Active Reagents Research Articles

Analysis of bacterial flora of indigo fermentation fluids utilizing composted indigo leaves (sukumo) and indigo extracted from plants (Ryukyu-ai and Indian indigo)

Indigo is a fabric dye that requires reduction by microbial activity or chemical reagents to render it soluble in water. Sources of indigo for fermentation are primarily divided into composted indigo-containing plants and indigo extracted from plants. To elucidate the factors responsible for bacterial diversity, and for sustaining reduced state of indigo in different preparations, this study assessed fermentation-derived fluids using composted plant leaves, sukumo, and extracted indigo (Ryukyu-ai paste, and Indian indigo cake) prepared using different procedures. Regardless of the indigo source, obligate anaerobic bacteria, including the families Proteinivoraceae and Tissierellaceae, predominate (16.9-46.1%), suggesting their high affinity for this fermentation ecosystem (hyperalkaline and low redox potential). Moreover, bacterial communities in sukumo fermentations are more diverse than those from indigo extracts with the diversity tending to increase based on the fermentation period. Our results further suggest that the microbiota composition in sukumo fermentation is associated with the various bacterial nutrients derived from sukumo, including seed microorganisms. In addition, the debris derived from sukumo can reduce the pH stress experienced by the microorganisms. Further, regardless of 5.4 years difference in the fermentation age, the bacterial flora in two Ryukyu-ai batches exhibit similar features with low microbial diversities. The uniformity of the nutrient, along with the simple, yet strong, bacterial network in Ryukyu-ai fluids may be responsible for the stable bacterial flora composition. Taken together, these results indicate that the microbiota in indigo fermentation is highly influenced by the seed culture, the nutrient derived from raw materials, and the fermentation conditions.

Hybrid Microporous Polymeric Materials with Outstanding Permeability and Increased Gas Transport Stability: PTMSP Aging Prevention by Sorption of the Polymerization Catalyst on HCPS.

The influence of hyper-crosslinked polystyrene (HCPS) MacronetTM MN200 on the gas transport properties and aging of the highly permeable glassy polymer poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) was studied and analyzed in detail. The gas transport characteristics of dense PTMSP membranes containing 0–10.0 wt % HCPS were studied. It was shown that the introduction of a small amount of HCPS into the PTMSP matrix led to a 50–60% increase of the permeability coefficients of the material for light gases (N2, O2, CO2) and slowed down the deterioration of polymer transport properties over time. The lowest reduction in gas permeability coefficients (50–57%) was found for PTMSP containing HCPS 5.0 wt % after annealing at 100 °C for 300 h. It was found that HCPS sorbed residues of tantalum-based polymerization catalyst from PTMSP. In order to investigate the influence of catalysts on transport and physical properties of PTMSP, we purified the latter from the polymerization catalyst by addition of 5 wt % HCPS into polymer/chloroform solution. It was shown that sorption on HCPS allowed for almost complete removal of tantalum compounds from PTMSP. The membrane made of PTMSP purified by HCPS demonstrated more stable transport characteristics compared to the membrane made of the initial polymer. HCPS has a complex effect on the aging process of PTMSP. The introduction of HCPS into the polymer matrix not only slowed down the physical aging of PTMSP, but also reduced chemical aging due to removal of active reagents.

Ipso Nitration of Aryl Boronic Acids Using Fuming Nitric Acid

The ipso nitration of aryl boronic acid derivatives has been developed using fuming nitric acid as the nitrating agent. This facile procedure provides efficient and chemoselective access to a variety of aromatic nitro compounds. While several activating agents and nitro sources have been reported in the literature for this synthetically useful transformation, this report demonstrates that these processes likely generate a common active reagent, anhydrous HNO3. Kinetic and mechanistic studies have revealed that the reaction order in HNO3 is >2 and indicate that the •NO2 radical is the active species.

