Real Grounds Research Articles

Food Sovereignty in Nepal : A Current Appraisal

Food sovereignty issue is integrated with agro ecology, climate and environmental justice, right of food workers, agrarian reform and justice to women and peasants. Despite of the promises of food security by the use of new practices and technologies global hunger has significantly increased. Industrial food production and indiscriminant use of chemical fertilizers pesticides have caused air, water and soil pollution and consequently environment and human health has been seriously impaired. Nepal being a developing economy could hardly endow all her possible resources just to address food security issue, hence the food sovereignty issue remained veiled till 2075B.S. Present study aims to enquire the working status of food sovereignty principal on real grounds in the country. The study is based on secondary data and is quantitative in nature. As pre design it is descriptive and prescriptive both. The study examines efficacy of food sovereignty principal on six pillar of it which are: focus on food for people; Value food providers; localize food system; puts control locally; builds knowledge and skills and work with nature. Examining through facts and figures, it is found that there is food crisis in the country with its quantity and nutritive value. The extended net works of cooperative throughout the country may play significant role in activating food sovereignty principals. Existences of middle man, poorer financial assistance, poorer insurance coverage, limitation of minimum price support policy to fewer crops are some of the major problems. In addition land fragmentation, diminishing wet and dry land area are additional bottlenecks. Indiscriminant use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides pose a crucial problem to practice organic farming. Activities as river bed farming, tharu alu cultivation, Jhol mal preparation, kitchen gardening, community seed bank and use of local biochar are working well with positive outcomes to support food sovereignty efforts.

Regional development of Kazakhstan: Theoretical premises and reality

The present study examines the issues of regional development of Kazakhstan in the context of history and real events. The relevance of the study is due to the need to search and adapt the accumulated advanced experience in regional development as a part of smoothing the differentiation of territories in the socio‐economic sphere and the search for effective methods of managing them. The purpose of the study is to search for and identify an effective theoretical model of regional development of the Republic of Kazakhstan that meets the urgent needs for the rational use of the resources available, which is a prerequisite for future economic development, and, as a result, improves the quality of life in the regions. The leading approach in this paper is a combination of analytical and information‐logical methods to determine the existing historical prerequisites and real grounds for the theoretical substantiation of the stages of regional development in Kazakhstan. The results of this study emphasize the need to objectively take into account the peculiarities of the development of the region and its actual state.

Features of Gold Placer Formation in the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield And Southern Ukraine

The presence of numerous native gold deposits of the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield (UCS), as well as the spread of placer gold manifestations, determines the high probability of the formation here of gold placers with industrial parameters. The main factors and geological conditions that contribute to the formation of gold placers are manifested at the UCS. An important reason for the failures of previous geological works is the outdated scientific and methodological platform, which involved the search for typical gold-bearing deposits with metal of gravity size classes. They did not take into account the possibility of significant movement of placer gold in the geologically clay water flow and the formation of long-distance placers. The traditional Schlich method used in the study did not make it possible to determine the actual gold content when particles with a size smaller than 0.25 mm predominate in the sample, which is precisely the particle size of the primary sources of the UCS. The applied means of research could not be effective in the absence of the necessary analytical base for determining the gold content, modern methods of studying the geological structure and tectonics of the territories. The negative results did not provide any real grounds for further specialized large-scale research and prospecting for placer gold. Today, it is getting obvious that placer gold of small and fine classes can easily move over considerable distances in the water flow and form accumulations not only in boulder-pebble material, but also in pelitic sediments. Due to repeated block movements, erosion and redepositing of gold-bearing accumulations in secondary reservoirs could occur. In this aspect, neotectonic studies (using materials from space surveys) become the main predictive and prospecting method for identifying promising areas of placer gold concentration in the region. When carrying out fieldwork, drilling and modern methods of laboratory analysis of gold samples should be used. The results of many years of research give hope for the discovery of real placer gold deposits in the Northern Black Sea region in the near future.

