Ready-to-wear Research Articles

Determining the Level of Tax Awareness and Factors Affecting Tax Compliance of Ready-to-Wear Businesses in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya 3709

The paper explored the intricacies of tax awareness and compliance among Ready-to-Wear (RTW) businesses that fall under the category of micro enterprises in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. The study employed theories of compliance and awareness as its conceptual framework, aiming to identify the factors that influence tax compliance and awareness among these businesses. It considered various demographic variables such as age, educational attainment, gender, and years in business operation as potential influencers. The study utilized a descriptive-comparative research design and collected data through a survey questionnaire. The findings indicate that the respondents have a high level of awareness of their tax rights and responsibilities, particularly regarding issuing receipts and invoices. However, they may need more understanding of tax return filing dates and timely tax payments. The factors influencing tax compliance include fines and penalties, the probability of being audited, financial constraints, tax knowledge, and peer influence. Non-compliance reasons include unawareness of laws, financial burden, and high tax rates. Recommendations include simplifying procedures, reducing tax rates, and improving tax education through socialization efforts. The study also highlights the importance of fines and penalties in promoting tax compliance. The paper is significant not just for tax authorities but also for the businesses themselves, offering them a clearer understanding of the importance of tax compliance and the implications of non-compliance. Overall, the paper serves as a multi-faceted exploration into the realm of taxation among micro enterprises, with a specific focus on the RTW businesses in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya.

Cash management practices and business performance of Ready-To-Wear (RTW) shops in Magsaysay and San Jose, Occidental Mindoro

Cash management practices and business performance of Ready-To-Wear (RTW) shops in Magsaysay and San Jose, Occidental Mindoro

The Level of Understanding on Islamic Barter Trading among Selected Maranao Businessmen in Marawi City

Before the introduction of money, societies relied on barter and direct trade systems for exchanging goods and services which presented challenges due to the lack of a standardized medium of exchange and difficulties in valuing different goods. Hence, this study focused on the level of understanding on Islamic barter trading among selected Maranao businessmen in Marawi City, covering various aspects such as rulings in Islamic trading, determining the value of an item, and selecting the goods to barter. The researchers aimed to assess respondents' comprehension of Islamic barter trading and identify the challenges they encountered, including location, religion, and communication. The study involved 50 respondents and employed a mixed-method analysis, combining quantitative and qualitative data. While most data came from quantitative methods, qualitative responses from five participants were collected for deeper insights. A specially designed instrument was used to gather information on the obstacles faced in Islamic barter trading, which was then subjected to statistical analysis. The findings showed that the majority of respondents were female, aged 23-29, married, and college graduates. Most of them engaged in ready-to-wear (RTW) businesses and primarily traded clothes. The respondents agreed that it is important to seek guidance from Muslim scholars in order to have a clear understanding of the ethics and principles of barter trading. The respondents also suggested that barter trading should involve equal exchanges and fair treatment of the other party, and some respondents even recommended refraining from barter trading altogether to avoid receiving damaged goods from other traders. The study aimed to contribute to the enhancement of Islamic barter trading and address challenges faced by Maranao businessmen, ultimately facilitating more successful trading within the Islamic barter system.

HYBRID COSTING METHOD IN THE READY-TO-WEAR CLOTHING INDUSTRY

In today's world where competition is increasing, one of the main objectives of the firms is to determine the production costs correctly and to reduce these costs by taking into account the targeted quality standards. Thus, efficiency and sustainable profitability will be ensured. For this, it becomes necessary to choose and apply the most appropriate cost calculation methods that can be used.In this research, it is aimed to determine the product costs of a firm operating in the ready-to wear clothing sector and using the job-order costing method, according to the hybrid costing method and compare them with the current results. For this, the case study method was used. For this purpose, the existing cost data of the firm were rearranged within the framework of the hybrid costing method, and total and unit costs were determined. The results of the hybrid costing method obtained were compared with the results of the job-order costing method. As a result, five out of nine orders resulted in cost reductions, and in others, cost increases. In addition, it was determined that the sales costs determined by the hybrid costing method for the implementation period decreased and the gross sales profit increased.

Evaluating the factors affecting adoption of technology in the Nigerian small and medium Ready-to-Wear (RTW) garment industries

The study investigated factors responsible for the low level of adoption of technology in the Nigerian ready-to-wear garment industry. Globally, the garment production process has received a boost due to the adoption of technology. However, the Nigerian garment industries do not share the same success story, and their market share in the sector is obviously negligible. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the factors responsible. A survey research type was adopted for this study. A questionnaire was designed and structured to collect relevant data from the managers of the 27 technologically inclined ready-to-wear garment industries through face-to-face communication to avoid delay. The managers were purposively chosen. Descriptive statistics using table, frequency, percentage, and mode were used to analyse data with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v16. The outcome of the study revealed that firm ownership, competitive advantage, export orientation, top management commitment, cost of capital, technical skills, and competitive advantage constitute barriers to technology adoption in the Nigerian garment industry. Therefore, for the industry to survive the stiff competition arising from globalization and the liberalization of trade, the adoption of the latest technology is not negotiable. It is recommended that major stakeholders in the industry prioritize technology with the help of the government for their garment products to be competitive.