Tailoring, structural inspection of novel oxy and non-oxy metal-imine chelates for DNA interaction, pharmaceutical and molecular docking studies

A green synthetic pathway for two mononuclear M(II)-complexes (M = Ni2+ as a non-oxy-metal ion and ZrO2+ as an oxy-metal ion, NiLig and ZrOLig, respectively) of an imino-naphthalenol sodium sulfonate ligand (H2Lig) was followed. Using various physico-chemical tools, their chemical compositions were elucidated. The material-studio package was applied to confirm the structures of NiLig and ZrOLig via the DFT method. The biological potential of the ligand (H2Lig) and its NiLig and ZrOLig complexes was investigated for different microbial strains as well as different cancer cell lines. The redox potential of the newly synthesized complexes was evaluated using different biochemical assays, e.g. DPPH and SOD assays. The NiLig and ZrOLig complexes exhibited improved antimicrobial and anticancer activities as compared to the free ligand (H2Lig). Accordingly, the ZrOLig complex was the most active biological reagent. The binding nature of the M2+ complexes to calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) was examined by UV–Vis. spectrophotometry and viscosity measurements. Both the Ni2+ and ZrO2+ complexes interestingly demonstrated anti-proliferative action against the human cancer cell lines. Such ctDNA interactions were examined theoretically by molecular docking. The approaches between the exported in-silico drug-likeness and the considered DNA interaction study were explored. The binding action between the M2+ complex and DNA would be within the electrostatic minor groove, intercalation and replacement binding modes.

New-generation osteoplastic materials based on biological and synthetic matrices

Objectives. The purpose of this analytical review is to evaluate the market for osteoplastic materials and surgical implants, as well as study the features of new-generation materials and the results of clinical applications.Methods. This review summarizes the volumes of research articles presented in the electronic database PubMed and eLIBRARY. A total of 129 scientific articles related to biological systems, calcium phosphate, polymer, and biocomposite matrices as carriers of pharmaceutical substances, primary recombinant protein osteoinductors, antibiotics, and biologically active chemical reagents were analyzed and summarized. The search depth was 10 years.Results. Demineralized bone matrix constitutes 26% of all types of osteoplastic matrices used globally in surgical osteology, which includes neurosurgery, traumatology and orthopedics, dentistry, and maxillofacial and pediatric surgery. Among the matrices, polymer and biocomposite matrices are outstanding. Special attention is paid to the possibility of immobilizing osteogenic factors and target pharmaceutical substances on the scaffold material to achieve controlled and prolonged release at the site of surgical implantation. Polymeric and biocomposite materials can retard the release of pharmaceutical substances at the implantation site, promoting a decrease in the toxicity and an improvement in the therapeutic effect. The use of composite scaffolds of different compositions in vivo results in high osteogenesis, promotes the initialization of biomineralization, and enables the tuning of the degradation rate of the material.Conclusions. Osteoplastic materials of various compositions in combination with drugs showed accelerated regeneration and mineralization of bone tissue in vivo, excluding systemic side reactions. Furthermore, although some materials have already been registered as commercial drugs, a plethora of unresolved problems remain. Due to the limited clinical studies of materials for use on humans, there is still an insufficient understanding of the toxicity of materials, time of their resorption, speed of drug delivery, and the possible long-term adverse effects of using implants of different compositions.

Sustainable one-pot construction of oxygen-rich nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets stabilized ultrafine Rh nanoparticles for efficient ammonia borane hydrolysis

Heteroatom-doped porous carbons that possess large surface areas and well-defined porosity show great promise in heterogeneous catalysis, whereas their syntheses inevitably require complicated steps, hazardous activation and functional reagents, and an inert gas atmosphere. Herein, a one-pot synthetic strategy to oxygen-rich porous nitrogen-doped carbon (OPNC) is developed through pyrolysis of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid tetra-sodium in air without any activation and functionalization agents. The as-prepared OPNC with more surface oxygenated groups and mesopores not only benefits synthesis of well-dispersed ultrafine Rh nanoparticles (NPs) with abundant accessible active sites, but also facilitates the diffusion of reactants and avoids mass transfer limitations, thereby considerably contributes to a high performance toward AB hydrolysis. Specifically, the optimal Rh/OPNC exhibits a high activity toward AB hydrolysis with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 433 min−1. The kinetic isotope studies indicate that the cleavage of OH bond in H2O molecules is the rate-determining step (RDS). The Rh/OPNC can be reused for five repetitive cycles with approximately 62% remained activity of the first cycle. The catalytic activity of Rh/OPNC can be further improved with a very high TOF of 1201 min−1 in alkaline solution. This study proposes a simple and sustainable pathway to synthesize efficient catalyst support for depositing metal NPs toward AB hydrolysis.