Современное состояние и тенденции развития человеческого капитала АПК и сельских территорий России

One of the priority directions for the development of the modern agrarian economy is the formation and development of human capital in agriculture and rural areas in the context of the strategy of social, economic, and spatial development of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state, trends, problems, and ways of human capital development in the agro-industrial complex and rural areas of Russia. Methods of synthesis, analysis, systematization, logical and comparative analysis using information review, and statistical data processing were used as general scientific methods during the research. The paper reveals the essence and structure of human capital in the agro-industrial complex and rural areas, characterizes the indicators of its main components, analyzes their dynamics from 2017 to 2022, and identifies trends for further development. The analysis of the state of human capital in the agroindustrial complex and rural areas of Russia allowed us to identify both positive and negative trends in its development. Positive trends include an increase in wages in agriculture, some improvement in the structure of the rural population, active participation of farmers in educational programs, an increase in the share of the rural population with higher education, a decrease in the number of employed people who do not have basic general education, and the digitalization of the agro-industrial complex. Among the negative trends are the growth of the natural decline of the rural population, the aging of the population of rural areas, the lack of an attractive image of rural areas, and the low activity of agricultural managers in the creation and development of a personal brand. In conclusion, it is noted that, despite the presence of negative factors, there are real grounds and conditions for the development and improvement of quantitative and qualitative components of human capital in agriculture and rural areas.

The Indian Government's Environmental Stewardship: A Review of Pollution Control Efforts

This paper is an attempt to get and make acquainted with the role that the Indian Government had/has played or is playing to curb the brisk expansion of pollution which is affecting human health and the environment drastically and disastrously. Different contamination types viz. Air Contamination, Water Contamination, Soil Contamination, Noise Contamination, Land Contamination, Photo Contamination etc. have brought immutable adverse changes in all sorts of lives existing to breathe in air, water and soil. In addition, the synthetic and natural non-living creations are also influenced detrimentally. The citizens of nation, whether educated or uneducated are at par responsible for destruction of every component of the environment. Worthless is not mentioning here the appreciable endeavors that the Government has put on its part through its policies that are framed, although not implemented with vigor on real grounds, to rein the outburst of pollution. National Ambient Air Quality Standards, National Air QualityMonitoring Programme, National Air Quality Index (AQI), Hari Diwali and Swasth Diwali campaign, National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), National Ambient Noise Monitoring Network Programme, Horn Not OK Please campaign, Scheme of Assistance for abatement of pollution, Scheme of Common Effluent Treatment Plants, standards for emission of environmental pollutants, water pollutants and noise pollutants, National Green Corps (NGC), Sewage Treatment Plants Effluent Discharge Standards, Recognition of Environmental laboratories under Environment (Protection) Act, Apex committee, SAMEER App, E-Track for Industries, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Namami Gange Programme, National Solar Mission and Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana etc. are the prime and prominent initiative steps taken by the Govt. which has brought fruit in one and more sections of the society putting the graph of harms produced by contaminants to plateau and/or negative slope.

The Urbanization Crisis and the Transformation of Urban Settlement System in Khabarovsk Krai in the 1990s – 2010s

The post-Soviet history of the urbanization process in Russia is still poorly understood both empirically and conceptually. The scarce geography of regional studies, the low level of integration of domestic scientists into international discussions still limit our ability to construct medium-level theories explaining the multi-vector trends in the development of Russian cities and urban-type settlements in the 1990s–2010s. The specific experience of urbanization of the regions of the Far East in this regard seems to be highly important due to its historical and regional originality. The article focuses on the processes of transformation of urban settlement system in the Khabarovsk Krai in the late 1980s–2010s. The study is based on the complex of methods of historical science;its source base includes official statistical data and regulatory documents of the federal, regional and local levels. The author concludes that the last three decades in the history of urban settlements of Khabarovsk Krai can be defined as a period of urbanization crisis. Substantially, this crisis manifested in the loss by cities and urban-type settlements of the region of part (and somewhere, all) of the city-forming enterprises – the economic base, prospects for economic growth; in the reorganization of 14 out of 31 urban-type settlements into rural settlements; in a significant reduction in the population of 6 out of 7 cities (except Khabarovsk) and all urban-type settlements of the region. Not a single new urban-type settlement was created in the region in the 1990s–2010s, and the existing ones did not receive any real grounds for receiving the city status. Only Khabarovsk remains the main support of the region, generating agglomeration and suburbanization processes around it. At the same time, due to Komsomolsk-on-Amur and, to a lesser extent, small towns in the region, the urban settlement system in the region still remains polycentric.

