Real Counterparts Research Articles

Two Sisters: the Sculptor Hanna Nałkowska in the Light of Zofia Nałkowska’s Novel Węże i Róże

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 65, issue 4 (2017).
 The article focuses on Ernestyna Śniadowiczówna, the main character in a novel by Zofia Nałkowska, Węże i róże [Snakes and Roses] (1913). The main purpose of the work is to show that the character had its real counterpart in Zofia’s younger sister, the sculptor Hanna Nałkowska. The words of Zofia herself were crucial, who in her Diary confessed that all her novels were autobiographical to some extent. Still, researchers have not paid sufficient attention to the significant similarities between Ernestyna and Hanna Nałkowska. Węże i róże is the only piece in the writer’s output in which she analyzed the issues related to art and pointed out some characteristics of the artist. Zofia was writing her novel when Hanna was entering the world of art. A comparison between Ernestyna Śniadowiczówna and Hanna Nałkowska, as well as the information from Zofia’s Dziennik and reminiscences of their friends show that the literary character is likely to be based on a real person.

Learning the nuance of musical instrument acoustics

While acoustic modeling successfully captures the broad strokes of how musical instruments produce sound, it falls short of capturing the more nuanced attributes required to synthesize entirely convincing reproductions. For example, there are innumerable (effectively random) factors that affect the waveform produced by a single violinist performing the same musical gesture multiple times. Using machine learning, we can implicitly learn a distribution of these factors by modeling a collection of instrument waveforms, which could potentially lead to more convincing synthesis. In this talk, I will discuss our work on using generative adversarial networks, an unsupervised machine learning technique, to synthesize instrument waveforms. I will also speculate about how similar strategies might be paired with existing acoustic models to produce digital instruments which are indistinguishable from their real counterparts.

From affect, behavior, and cognition to personality: an integrated personal character model for individual-like intelligent artifacts

An individual-like intelligent artifact is a special kind of humanoid which resembles a human being in assimilating aspects of its real human counterpart’s cognition and neurological functions. Such an individual-like intelligent artifact could have a number of far-reaching applications, such as in creating a digital clone of an individual and bringing about forms of digital immortality. Although such intelligent artifacts have been created in various forms, such as physical robots or digital avatars, these creations are still far from modeling the inner cognitive and neurological mechanisms of an individual human. To imbue individual-like intelligent artifacts with the characteristics of individuals, we propose a Personal Character Model that consists of personality, the characteristics of affect, behavior, and cognition, and the relations between these characteristics. According to differential psychology and personality psychology, personality is the set of essential characteristics that make a person unique whereas characteristics in affect, behavior, and cognition explain a person’s stable and abstract personality in their diverse daily behavior. In addition, relations among these characteristics serve as a bridge from one characteristic to another. To illustrate the computing process of the personal character model, we first designed three experiments to collect physiological data and behavior data from twenty participants. Then we selected data features from the collected data using correlational analysis. Finally, we computed several representative characteristics from selected data features and represented the computed results.

A structure-preserving one-sided Jacobi method for computing the SVD of a quaternion matrix

In this paper, we propose a structure-preserving one-sided cyclic Jacobi method for computing the singular value decomposition of a quaternion matrix. In our method, the columns of the quaternion matrix are orthogonalized in pairs by using a sequence of orthogonal JRS-symplectic Jacobi matrices to its real counterpart. We establish the quadratic convergence of our method specially. We also give some numerical examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Hypercomplex Widely Linear Estimation Through the Lens of Underpinning Geometry

We provide a rigorous account of the equivalence between the complex-valued widely linear estimation method and the quaternion involution widely linear estimation method with their vector-valued real linear estimation counterparts. This is achieved by an account of degrees of freedom and by providing matrix mappings between a complex variable and an isomorphic bivariate real vector, and a quaternion variable versus a quadri-variate real vector. Furthermore, we show that the parameters in the complex-valued linear estimation method, the complex-valued widely linear estimation method, the quaternion linear estimation method, the quaternion semi-widely linear estimation method, and the quaternion involution widely linear estimation method include distinct geometric structures imposed on complex numbers and quaternions, respectively, whereas the real-valued linear estimation methods do not exhibit any structure. This key difference explains, both in theoretical and practical terms, the advantage of estimation in division algebras (complex, quaternion) over their multivariate real vector counterparts. In addition, we discuss the computational complexities of the estimators of the hypercomplex widely linear estimation methods.