Exploration of kids ready to wear clothing brands for measurement and fit discrepancies

PurposeThis study aims to probe customers’ expectations and explore discrepancies across various domestic kids’ ready to wear (RTW) apparel brands for measurements, fit, shape and labelling/nomenclature.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through qualitative and quantitative methods. Interviews were held with the consumers to understand their perceptions and expectations with the kids’ wear brands for measurements, fit and labelling. The approach had a twofolded purpose of addressing the consumers’ dissatisfaction and the apparel manufacturer’s perspective.FindingsThe results indicated that 87% of consumers gave importance to well-fitted apparel. The apparel brands considered for the study showed inconsistency and discrepancies in the measurements, leading to consumer dissatisfaction and frustrations.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of the study may be useful for fashion academia, kids RTW apparel manufacturers and designers who can relate to the role of standard measurements and the varying body shapes in RTW apparel. They can work closer to develop innovative practices focusing on the fit challenges in kids RTW apparel.Originality/valueThe implication of the lack of any standard measurement for Indian kids for apparel is well-established in the study.

Appearance Performance of Commercial Hijab Fabrics

Muslim women is required to wear hijab as a religion obligation which symbolizes women’s faith to the creator (Quran 24:21). Many types of hijab are available in market, with ready-to-wear (RTW) hijab being the most popular choice of hijab in Malaysia. Limited knowledge on fabric characteristics among consumers has created dissatisfaction in many aspects of hijab performance associated to appearance and comfort. This paper presented the study of hijab appearance performances. Ten commercial fabrics (Cotton, Tetron Cotton, silk, rayon, Crepe back satin, Valentino dull satin, chiffon crepe, French voile, and Koshibo) which are commonly used in hijab making, were investigated. Stiffness, drape, wrinkle aspect, pilling, and snagging of fabric, which are associated with hijab appearance, were examined. A fabric ranking index was then developed to further support the analysis. In order to validate the result, a wear test was conducted where the tested fabrics were develop into hijabs and wear assessment was conducted. Feedback from the respondents were obtained and compared with the fabric ranking index. The results of this study concluded that Koshibo, Valentino Dull Satin, Chiffon crepe and French Voile exhibited the highest performance ranking among all the fabric tested. The study provides the reference to hijab manufacturers and end users in selecting the most suitable fabric for hijab in terms of the respective appearance properties.

Power Influence and Conflict Management of Ready-to-Wear (RTW) Store Supervisors

Conflict awareness would enable managers to tackle the problems of operational performance, sustainability, and governance, more efficiently and effectively. This paper described the Ready-to-Wear (RTW) Store Supervisors’ personal power profile in terms of reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, and expert; and described the conflict management styles, such as competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding and accommodating. Further, this paper determined Sex Difference on the Personal Power Profile and Conflict Management Styles of RTW Store Supervisors. This paper used descriptive method of research. The researchers distributed survey questionnaires to a total of 79 (33 males and 46 females) RTW store supervisors in Nueva Ecija with likert-scale responses and analyzed it through statistical data treatment such as mean, standard deviation and t-test. Based on the result of the study, the researchers concluded that, first, RTW store supervisors mostly prefer referent power in influencing their staff they will feel valued and personally accepted. Second, store supervisor least prefers coercive power to influence others. Third, in terms of conflict management styles, collaborating is always used, and accommodating and compromising are sometimes used as strategies in conflict situations. Last, there is sex difference in terms personal power profile and conflict management styles where female RTW store supervisors report higher on some domains as compared to male RTW store supervisors. In lieu of the forgoing conclusions, the researchers recommend that RTW store supervisors should strengthen the personal power profiles that recognize the value, accept strong relationship, give benefits needed, and show example of commitment. These powers are referent, expert and reward. Conflict situations are normal in any business; thus RTW store supervisors should develop skills in managing conflicts. Collaborating, accommodating and compromising are conflict management styles that often give positive results. It is further recommended that regardless of sex difference, all store supervisors must have training to fully develop skills in managing conflicts.