Kant’s Argument for Transcendental Idealism in the Transcendental Aesthetic Revisited

Abstract This paper provides a novel reconstruction of Kant’s argument for transcendental idealism in the Transcendental Aesthetic. This reconstruction relies on two main contentions: first, that Kant accepts the then-ubiquitous view that all cognition is either from grounds or consequences, a view he props up by drawing a distinction between logical and real grounds; second, that Kant, like most of his contemporaries, holds that our representations are the most immediate grounds of our cognition. By stressing these elements, the most threatening objection to Kant’s argument can be avoided, namely, the claim that Kant ignores the possibility that our representations of space and time are subjective in origin, but objective as regards their applicability. My reconstruction shows that this so-called neglected alternative objection is based on a conceptual confusion about the nature of a priori cognition.

Prerequisites for the formation of gold spreads on the Ukrainian Shield and on its southern framing

The presence of numerous native gold deposits of the Ukrainian Crystalline Shield (UCS), as well as the spread of placer gold manifestations, determines the high probability of the formation of precious metal placers with industrial parameters here. The main factors and geological conditions that contribute to the formation of gold placers are manifested in the UCS. An important reason for the failures of previous geological works is the outdated scientific and methodological platform, which involved the search for typical gold-bearing deposits with metal of gravity classes of size. The possibility of significant movement of placer gold in the clayey water flow and the formation of long-distance placers was not taken into account. The traditional slack method used in the study did not make it possible to determine the actual gold content when particles with a size smaller than 0.25 mm predominate in the sample, which is precisely the particle size of the primary sources of the UCS. The applied means of research could not be effective in the absence of the necessary analytical base for determining the gold content, modern methods of studying the geological structure and tectonics of the territories. The negative results did not provide any real grounds for further specialized large-scale research and prospecting for placer gold. Today, it is becoming obvious that placer gold of small and fine grades can easily move over considerable distances in the water flow and form accumulations not only in boulder-pebble material, but also in pelite sediments. As a result of repeated changes in the tectonic plan of block movements, gold-bearing accumulations could be eroded and redeposited in secondary reservoirs. In this aspect, neotectonic studies (using materials from space surveys) become the main predictive and prospecting method for identifying promising areas of placer gold concentration in the region. Field work should be carried out using drilling and modern methods of laboratory analysis of samples for gold. The results of many years of research give hope for the discovery of real placer gold deposits in the Northern Black Sea region in the near future.

Health conscientious objection in Gonzalo Herranz's thought

Conscientious objection in the healthcare professions was a topic that Gonzalo Herranz addressed early on and with a very particular perspective. At all times he moved away from a strictly legal discussion to delve into the real grounds that justify a healthcare agent's refusal to submit to a certain rule, considering that it goes against his or her conscience. This article presents some of the main issues that Professor He- rranz addressed in his publications and conferences in relation to conscientious objection.

Revisiting the Proof-Structure of Kant’s Transcendental Deduction

AbstractThere is no consensus concerning how to understand the ‘two-step proof structure’ (§§15–20, 21–7) of the Transcendental Deduction in the B-edition of the Critique of Pure Reason. This disagreement invites a closer examination of what Kant might have meant by a ‘transcendental deduction’. I argue that the transcendental deduction consists of three tasks that parallel Kant’s broader project of a ‘critique’ of pure reason; first, an origin task to justify reason’s authority to use them; second, an analytical task that determines the conditions under which this authority can be legitimately exercised; and third, a dialectical task to determine the conditions under which this authority cannot be legitimately exercised. So long as we continue to read the B-Deduction solely in terms of its two-step proof structure, we overlook how Kant’s notion of ‘critique’ constitutes the real grounds for his argumentative strategy there.

