular paralyzing neurological disorders, the absence of psychomotor disorders, the absence of asthenia of organic origin. The refusal of receiving visits from doctors would in practice be an excellent symptom of morbidity. It compares to the definition of hikikomori as confinement at home for more than 6 months, with a significant restriction of social and family relations, without motor or psychiatric disorders likely to explain the confinement, associated with impaired faculties or a feeling of hardship. Several questions are detailed in the article according to the 2 clinical themes of claustration and social withdrawal/hikikomori: transnosographic aspects at the borders of psychosis or its prodromal stage, psychopathological aspects with attachment ties, sociological aspects of opposition to the world, the position of the entourage in the face of such a conduct disorder. Returning as Gayral suggests to a clinical attitude joins the current advances in the field.

Multiple Cooperative Task Allocation in Group-Oriented Social Mobile Crowdsensing

Mobile crowdsensing, a new paradigm, has drawn much attention from the online community, in which mobile users are connected by using smartphones with sharing of information via mobile social networks. Multiple cooperative task allocation (MCTA) is a crucial problem in mobile crowdsensing, where each task requires more than one user to cooperatively complete. As more and more users join sensing tasks in groups, it is indispensable to develop a group-oriented crowdsensing mechanism supporting MCTA. However, existing studies generally focus on a group that can provide sufficient users to accomplish a task. Once these groups no longer exist, the corresponding task will be discarded or be performed with compromised quality. In this article, we propose a novel three-phase approach named Group-oriented Cooperative Crowdsensing (GoCC) to tackle the MCTA problem in social mobile crowdsensing. This approach exploits real-life relationships in the social network to form compatible groups, which improves the task coverage via group-oriented cooperation while achieving good task cooperation quality. Specifically, phase 1 selects a subset of users on the social network as initial leaders and directly pushes sensing tasks to them. Phase 2 utilizes the leaders to search for their socially connected users to model groups. Phase 3 presents the process of group-oriented task allocation for solving the MCTA problem. Experiments on the real-world dataset validate that our approach significantly outperforms the representative approaches.

Social Media Habits but Not Social Interaction Anxiety Predict Parasocial Relationships

With the rise in accessibility of media personae and celebrities through social media sites, parasocial relationships (PSRs) can offer a meaningful alternative for individuals who experience obstacles in forming real-life relationships. Existing research suggests that PSRs are multidimensional. Building on this, we considered how social media and social anxiety factors relate to the dimensions of PSRs. We examine whether social media engagement, social media addiction, and social interaction anxiety predict parasocial-love and parasocial-friendship. Participants (N = 239) responded to a questionnaire assessing multiple elements of PSRs, social interaction anxiety, social media engagement, and social media addiction. Results revealed social media addiction to be a significant predictor of parasocial-friendship and emotional aspects of parasocial-love. However, physical aspects of the parasocial-love were predicted by social media engagement. Social interaction anxiety was only associated with aspects of parasocial-love but did not predict this type of PSR. These findings suggest that developing a PSR may be strongly linked to social media use and foster social media addiction, whilst face-to-face social interaction anxiety may be less relevant to PSRs with celebrities. The current results also support the suggestion that PSRs with media personalities are multifaceted.

How do implicit and explicit partner evaluations update in daily life? Evidence from the lab and the field.

Evidence suggesting that implicit partner evaluations (IPEs), but not explicit evaluations (EPEs), can predict later changes in satisfaction and relationship status has led researchers to postulate that IPEs must be especially sensitive to relational reward and costs. However, supporting evidence for this assumption remains scarce, and very little is known regarding how IPEs versus EPEs actually update in everyday life. Two studies (one in-lab dyadic interaction study, N = 255, and one 14-day dyadic diary study, N = 348) investigated updating in IPEs and EPEs in the context of real-life relationship experiences. Study 1 revealed that the level of positive and negative experiences that a couple encountered while discussing a divergence of interests in their relationship predicted pre-to-post changes in EPEs, but not in IPEs. Study 2 revealed that IPEs showed less sensitivity to everyday relationship experiences across multiple metrics over the course of 14 days. Specifically, compared with EPEs, IPEs fluctuated less at the within- (vs. between-) person level, showed less-abrupt changes from day-to-day, and had a substantially weaker relationship with same-day positive and negative experiences. Rather than covarying with same-day experiences, IPEs appeared sensitive to relationship experiences aggregated across multiple prior days as well as to highly diagnostic relationship experiences, such as breakup. Consistent with recent advances in social-cognitive research, these findings support a modified account of IPE sensitivity, according to which IPEs show only gradual shifts under everyday circumstances, but more-dramatic shifts under highly diagnostic circumstances. Implications of these findings for close relationships and implicit social cognition research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).