Emergence of “Made in China” Products in Local Markets in Cabanatuan City

This study described and determined the presence of the “Made in China” products and its impact on the tiangge business in Cabanatuan City. The findings of the study revealed that most of the respondents acquired their knowledge in tiangge business from their parents, in which Ready To Wear (RTW) was the type of product that was mostly being sold. Moreover, the nature of tiangge business was mobile vending, with a rental fee of ₱1000 - ₱5000. The primary sources of products were suppliers, with ₱4001 - ₱6000 estimated daily earnings and spent 6 - 8 hours of vending. Furthermore, the respondents affirm that tiangge business contributed to their life sustenance by sending their children to well-known schools, secured life insurance, able to buy a parcel of land and buy their own pick-up truck and vehicle and secure their monthly amortization on time. On the other hand, the respondents are aware of the invasion of Made in China products in the marketplace. They were able to handle business competition because they used an adaptation strategy to understand customer preferences and other locale-specific requirements. Also, they adopted an effective marketing mix to best satisfy their consumers’ needs and wants.

Ergonomics in fashion engineering and design - Pertinent issues.

Before the emergence of ready-to-wear (RTW) garments, production of apparels relied on ergonomics considerations through body measurements (anthropometry) of individual users. This is an indication of the inherent nature of ergonomics in apparel fabrication; however active mention of ergonomics related to fashion engineering and design before then was lacking. This article seeks to emphasize the need for an organized framework of knowledge for ergonomics suited to fashion engineering and design education and research. Relevant literature have been reviewed and three main knowledge components of ergonomics relevant to fashion engineering and design have been identified and classified based on standard classes of areas within the general field of ergonomics. Areas of ergonomics applications in fashion engineering and design under the headings of consumer product design, i.e. apparel design, workspace or office design, manufacturing process design and man-machine system, have been discussed. Comprehensive ergonomics education related to fashion engineering and design consist of the three main knowledge components: (1) the five aspects of ergonomics, (2) anthropometry and biomechanics and (3) the three domains of ergonomics.

Clothing Fit Issues for Trans People

As many as nine million people identify as a transperson in the United States, yet mass clothing designing and manufacturing do not meet the needs of this consumer group. This research examines the role of fit in ready-to-wear (RTW) clothing using qualitative research methods. 90 transpeople from the United States, Canada, and Ireland participated in interviews and data from interviews were analyzed using line-by-line analysis, resulting in three themes. Theme 1 explored current fit problems with RTW clothing, Theme 2 explored the desire to use clothing to hide parts of the body that did not align with one’s gender identity, and Theme 3 explored the desire to use clothing to highlight parts of the body that did align with one’s gender identity. Findings from this research confirm the assumption that current RTW clothing does not meet the needs of the transperson population and offers areas where designers and manufactures can reassess their methods relative to this consumer group.

THE STRATEGIES OF TIANGGE SELLERS TO THE PURCHASING INTEREST OF THE MARKET

This study was conducted in order to highlight the growing ‘tiangge’ industry in the municipality of Taytay, Rizal Philippines where certain dynamics were observed in and between the seller and its clients in the areas of selling and its strategies. Drawn basically from the perspective of the sellers, this research evaluated the kind, style, selling scheme, price and frequently asked questions (FAQ’s) about ready-to-wear (RTW) products and other related commodities sold in Taytay tiangge. The researchers used the Bottom of the pyramid theory, Defensive marketing theory and Consumer Theory which are common and most effective theories when it comes to strategies implementation for Flea Markets, Bazaars and Tiangge in the modern day.  Through descriptive statistics, it was underscored that the top-selling kind of RTW was blouses for women in the price range of 100-150 Php. (Philippine Peso) by wholesale and retail quantities. Other kinds of RTW/commodities include undergarments, curtains, bed sheets, shoes and bags in which the sellers variably offer together with the RTW products. Through a Chi-Square test, the variables drawn from the sellers’ perspective (kinds of RTW products sold, styles of RTW products sold, the selling scheme, and the price range of the RTW products) were correlated to the variables drawn from the purchasing interest of the market (bestseller RTW products sold according to kind, bestseller RTW products sold according to styles, the customers’ scheme of purchasing, price reference of the customers and their frequently asked questions); showing thus the positive significant effects on all variables except on style. Thus, in this study the researchers concluded that the strategies of the sellers are relative to the purchasing interest of the market. However, due to limitations stipulated within the duration of the study, it is further interesting to revisit the other aspect/dynamism of differences between females and males in terms of preferred kinds, styles, quantity and price. Furthermore, a comprehensive study should follow through in the interest of the municipality in the advent of ‘tiangge’ as a thriving industry that could potentially help sustain the local economy.