ИСТОРИЯ БОРЬБА ИНТЕРЕСОВ «СТАРЫХ» И «НОВЫХ» ИГРОКОВ НА МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ АРЕНЕ в ХХІ ВЕКЕ

The purpose of the article is a comprehensive and in-depth study of the struggle unfolding in the modern world between "old" and "new players" for international leadership and the status of a great power.The hypothesis is to identify new international actors that have real grounds for the role of global leaders in the transition from a unipolar to a multipolar world order. These are, first of all, China and Russia, which is trying to revive the status of a great power, as well as the European Union, Great Britain, and Turkeyand Iran, striving for dominance in the Muslim world.The results of the analysis are that the circle of the main participants of the "Great Game" was outlined, the interests of each of these players, their goals, potential were identified, and the chances of them achieving the status of a new "center of power" were determined.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mortality count at the Emergency Ward of Hospitals in India: A Cross-sectional study from January 2019 to May 2021

Background: A cute treatment in emergency case management is required for survival and stabilization of critical patients, followed by shifting the patients to the relevant department for further care. However, for the seriously ill critical patients struggling for survival, the care is provided by the Emergency Department/Ward (ED) of the hospital as the situation is not enough to enable transfer because death may occur while transferring and treatment in such situations are given at emergency ward/department. This aspect of emergency management care is often overlooked by policy makers and government which is really serious regarding who dies in the ED. Objective: The aim of this cross sectional research study was to determine impact of COVID-19 pandemic era on mortality count at the emergency ward of public-private-rural-urban hospitals in India across 36 states and union territories. The objective was fulfilled by collecting, observing, analyzing total mortality occurring at the emergency ward of public-private-rural-urban hospitals in India from 1st January 2019 to 31st May 2021(linear regression is not done for forecasting due to two factors, first the COVID-19 situation and mortality is changing as well as largely associated with virulence of strain and to keep data from accredited source intact on real grounds) of emergency department admissions of public and private health facilities. The objective was to find out if there is increase or decrease in mortality of emergency department admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic era by comparing mean mortality of ED per month of public, private, rural, urban health facilities before the pandemic from 1st and 2nd year of pandemic i.e. 2020 and 2021 respectively. Methods: This research study is a cross sectional retrospective mixed qualitative and quantitative analysis of the mortality occurring at the emergency department of public and private, rural, urban hospitals from 1st January 2019 to May31st 2021 with aim to find out impact of COVID-19 pandemic era on mortality at ED. Electronic patient records from HMIS (health management information system) of MoHFW (ministry of health and family welfare) , Government of India is collected, observed, analysed, compared for all patients deaths occurring at Emergency Department (ED) of public and private, rural, urban health facilities (n = 452102) during the study period from 1st January 2019 to 31st May 2021. Results: The study results found that largest total number of death occurred in the ED during may 2021 whereas the least number of deaths occurred in February 2019 (limitation is actual data availability is up to May 2021 from accredited sources and linear regression is avoided to keep study based on real data only, hence forecast for adjustment was avoided). During the first year of the pandemic, mean mortality per month (Jan2020-Dec2020) in the emergency department (ED) of rural, urban, public and private hospitals in India was 16067per month whereas before the pandemic it was 12542 per month while during second year of pandemic i.e. 2021 the mean mortality increased to 21758 per month (up to May 2021).