Building Tailored Interfaces through Covalent Coupling Reactions at Layers Grafted from Aryldiazonium Salts.

Aryldiazonium ions are widely used reagents for surface modification. Attractive aspects of their use include wide substrate compatibility (ranging from plastics to carbons to metals and metal oxides), formation of stable covalent bonding to the substrate, simplicity of modification methods that are compatible with organic and aqueous solvents, and the commercial availability of many aniline precursors with a straightforward conversion to the active reagent. Importantly, the strong bonding of the modifying layer to the surface makes the method ideally suited to further on-surface (postfunctionalization) chemistry. After an initial grafting from a suitable aryldiazonium ion to give an anchor layer, a target species can be coupled to the layer, hugely expanding the range of species that can be immobilized. This strategy has been widely employed to prepare materials for numerous applications including chemical sensors, biosensors, catalysis, optoelectronics, composite materials, and energy conversion and storage. In this Review our goal is first to summarize how a target species with a particular functional group may be covalently coupled to an appropriate anchor layer. We then review applications of the resulting materials.

Synthesis and biological activity of a new class of enaminonitrile pyrazole

The present work illustrates the treatment of 5-amino-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (1) with maleic, phthalic anhydrides, acetyl chloride, and benzene sulfonyl chloride to afford the pyrazole derivatives 2-5. The treatment of pyrazole derivative 1 with some active methylene reagents namely: malononitrile, cyanoacetamide, ethyl acetoacetate afforded the pyrazolopyridine 6-9. Reaction of compound 1 with acetic anhydride gave the pyrazolopyrimidinone 10, which was allowed to react with P2S5 and POCl3 to give the thione 11 and the chloro 12 derivatives. The reaction of compounds 11 and 12 with thiosemicarbazide under different conditions gave 13 and 14. Compound 12 when reacted with hydrazine hydrate and p-toluidine gave compounds 15 and 16. The reaction of compound 10 with ethyl chloroacetate gave compound 17 which was allowed to react with thiosemicarbazide to give 22 and also to consecutive reactions with hydrazine hydrate, carbon disulfide, piperidine, hydrazine hydrate to give compounds 18-21. Finally, compound 1 was reacted with chloroacetic acid, hydrated hydrazine, urea, thiourea, benzaldehyde and triethylamine to give compounds 23-29. The newly prepared compounds were characterized by using IR, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectral data. Some new pyrazole derivatives showed highly antibacterial activities.

Green conversion of bamboo chips into high-performance phenol adsorbent and supercapacitor electrodes by simultaneous activation and nitrogen doping

Nitrogen doping is one of the most promising approaches for improving the properties of carbon materials. Here, we reported a simple and effective method for the preparation of nanoporous nitrogen-doped carbonaceous material for liquid phase adsorbents and supercapacitor electrodes. In this method, the target carbonaceous material (biochar) was produced by one-step pyrolysis and activation of bamboo chips under the ammonia atmosphere. Two green activation reagents (K2C2O4 and KHCO3) were introduced into the preparation process simultaneously. The physicochemical properties of biochar were studied by means of SEM, BET, XRD, XPS and so on. The characterization results confirmed that the vascular bundle structure of bamboo can be well preserved by pyrolysis under ammonia atmosphere combined with green activation, and the nitrogen atoms were successfully introduced into the biochar’s skeleton uniformly. The physicochemical properties of biochar can be adjusted suitable for high phenol adsorption and supercapacitor electrodes at different temperatures. Optimum nitrogen-doped biochar showed a high phenol adsorption capacity of 169.5 mg/g at 25 ℃ and exhibited exceptional specific capacitance of 208 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g due to its unique nanoporous structures and surface functional groups. This novel nanoporous nitrogen-doped bamboo chips have great application potential in pollutant removal and energy storage.

Copper Catalyzed C(sp3)-H Bond Alkylation via Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer.

Utilizing catalytic CuCl2 we report the functionalization of numerous feedstock chemicals via the coupling of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds with electron-deficient olefins. The active cuprate catalyst undergoes Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) to enable the generation of a chlorine radical which acts as a powerful hydrogen atom transfer reagent capable of abstracting strong electron-rich C(sp3)-H bonds. Of note is that the chlorocuprate catalyst is an exceedingly mild oxidant (0.5 V vs SCE) and that a proposed protodemetalation mechanism offers a broad scope of electron-deficient olefins, offering high diastereoselectivity in the case of endocyclic alkenes. The coupling of chlorine radical generation with Cu reduction through LMCT enables the generation of a highly active HAT reagent in an operationally simple and atom economical protocol.