Lower bounds and asymptotics of real double Hurwitz numbers

We study the real counterpart of double Hurwitz numbers, called real double Hurwitz numbers here. We establish a lower bound for these numbers with respect to their dependence on the distribution of branch points. We use it to prove, under certain conditions, existence of real Hurwitz covers as well as logarithmic equivalence of real and classical Hurwitz numbers. The lower bound is based on the \enquote{tropical} computation of real Hurwitz numbers in arXiv:1412.4235.

Modeling of the meteoroid stream of comet C/1975 T2 and λ-Ursae Majorids

Aims. We study the meteoroid stream of the long-period comet C/1975 T2 (Suzuki-Saigusa-Mori). This comet was suggested as the parent body of the established λ-Ursae Majorid meteor shower, No. 524. Methods. We modeled 32 parts of a theoretical meteoroid stream of the parent comet considered. Each of our models is characterized with a single value of the evolutionary time and a single value of the strength of Poynting-Robertson effect. The evolutionary time ranges from 10 000 to 80 000 yr. It is the period during which the evolution of the stream part is followed. In each model, the dynamical evolution of 10 000 test particles was then followed, via a numerical integration, from the time of the modeling up to the present. At the end of the integration, we analyzed the mean orbital characteristics of particles in the orbits that approach the Earth’s orbit, which thus enabled us to predict a shower related to the parent comet. The predicted shower was subsequently compared with its observed counterparts. We separated the latter from the databases of real meteors. As well, we attempted to identify the predicted shower to a shower recorded in the International Astronomical Union Meteor Data Center (IAU MDC) list of all showers. Results. Almost all modeled parts of the stream of comet C/1975 T2 are identified with the corresponding real shower in three video-meteor databases. No real counterpart is found in the IAU MDC photographic or radio-meteor data. In the IAU MDC list of showers and in our current study, this shower is identified with the established λ-Ursae Majorid shower, No. 524. Hence, our modeling confirms the results of previous authors. At the same time we exclude an existence of other meteor shower associated with C/1975 T2.

Dissecting the Yield Curve: The International Evidence

We develop a term structure model that decomposes nominal yields into the sum of an expectation, term premium, and convexity term, and in turn of their real and inflation counterparts. The model explicitly captures the interrelation between yield factors and macroeconomic conditions while allowing for aggregate stochastic volatility. We extract the components from the nominal and real yield curve of the US, Euro Area, UK, and Japan. We find that the bulk of yield dynamics comes from short rate expectations. Term premia vary over time and increase with maturity, but account for a smaller fraction of yield variance than previously documented. Over time, we observe a sustained decline in short real rate expectations and significant convexity effects. With regard to yield comovement, the US generates the strongest spillovers at the long-end of the yield curve, whereas the Japanese market is the top importer of shocks.

'Keeping It Personal' or 'Getting Real'? On the Drivers and Effectiveness of Personal versus Real Loan Guarantees

Little is known about the drivers and effectiveness of personal versus real loan guarantees provided by firms. This paper studies a dataset of 477,209 loan contracts granted over the 2006-2014 period by one Spanish financial institution consisting of several distinguishable organizational units. We uncover different reactions of personal and real guarantee requirements along key bank, loan, bank-firm relationship and firm characteristics. Personal guarantees are mostly driven by the economic environment as reflected in firm conditions, while real guarantees are mostly explained by loan characteristics. In response to higher capital requirements imposed by European authorities in October 2011, personal guarantees requirements increased significantly more than their real counterparts. But both personal and real guarantees can discipline firms in their risk-taking.