Testing mean air temperature trends in southern Greece: A Bayesian approach

AbstractThis study investigates the variability and trends of the mean annual and seasonal surface air temperature in southern Greece, namely in Crete and in the islands of the southern Aegean Sea. The climatic data used are the mean monthly homogenized air temperature values of seven meteorological stations of the Hellenic Meteorological Service, for the period 1960–2004. A Bayesian trend analysis is performed by fitting alternative stochastic‐trend models based on the Log‐normal, the Normal, the Generalized Extreme Value and the Gumbel distributions. Posterior simulations results based on the best fitting model reveal the locations and time‐periods with the strongest and the weakest interannual trends for both mean and variance. Furthermore, a model comparison experiment based on Bayes Factors compares the above stochastic‐trend models with the corresponding ones with no‐time trends. The results are very significant since they reveal the locations and the seasons where interannual trends for both mean and variance have real grounds.

SAFETY OF PARTICIPANTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

Introduction. Security must be ensured in various spheres of socially significant activity. As criminal proceedings are one of the most important activities of the state, the issue of ensuring the safety of participants in criminal proceedings becomes particularly relevant. The term "security of participants in criminal proceedings" is not an abstract concept, as security must be provided to specific persons involved in criminal proceedings, and if there are real grounds for doing so. Summary of the main research results. The need to ensure the safety of participants in criminal proceedings in Ukraine arose not so long ago as some other criminal procedural institutions (for example, the Institute for the Protection of Suspects and Accused). Many procedural scholars have dealt with this issue. It is proposed to expand the provisions on ensuring the safety of a person harmed by a crime and to specify that such security should be provided to a natural person who has suffered from a crime, regardless of his status as a victim, and to a representative of a legal entity in case of property damage. reputation of this legal entity. Conclusions. It should be noted that the vast majority of proposals developed and substantiated by criminal procedure science were requested by the legislator to form a system of security measures enshrined in the CPC of Ukraine. At the same time, a large number of issues related to the establishment of criminal security measures remain unresolved to this day. Ways to improve the current legislation of Ukraine are suggested.

The Legitimacy of the Public-Sector Employee’s Strike in the Jordanian Legislation: A Study Case

The national and international have endorsed the act of striking as a basic common right that is carte blanche but confined to local laws and regulations. The issue, however, has been an area of controversy; a number of countries have been diverse in their stance in terms of banning such an act or legalize I. Jordan is one of the countries which ban the public-sector employee to strike in order to ensure the public facilities and services necessary fir the citizen’s daily-life activities and needs, noting that this ban in exempted from the private-sector employees in accordance to the labour law.
 
 So many legislators have highlighted the right and obligations of the pubic-sector employee, focusing the attention on his right in striking to a great extent that might expose his right to be confined in case of a conflict with the principle of public utility. Over history, many countries have been legitimizing the right of striking for the public-sector employees because of several reasons. First, conducting a strike might be harmful for the stream of public utitlity. In addition, this act represents in a way one of the vital features of the state’s sovereignty.
 
 Despite the fact that many countries have joined the international conventions that ensure the public-sector employee, known as public official, in striking, the Jordanian legislator has not exercised this right on real grounds in the space of the employee’s profession, but he has been satisfied with the words that ban employees to strike as documented in the Civil Service Regulations. The legislator considers striking as any illegal conduct resulting in dangerous consequences and disruption in the public utility regularly and steadily.
 
 This study will tackle the legitimacy of the public-sector employees in the Jordanian law. The attention will be focused on the Jordanian teachers;’ strike as a study case with reference to the Jordanian Constitution, including the relevant bylaws and regulations, the provisions of Jordanian courts like the Constitutional Court of Jordan and the Supreme Administrative Court of Jordan.