One-Pot Deoxygenation and Substitution of Alcohols Mediated by Sulfuryl Fluoride

Sulfuryl fluoride is a valuable reagent for the one-pot activation and derivatization of aliphatic alcohols, but the highly reactive alkyl fluorosulfate intermediates limit both the types of reactions that can be accessed as well as the scope. Herein, we report the SO2F2-mediated alcohol substitution and deoxygenation method that relies on the conversion of fluorosulfates to alkyl halide intermediates. This strategy allows the expansion of SO2F2-mediated one-pot processes to include radical reactions, where the alkyl halides can also be exploited in the one-pot deoxygenation of primary alcohols under mild conditions (52-95% yield). This strategy can also enhance the scope of substitutions to nucleophiles that are previously incompatible with one-pot SO2F2-mediated alcohol activation and enables substitution of primary and secondary alcohols in 54-95% yield. Chiral secondary alcohols undergo a highly stereospecific (90-98% ee) double nucleophilic displacement with an overall retention of configuration.

Di-tert-butyl Phosphonate Route to the Antiviral Drug Tenofovir.

Di-tert-butyl oxymethyl phosphonates were investigated regarding their suitability for preparing the active pharmaceutical ingredient tenofovir (PMPA). First, an efficient and simple access to the crystalline di-tert-butyl(hydroxymethyl)phosphonate was developed. O-Mesylation gave high yields of the active phosphonomethylation reagent. For the synthesis of tenofovir, a two-step sequence was developed using Mg(OtBu)2 as the base for the alkylation of (R)-9-(2-hydroxypropyl)adenine. Subsequent deprotection could be achieved with aqueous acids. (Di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)methyl methanesulfonate showed to be the most efficient electrophile tested, affording PMPA in 72% yield on a 5 g scale. The developed protocol could also be applied for the preparation of the hepatitis B drug adefovir (64% yield/1 g scale).

A “nucleophilic” iodine in a halogen-bonded iodonium complex manifests an unprecedented I+···Ag+ interaction

Summary When an electron is removed from a halogen atom, it forms a halenium ion X+ (X = I, Br, Cl). In halogen bonding (XB), X+ is considered as a strong XB donor, and when interacting with two XB acceptors (e.g., pyridine), it forms a halonium XB complex with a [N–I–N] three-center-four-electron bond with the two XB acceptors. An unprecedented I+···Ag+ interaction occurs between a [L1–I–L1]+ halogen-bonded complex and a [L2–Ag–L2]+ complex in which the iodonium ion acts like a nucleophile and donates electrons to the silver(I) cation. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a short contact [3.4608(3) A] between the I+ and Ag+ cations, and ITC measurements give a ΔG of −6.321 kcal/mol and Ka∼37,000 M−1 for the 1:1 complex. The DFT computational study on the nature of the I+···Ag+ interaction indicates that the I+ is nucleophilic in character, manifesting an unusual and strongly attractive interaction between the I+ and Ag+ cations.

Enriching leukapheresis improves T cell activation and transduction efficiency during CAR T processing

The majority of CD19-directed CAR T cell products are manufactured using an autologous process. Although using a patient's leukapheresis reduces the risks of rejection, it introduces variability in starting material composition and the presence of cell populations that might negatively affect production of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, such as myeloid cells. In this work, the effect of monocytes (CD14) on the level of activation, growth, and transduction efficiency was monitored across well plate and culture bag platforms using healthy donor leukapheresis. Removal of monocytes from leukapheresis improved the level of activation 2-fold, achieving the same level of activation as when initiating the process with a purified T cell starting material. Two activation reagents were tested in well plate cultures, revealing differing sensitivities to starting material composition. Monocyte depletion in culture bag systems had a significant effect on transduction efficiency, improving consistency and increasing the level of CAR expression by up to 64% compared to unsorted leukapheresis. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that CAR T cell products produced from donor material depleted of monocytes and isolated T cells consistently outperformed those made from unsorted leukapheresis. Analysis of memory phenotypes and gene expression indicated that CAR T cells produced using depleted starting material displayed a more rested and naive state.