Properly Handling Complex Differentiation in Optimization and Approximation Problems

Functions of complex variables arise frequently in the formulation of signal processing problems. The basic calculus rules on differentiation and integration for functions of complex variables resemble, but are not identical to, the rules of their real variable counterparts. On the contrary, the standard calculus rules on differentiation, integration, series expansion, and so on are the special cases of the complex analysis with the restriction of the complex variable to the real line. The goal of this lecture note is to review the fundamentals of the functions of complex variables, highlight the differences and similarities with their real variable counterparts, and study the complex differentiation operation with the optimization and approximation applications in mind.

Meteoroid-stream complex originating from comet 2P/Encke

Aims. We present a study of the meteor complex of the short-period comet 2P/Encke. Methods. For five perihelion passages of the parent comet in the past, we modeled the associated theoretical stream. Specifically, each of our models corresponds to a part of the stream characterized with a single value of the evolutionary time and a single value of the strength of the Poynting–Robertson effect. In each model, we follow the dynamical evolution of 10 000 test particles via a numerical integration. The integration was performed from the time when the set of test particles was assumed to be ejected from the comet’s nucleus up to the present. At the end of the integration, we analyzed the mean orbital characteristics of those particles that approached the Earth’s orbit, and thus created a meteor shower or showers. Using the mean characteristics of the predicted shower, we attempted to select its real counterpart from each of five considered databases (one photographic, three video, and one radio-meteor). If at least one attempt was successful, the quality of the prediction was evaluated. Results. The modeled stream of 2P approaches the Earth’s orbit in several filaments with the radiant areas grouped in four cardinal directions of ecliptical showers. These groups of radiant areas are situated symmetrically with respect to the apex of the Earth’s motion around the Sun. Specifically, we found that showers #2, #17, #156, #172, #173, #215, #485, #624, #626, #628, #629, #632, #634, #635, #636, and #726 in the IAU-MDC list of all showers are dynamically related to 2P. In addition, we found five new 2P-related showers in the meteor databases considered.

Image conditions and addition theorems for prolate and oblate spheroidal-coordinate separation-of-variables acoustic multiple scattering models with perfectly-reflecting flat surfaces

Abstract Three-dimensional time-harmonic acoustic multiple scattering problems are considered for a finite number of prolate and oblate spheroidal objects adjacent to flat surfaces. Wave propagation by spheroids is modelled by the method of separation of variables equipped with the addition theorems in the spheroidal coordinates. The effect of flat surfaces is accounted for by using the method of images; hence, the flat surfaces are of (semi-)infinite extent and perfectly reflecting: either rigid or pressure release. Wedge-shaped acoustic domains are constructed including half-space and right-angled corners with the wedge angle of $\pi /n$ rad with positive integer $n$. First, Euler angles are implemented to rotate image spheroids to realize the mirror reflection. Then, the ‘image conditions’ are developed to reduce the number of unknowns by expressing the unknown expansion coefficients of image-scattered fields in terms of real counterparts. Use of image conditions to 2D wedges, therefore, leads to the $4n^2$-fold reduction in the size of a matrix for direct solvers and $2n$-times faster computation than the approach without using them; for 3D wedges, the savings are $16n^2$-fold and $4n$-times, respectively. Multiple scattering models (MSMs) are also formulated for fluid, rigid and pressure-release spheroids under either plane- or spherical-wave incidence; novel addition theorems are also derived for spheroidal wavefunctions by using two rotations of spherical wavefunctions and a $z$-axis translation in-between, which is shown numerically more efficient than other addition theorems based on an arbitrary-direction translation and a single rotation. Finally, MSMs using image conditions are numerically validated by the boundary element method for a configuration populated with both prolate and oblate spheroids.