Потребительский аспект образовательных правоотношений

Purpose. Research of problems arising in law enforcement practice for the protection of the rights of consumers of educational services. Differentiation of judicial and other ways of protecting educational rights. The correlation of the standards for educational and consumer legislation in resolving disputes on protection of rights of consumers of educational services. Methodology: dialectics, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, formal legal method. Conclusions. The legislation on consumer protection applies exclusively to educational services provided on the basis of full reimbursement of training costs, i.e. under the appropriate commutative contracts for the provision of educational services. In order to apply measures to protect the rights of a consumer acting in good faith, it is necessary in each case to establish the scope of service provision in comparison with the degree course scheme. Consumer demands for a significant reduction in the cost of paid educational services in the absence of real grounds are a manifestation of «consumer extremism». Scientific and practical significance. The results obtained in this article can be used in further research to solve the problem, in scientific and pedagogical activities, and in law enforcement activities of bodies dealing with specific disputes. These provisions can also be useful to consumers, since the correct choice of the procedure and method of protection accelerates the achievement of the goal of protecting the violated right.

Reconciling Conflicting Interests of Coastal and Riparian States: The Hard Case of Black Sea Straits

There are two basic understandings of the regime of the Black Sea straits: the Black Sea straits as a legal regime and the Black Sea straits as a political regime [1]. The legal assessment of the Black Sea Straits regime requires determining what the existing regulation of the Straits is, how open the Straits are to international navigation, and if closed, whether there are real legal grounds for closing straits while the reference to the Black Sea Straits as a political regime allows for the possibility that straits may be closed for ensuring the security of Turkey and the Black Sea riparian states [1]. It is worth noting that arguments advanced by international legal scientists on the Black Sea straits as legal regime fundamentally differ from each other. Some scientists consider the Montreux Convention to be a major problem in the legal regulation of the Black Sea straits. They consider it necessary for Turkey to recognise the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea as a legally binding treaty [2]. Others argue that the main problem in regulating the Black Sea straits is the unilateral regulations adopted by Turkey (1994, 1998 and 2003 Regulations), which, in their view, violate the basic norms of the Montreux Convention, especially the regime of free passage through the straits established by this Convention [3; 4]. Another group of scientists believes that although the regime of the Black Sea straits is significantly restricted by Turkish unilateral regulations, these acts are aimed at protecting the marine environment and safety, and, therefore, the Turkish policy of regulating the Black Sea Straits is legally justified [1; 5]. This article is dedicated to the international legal regulation of navigation in the Black Sea Straits. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the current regime of the Black Sea Straits, the relationship and differences between the regime established by the Montreux Convention and the unilateral acts adopted by Turkey on the regulation of traffic in the Black Sea Straits, and to answer the question whether the urgent need to protect the natural environment and maritime safety entitles Turkey to restrict the regime established by the Montreux Convention. Thus, special attention will be drawn to the Montreux Convention, the rules and recommendations adopted by the International Maritime Organisation and the case law of international courts. In the view of the authors, the environmental and safety arguments put forward by Turkey for restricting navigation through the Black Sea Straits have two conceptual dimensions. First, these arguments are acceptable when it comes either to introducing norms related to the movement of ships to ensure safety of navigation or providing an obligation of notification to the Turkish authorities [6]. Another important thesis advanced by this article is that in each particular case, the regulations adopted by Turkey should be interpreted in the light of the recommendations made by the International Maritime Organisation. The main rationale of this argument is that under the existing regulations, Turkish authorities can still suspend the movement of ships in the straits for various reasons, some of which are quite vague. However, the article showcases that Turkey can, in case of pressing environmental need, when there is an urgent interest in the protection of the natural environment, act with the motive of protecting the natural environment, regardless of whether this action derives from a particular international treaty.

Design and Public Space The University Campus' Open Spaces Between Rituality and Non-normativity

The university campuses, in relationship with the sustainable development goals and with the contemporary criteria of urban quality in the public spaces, are nowadays configured as real grounds of experimentation for the design activities and for the strategies of urban regeneration: inclusion, security, sustainable growth and quality of services pass through the radical reinterpretation of the public spaces’ potentialities with reference to the deep changes in the access system to services and information for extremely different levels of users, more and more open source and based on sharing platforms. In this mark, and in a condition in which the necessity to define non-normative strategies for the social use of the spaces becomes stronger and stronger, the question arise as to how could the industrial design discipline and the new digital technologies give a contribution to enrich and strengthen these new forms of “social connection” between people and between users and places. The article aims to investigate the strategies through which new information and communication devices can improve the physical and social quality of the public spaces in the university campuses. Starting from the analysis of the relationship between people, space and new technologies, making reference to some specific study cases, the paper presents some design experimentations which constitute examples applicable also in the urban context, as far as the campus’ public spaces are seen as a common ground for the investigation of a new idea of city, more open, collaborative, accessible and based on a non-normative citizens’ participation.