Synthesis and anticancer assessment of some new 2-amino-3-cyanopyridine derivatives

The 2-Aminonicotinonitrile derivative was reacted with different bi-functional reagents such as formamide, thiourea, acetic anhydride, and phthalic anhydride under optimized conditions to give pyrimidine, thiourea, acetamide, and isoindoline derivatives, respectively, When it was treated with active methylene reagents as malononitrile, phenacyl bromide, and ethyl bromoacetate under varied experimental modulation, it afforded 1, 8-naphthyridine, ethyl, and methylamino nicotinonitrile derivatives, respectively. Also, it was reacted with p-toluene sulfonyl chloride, chloroacetyl chloride, and benzoyl chloride to give sulfonamide, 2-chloro-N-acetamide, and benzamide derivatives, respectively. Likewise, it was reacted with diethyl malonate, ethyl cyanoacetate, and cyano acetic acid to give ethylpropanoate, naphthyridine, and cyano acetamide derivatives, respectively. However, treatment of ethylpropanoate and cyano acetamide derivatives with hydrazine hydrate gave pyrazole and 5-amino-pyrazole nicotinonitrile derivatives, respectively. In addition, it was reacted with p-anisaldehyde, phenyl isocyanate, and triethyl orthoformate to give benzylamino nicotinonitrile, phenyl urea, and N-formamide derivatives, respectively. Furthermore, it was reacted with nitrous acid then coupled with aniline; it was also reacted with isatine and 1,3- dibromo propane to give oxoindoline derivative, and the dimer. Elemental analyses, together with spectroscopic data including IR, 1H-NMR in addition to 13C-NMR and mass spectra submit proofs for the chemical structures for all compounds.

Synthesis of new pyrazoles, oxadiazoles, triazoles, pyrrolotriazines, and pyrrolotriazepines as potential cytotoxic agents

Abstract4‐Oxo‐4‐phenylbutanehydrazide (1) reacted with many active methylene reagents such as acetylacetone, diethylmalonate, ethylacetoacetate, ethylcyanoacetate, benzoyl‐acetonitrile, and malononitrile under neat conditions to afford the corresponding pyrazoles (2–7), also, treatment of butanehydrazide (1) with electrophilic reagents as triethylorthoformate, dimethylformamide‐dimethylacetal, acetic anhydride, and carbon disulfide to give 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (8,10,11) and N′‐acetyl‐butanehydrazide (9). Reacted of butanehydrazide (1) with potassium thiocyanate gave 1,2,4‐triazoles (12). Similarly, treatment of (1) with chloroacetamide gave 1,2,4‐triazinones (13). The pyrrolotriazinones (14) was obtained by cyclization of (13). Also, butanehydrazide (1) was utilized as a starting material for the synthesized of new Schiff bases as N′‐(4‐sub‐benzylidene)‐phenylbutane‐hydrazide (15a‐c), which are used as an initiative to prepare new compounds such as 1,2,4‐triazepinones (16a‐c), pyrrolotriazepinones (17a‐c), 1,2,4‐triazines (18a‐c), and pyrrolotriazines (19a‐c) by reacted of (15a‐c) with each chloroacetamide or formamide. The chemical structure of the newly prepared compounds was determined through the spectrum data, including IR, NMR, and MS. The prepared compounds were tested for their in vitro antitumor activities. The compounds 17a‐c, 16a‐c, and 19a‐c displayed activity against several types of cancer cell lines.

Catalyst- and additive-free cascade phosphorylation/cyclization of propargylic alcohols and R2P(O)OH

A novel, catalyst- and additive-free cascade phosphorylation/cyclization of readily available 2-propynolphenols with R2P(O)OH (R = aryl, OPh, OBn) was developed for the construction of 2H-chromen-4-yl phosphinates/phosphonates and water as the only byproduct under mild conditions. The reaction was achieved by using R2P(O)OH as acid-promoter, but also as the phosphinate source with the formation of phosphorylation allene intermediate, and followed by 6-endo-trig pathway. Additionally, this approach avoided the use of hazardous, air sensitive or activation reagents, and performed well with good functional group tolerance and satisfied yields.

Transition Metal-Free Synthesis of Carbo- and Heterocycles via Reaction of Alkynes with Organylchalcogenides.