The Real People of Joyce's "Ulysses": A Biographical Guide by Vivien Igoe

Reviewed by: The Real People of Joyce's "Ulysses": A Biographical Guide by Vivien Igoe Terence Killeen (bio) THE REAL PEOPLE OF JOYCE'S "ULYSSES": A BIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE, by Vivien Igoe. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2016. xviii + 380 pp. €40.00. Robert Martin Adams's 1962 Surface and Symbol: The Consistency of James Joyce's "Ulysses" was the first book to take seriously the underlying reality of "Joyce's Dublin" in its relation to the work.1 Adams spent time in Dublin, consulted Thom's Directory very profitably,2 collated carefully the lives and trajectories of several characters in the book with those of their real-life counterparts (some of whom appear in Ulysses under their actual names, some under fictitious ones), and derived considerable enlightenment from observing discrepancies and congruities. A trailblazing effort in this regard was Richard Ellmann's famous chapter in his Joyce biography, "The Backgrounds of Ulysses."3 But Adams was the first to delve thoroughly into the background of the work and to "deconstruct," as we would say today, some of the more mythical and symbolical readings of the text. He brought them back to basics, as it were, back to the world of the Dublin that Joyce knew. Following Adams's initiative, further studies were undertaken into the actuality, or the factuality, of Joyce's world: books such as Michael Seidel's Epic Geography explored how the map of Dublin was overlaid on that of The Odyssey to create a congruence between Homer's world and that of Bloom.4 Bernard and Shari Benstock's Who's He When He's at Home: A James Joyce Directory was a first attempt at a census of the characters in Ulysses, an exercise that became an increasing preoccupation later.5 Works by R. B. Kershner and Cheryl Herr explored the neglected popular culture of the time, which is such a major substratum of the book.6 And volumes of annotations such as those of Don Gifford and Robert A. Seidman and Sam Slote, Marc A. Mamigonian, and John Turner also contributed substantially to knowledge of the background of Joyce's fiction.7 More recently, the website James Joyce Online Notes has greatly expanded these investigations: the internet, including resources such as the digitized Irish censuses of 1901 and 1911, has enabled information that was previously undreamed of (take, for one simple instance, the case of Alfred H. Hunter) to become available.8 Vivien Igoe's The Real People of Joyce's "Ulysses" is the latest iteration of this ongoing project. Like the Benstocks before her, Igoe uses an alphabetical method to go through not only the characters in the book but many people who are just mentioned. Her range is very wide: the broad rubric "people" reaches as far as Garryowen, the Citizen's dog (117-19). It includes such recondite figures as Madam Leggett Byrne (U 15.4042-43), Sir Timothy O'Brien ("Timothy of the battered naggin"—U 14.1441), and Mrs. Clyde Twelvetrees (U 12.1267-279)—a [End Page 180] name one might have sworn that Joyce had made up but who was, indeed, a real person (another instance, since this passage is all about trees, of Joycean serendipity). Mrs. Twelvetrees, in fact, provides a good example of the strengths of Igoe's book. One would be forgiven for imagining that by now, all the identifications of characters in Ulysses who are based on real people have been made and that it is at this stage just a matter of fleshing them out. In the case of Mrs. Twelvetrees, both Gifford and Seidman, and Slote, Mamigonian, and Turner, in the works already cited, provide quotations from newspaper reports about Mr. Clyde Twelvetrees (a prominent Dublin musician—"Ulysses" 109, U 687-88). Igoe, though, tells us exactly who Mrs. Clyde Twelvetrees was—and she is, of course, the person alluded to in the text, not her husband (295). So this has every appearance of being a new identification, certainly in book form. Nor does Igoe provide a mere identification—she gives a comprehensive account of Mrs. Twelvetrees and her life and death. This data may not be very relevant to Ulysses, but...