FRANZ KAFKA: PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE WRITER'S OEUVRE

The article presents the results of research on Franz Kafka's personality and oeuvre. The influence of cultural and historical factors on the development of the writer's personality was examined. The period and place of Kafka's residence had signs of social instability and conflict, including such events as the First World War and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. However, the analysis based on autobiographical facts showed that the writer had seemingly a low level of interest in global historical events, and, therefore, the latter had insignificant influence on Kafka’s writing. The factors that had a significant impact on Kafka’s personality and works were divided into several groups. The micro factors include close social environment and micro events. In these groups, the following facts played a significant role. The most important figure in Kafka's life was his authoritarian and oppressive father. Through their relationship the writer’s main personality traits were developed. Constant acts of psychological tyranny, negative reinforcement of any Kafka’s initiative, including creative writing, and the feeling of guilt regarding everything that Kafka would do, led to the development of shyness, low self-esteem, insecurity, social isolation, permanent fear of the outside world, despondency and continuous unreasonable feeling of guilt. In this relationship, the mother played a role of a buffer, and over time, the son and the father started to communicate only through her. Kafka often endowed the main characters of his works with all of the above features, and portrayed their lives as depressing, sullen and hopeless. The psychological childhood trauma inflicted by Kafka’s father had substantial consequences, the emotions of its experience were embedded in the storylines of the writer’s novels (e.g. "The Trial", "The Castle"), where the protagonist is under complete control of a higher authority that punishes and humiliates him for unknown reasons. Although writer's loyal friend, Max Brod, provided psychological support and encouraged him to write, Kafka’s disappointment in his own talent sometimes led to the destruction of manuscripts. Research also revealed that personality characteristics of certain writer’s relatives were portrayed as his characters’ features in the novels, in “The Trial”, for instance. According to the study, it was found out that although the plot of the main works of Franz Kafka and his characters have fictional decorations and names, the emotions that run through his works have entirely real grounds and the writer experienced them at certain periods of his life.

Theoretical and practice-oriented sociology, its virtual and real grounds

In this article, the author distinguishes between practical sociology, the field of study of which is socio-cultural reality, and theoretical sociology, the subject of study of which is logical analysis of concepts and empirical facts. Positivist sociology, according to his opinion, deals not with the social reality itself, but with its modeling in the researcher’s thinking with the help of methods of various surveys, document analysis, social experiment. Practice-oriented sociology studies the following: socio-historical, socio-symbolic, anthropological and other cultural reality, in the study of which the decisive role belongs not to theory and logical analysis, but to experience of social interaction within a certain social space and time characterized by their inherent values and norms of behavior (historical epoch, national, territorial, settlement, gender and age, professional and other community). To form a realistic picture of crime in society, to reveal the causes of crisis in education, spiritual and moral degradation etc. from the position of their theoretical modeling, is impossible, according to the researcher. Its creation requires an appeal to the analysis of spiritual, symbolic, energy and other foundations of the development and functioning of society. The author traces the development of sociological science from medieval nominalism and realism to positivism of Auguste Conte, and from him to social logic and laws of imitation of Gabriel Tarde and social-cultural sociology of Emile Durkheim, from the religious and philosophical tradition of orthodox energetism and cosmism to social structuralism of Levi-Strauss and Michel Foucault, «habitus» by Pierre Bourdieu, symbolic interactionism of George Mead, theory of stigmatization, noospheric sociology, and a number of other research areas of Western European, American and domestic sociology.