This manuscript intends to overview the most recent advances in the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles through reactions of alkynes with organyl chalcogenides (S, Se, Te) under metal-free conditions. Firstly, the use of electrophilic chalcogenyl halides as a selective reagent for alkyne carbon-carbon triple bond activation will be presented. After that, radical cyclization protocols employing electrochemical oxidative conditions, light-induced photoredox catalysis, or mild oxidants with direct chalcogenyl group installation will be discussed accompanied by the proposed mechanisms.

Extensive analyses of mass transfer, kinetics, and toxicity for hazardous acid yellow 17 dye removal using activated carbon prepared from waste biomass of Solanum melongena

The present study was focused on the synthesis of brinjal waste activated carbon (BWAC) from the dry woody part of brinjal plant by chemical activation method. The BWAC was used as adsorbent to remove acid yellow 17 (AY-17) from the synthetic solution. For BWAC synthesis, phosphoric acid was used as a chemical reagent for chemical activation at a ratio of 1:1, followed by pyrolysis of chemically treated biomass in N2 atmosphere at high temperatures in a vertical reactor for improved chemical and surface properties of BWAC. The BWAC was characterized by several techniques such as BET surface area, pore distribution, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and point of zero charge (pHPZC). Various affecting parameters such as equilibrium time, initial pH, BWAC dose, AY-17 concentrations, and temperature for dye removal by BWAC were also investigated in the batch experiment. The maximum of 99.58% removal of AY-17 dye by BWAC occurred at pH 3. More than 97% dye was removed by BWAC from aqueous solution for initial 15 mg/L AY-17 dye concentration with other conditions such as 2 g/L dose, 5.00 ± 0.2 pH, 80 min equilibrium time, and 25 °C temperature. Therefore, further experiments were carried out at pH 5. Equilibrium data were fitted with the isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin, and according to the correlation coefficient (R2), the Langmuir model was best fitted among them. The experimental kinetic data was well-validated with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The mass transfer studies of the dye onto BWAC were described by three models, such as Weber-Morris (intra-particle diffusion), Banghum’s, and liquid film diffusion models, and the result reported that all steps were involved for the adsorption process. The order for the rate-determining step, according to R2, was intra-particle diffusion > Bangham’s model > liquid film diffusion model. Recovery and recycling of dye-treated BWAC with desorption efficiency of ~ 73% was possible by 1 M NaOH treatment after 5th cycles. The simulated dye solution after treatment by BWAC was used in seed germination for toxicity assessment.

Effects of Cd and Sn modified MCM-41 on pyrolysis of cellulose

Biomass pyrolysis has become one of the promising technologies for fuel and fine chemical production. Cellulose constitutes the main body of plant biomass and may serve as a stereochemically pure reservoir to obtain active reagents for the synthesis of biologically active substances and structural units of valuable chemical substances. This study investigated the effect of cadmium (Cd) and tin (Sn) modified mesoporous sieve R-MCM-41 (R: Cd or Sn) on the pyrolysis of cellulose via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The Si/R molar ratio of metal modified catalysts was between 100:1 and 10:1. TGA showed that Cd- and Sn-modified MCM-41 can effectively promote the degradation of cellulose, which was almost completely volatilized at 650 °C under the catalysis of Cd-MCM-41(50) and Sn-MCM-41(50). Py-GC/MS tests were carried out with different R-MCM-41s, reaction temperatures of 450 °C, 550 °C, and 650 °C, and the cellulose-to-catalyst ratios of 5:1, 1:1, and 1:5. The use of Sn-MCM-41 promoted the formation of glycolaldehyde and a limited amount of 1,2-cyclopentanedione and 5-methylfurfural. Cd-MCM-41 catalyzed pyrolysis produced higher levels of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 1-hydroxy-3,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one (LAC), 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, 1,2-cyclopentanedione, 3-methyl-2,4(3H,5H)-furandione, furfural, hydroxyacetone, glycolaldehyde, and butanone. When the pyrolysis temperature increased from 450 °C to 650 °C, the content of most small-molecule chemicals in the products increased by 1.8–4.1 times. When applying over-dosage of Cd-MCM-41(50) in the pyrolysis, anhydrosugars were completely degraded and dehydration/decarbonylation reactions were extensively enhanced, resulting in major products of butanone, furfural, and 5-methylfurfural. The possible reaction mechanism was proposed.