An optimised approach to detect the identity of hidden information in grey scale and colour images

Feature-based steganalysis is an emerging trend in the domain of Information Forensics, aims to discover the identity of secret information present in the covert communication by analysing the statistical features of cover/stego image. Due to massive volumes of auditing data as well as complex and dynamic behaviours of steganogram features, optimising those features is an important open problem. This paper focused on optimising the number of features using the proposed quick artificial bee colony (qABC) algorithm. Here we tested for three steganalysers, namely subtractive pixel adjacency matrix (SPAM), phase aware projection model (PHARM) and colour filter array (CFA) for the break our steganographic system (BOSS) 1.01 datasets. The significant improvement in the convergence nature of qABC quickly improves the solution and fine tune the search than their real counterparts. The results reveal that qABC method with support vector machine (SVM) classifier outperforms the non-optimised version concerning classification accuracy and reduced number of feature sets.

Semi‐algebraic triangulation over p‐adically closed fields

We prove a triangulation theorem for semi-algebraic sets over a p-adically closed field, quite similar to its real counterpart. We derive from it several applications like the existence of flexible retractions and splitting for semi-algebraic sets.

Alpha-factor in multimode lasers

A theory of the spectral linewidth for a multi-mode laser is presented and used to explain experiment results. It turned out that linewidth is much greater than predicted by Schawlow-Townes theory. Henry attributed this enhancement to variation of real part of refractive index with carrier density. Spontaneous emissions cause changes to imaginary part of refractive index, which is coupled to changes in a real counterpart. This approach is expanded to cover multi-mode lasers and interactions between modes.

Reduced scaling Hilbert space variational Monte Carlo.

We show that for both single-Slater-Jastrow and Jastrow geminal power wave functions the formal cost scaling of Hilbert space variational Monte Carlo can be reduced from fifth to fourth order in the system size, thus bringing it in line with the long-standing scaling of its real space counterpart. While traditional quantum chemistry methods can reduce costs related to the two-electron integral tensor through various tensor decomposition methods, we show that such approaches are ineffective in the presence of Hilbert space Jastrow factors. Instead, we develop a simple semi-stochastic approach that can take similar advantage of the near-sparsity of this four-index tensor. Through demonstrations on alkanes of increasing length, we show that accuracy and overall statistical uncertainty are not meaningfully affected and that a total cost crossover is reached as early as 50 electrons when using a minimal basis. Further study will be needed to assess where the crossover occurs in more compact molecular geometries and larger basis sets and to explore how in that context the crossover can be accelerated.

Interactive proofs and a Shamir-like result for real number computations

We introduce and study interactive proofs in the framework of real number computations as introduced by Blum, Shub, and Smale. Ivanov and de Rougemont started this line of research showing that an analogue of Shamir’s result holds in the real additive Blum–Shub–Smale model of computation when only Boolean messages can be exchanged. Here, we introduce interactive proofs in the full BSS model in which also multiplications can be performed and reals can be exchanged. The ultimate goal is to give a Shamir-like characterization of the real counterpart $${{\rm IP}_\mathbb{R}}$$ of classical IP. Whereas classically Shamir’s result implies IP = PSPACE = PAT = PAR, in our framework a major difficulty arises: In contrast to Turing complexity theory, the real number classes $${{\rm PAR}_\mathbb{R}}$$ and $${{\rm PAT}_\mathbb{R}}$$ differ and space resources considered separately are not meaningful. It is not obvious how to figure out whether at all $${{\rm IP}_\mathbb{R}}$$ is characterized by one of the above classes—and if so by which. We obtain two main results, an upper and a lower bound for the new class $${{\rm IP}_\mathbb{R}.}$$ As upper bound we establish $${{{\rm IP}_\mathbb{R}} \subseteq {\rm MA\exists}_\mathbb{R}}$$ , where $${{\rm MA} \exists_\mathbb{R}}$$ is a real complexity class introduced by Cucker and Briquel satisfying $${{\rm PAR}_\mathbb{R} \subsetneq {\rm MA}\exists_{\mathbb{R}} \subseteq {\rm PAT}_\mathbb{R}}$$ and conjectured to be different from $${{\rm PAT}_\mathbb{R}}$$ . We then complement this result and prove a non-trivial lower bound for $${{\rm IP}_\mathbb{R}}$$ . More precisely, we design interactive real protocols verifying function values for a large class of functions introduced by Koiran and Perifel and denoted by UniformVPSPACE $${^{0}.}$$ As a consequence, we show $${{\rm PAR}_\mathbb{R} \subseteq {\rm IP}_\mathbb{R}}$$ , which in particular implies co- $${{\rm NP}_\mathbb{R} \subseteq {\rm IP}_\mathbb{R}}$$ , and $${{\rm P}_\mathbb{R}^{Res} \subseteq {\rm IP}_\mathbb{R}}$$ , where Res denotes certain multivariate Resultant polynomials. Our proof techniques are guided by the question in how far Shamir’s classical proof can be used as well in the real number setting. Towards this aim results by Koiran and Perifel on UniformVPSPACE $${^{0}}$$ are extremely helpful.

Existence of outsiders as a characteristic of online communication networks

AbstractOnline social networking services involve communication activities between large number of individuals over the public Internet and their crawled records are often regarded as proxies of real (i.e., offline) interaction structure. However, structure observed in these records might differ from real counterparts because individuals may behave differently online and non-human accounts may even participate. To understand the difference between online and real social networks, we investigate an empirical communication network between users on Twitter, which is perhaps one of the largest social networking services. We define a network of user pairs that send reciprocal messages. Based on the correlation between degree of adjacent nodes observed in this network, we hypothesize that this network differs from conventional understandings in the sense that there is a small number of distinctive users that we call outsiders. Outsiders do not belong to any user groups but they are connected with different groups, while not being well connected with each other. We identify outsiders by maximizing the degree assortativity coefficient of the network via node removal, thereby confirming that local structural properties of outsiders identified are consistent with our hypothesis. Our findings suggest that the existence of outsiders should be considered when using Twitter communication networks for social network analysis.

Interchangeability between real and three-dimensional simulated lung tumors in computed tomography: an interalgorithm volumetry study.

Using hybrid datasets consisting of patient-derived computed tomography (CT) images with digitally inserted computational tumors, we establish volumetric interchangeability between real and computational lung tumors in CT. Pathologically-confirmed malignancies from 30 thoracic patient cases from the RIDER database were modeled. Tumors were either isolated or attached to lung structures. Patient images were acquired on one of two CT scanner models (Lightspeed 16 or VCT; GE Healthcare) using standard chest protocol. Real tumors were segmented and used to inform the size and shape of simulated tumors. Simulated tumors developed in Duke Lesion Tool (Duke University) were inserted using a validated image-domain insertion program. Four readers performed volume measurements using three commercial segmentation tools. We compared the volume estimation performance of segmentation tools between real tumors in actual patient CT images and corresponding simulated tumors virtually inserted into the same patient images (i.e., hybrid datasets). Comparisons involved (1)direct assessment of measured volumes and the standard deviation between simulated and real tumors across readers and tools, respectively, (2)multivariate analysis, involving segmentation tools, readers, tumor shape, and attachment, and (3)effect of local tumor environment on volume measurement. Volume comparison showed consistent trends (9% volumetric difference) between real and simulated tumors across all segmentation tools, readers, shapes, and attachments. Across all cases, readers, and segmentation tools, an intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99 indicates that simulated tumors correlated strongly with real tumors ( ). In addition, the impact of the local tumor environment on tumor volume measurement was found to have a segmentation tool-related influence. Strong agreement between simulated tumors modeled in this study compared to their real counterparts suggests a high degree of similarity. This indicates that, volumetrically, simulated tumors embedded into patient CT data can serve as reasonable surrogates to real patient data.