Fit issues in ready-to-wear clothing for African-American female college students based on the body shapes

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to explore actual ready-to-wear (RTW) clothing fit for African-American female college students and their satisfaction with it. Seventy-two African-American female participants volunteered for the study. Their body shapes were classified into several groups using bust, waist, and hip measurements. Fit of RTW clothing was assessed based on participants’ body shapes. They were manually measured with a tape measure and were also surveyed via questionnaire to identify their actual and self-reported body shapes and examine satisfaction with clothing fit. Findings of this study demonstrated that most African-American female students tended to wear RTW tight-fitting clothing, especially around waist but did not feel uncomfortable. This result makes sense because they psychologically assume their body shapes to be an hourglass shape as shown in their self-report. However, each body shape group exhibits its discriminative satisfaction with tight-fitting clothing around bust and hips.

The Effect Of Product Involvement On Store Preference And Clothing Benefits Sought For African-American Female Students

Clothing is one of the most essential things that human bodies need for the multipurpose reasons. Such clothing has been recognized as the high involvement product for many years, resulting to one of the very interesting subjects in consumer research. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of clothing involvement on clothing store preference and clothing benefits sought for African-American female college students. This study demonstrates that African-American female college students are generally satisfied with the current ready-to-wear (RTW) clothing. To purchase such RTW clothing, internet store is revealed as one of very exciting shopping centers. Instead, catalog or mail ordering does not strongly attract to the African-American female college consumers. Compared to other involvement groups, high clothing involvement consumers are actively seeking for the fashion image, one of the factors in clothing benefits sought, as well as actively shopping at department store, specialty stores, outlet stores, and internet in Types of Stores. Interestingly, low involvement consumers are generally less interested in store preference or clothing benefits sought than other involvement groups except for the camouflage benefits.

A methodology for facial measurement towards the establishment of ready-to-wear hijab sizing

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a guideline in the methodology of measuring the head toward the establishment of ready-to-wear (RTW) hijab sizing for Malaysian market. Design/methodology/approach This paper discusses the methodology for measuring facial dimensions in order to create facial anthropometric database for Malaysian women age between 18 and 30 years old. Findings Variety of RTW hijab measurement with non-standardized sizing system together with the support of respondent’s response from online survey due to their experience when wearing RTW hijab. Originality/value This paper fulfill the need in standardized sizing system either in RTW hijab or head sizing system in Malaysia.

Advertising Ready-Made Style: The Evidence of the Stationers' Hall Archive

The hitherto unpublished archive of Stationers' Hall (1837–1912) is an important resource for the study of the garment industry, offering both quantitative and qualitative information. Over 3,000 documents registered by ready-made clothing manufacturers, retailers and advertising agents attest to the size of the clothing industry at this date. They give evidence of ready-to-wear clothing production throughout Britain and for both men and women. The prominence of women's ready-to wear in the archive is notable, since this has been thought to be a phenomenon of the 1920s. Most of the documents in the Copy 1 archive are visual, and offer qualitative information about the importance of fashion in ready-to-wear clothing. Illustrated flyers from low-priced retailers show their willingness to invest in advertising. The images in the documents are often from commercial printers who interpreted leading trends for a variety of retailers. The evidence for manufacturing and for retailing practices in this archive has important implications for our understanding of the history of the ready-made clothing industry in Britain.

학령기 여아 연령별, 체형별 치수분포특성

The purpose of this study was to analyse the body sizes of years elementary school girls and also to categorize KS size dimensions by the detailed information of ages and body shapes. For the study, the data of SizeKorea(2004) was analysed. Height, bust, waist, hip, the ratio of waist to height and hip to height were significant between age groups, but the ratio of bust to height was not. Therefore, the increase of bust size was resulted in growth of bust circumference, instead of bust volume. In the same height group, over 11 year girls had smaller waist, while over 12 year girls had bigger hip. For Grouping girls by ages and body shapes, the ages were divided into 2 groups, under 10 years old and 11 to 12 years old. The body shapes classified into 3 groups `Stout-shape`, `Middle-shape`, and `slim-shape`, by the ratios of bust to height and hip to height. `Stout-shape` was significantly big at the almost sizes, but `Middle-shape` was significantly big at only circumferences, not lengths. In addition, drop(the difference between bust and hip) and lower-drop(the difference between waist and hip) were in inverse proportion to the ratios of bust to height and hip to height. It meant the increases of bust-ratio and hip-ratio of `Stout-shape` were resulted in overweight, rather than female matureness. The distribution of sizes over 0.5% were grouped for grading system and the subtotal percentiles of each group were calculated for industrial data. The groups which covered more than 10% of consumers were 2 to 6 and the 1 or 2 groups for `Stout-shape` were also observed, so that children`s ready-to wear companies could use them efficiently for their own consumer target.

American Silk, 1830–1930: Entrepreneurs and Artifacts (review)

Reviewed by: American Silk, 1830–1930: Entrepreneurs and Artifacts Laurence F. Gross (bio) American Silk, 1830–1930: Entrepreneurs and Artifacts. By Jacqueline Field, Marjorie Senechal, Madelyn Shaw. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2007. Pp. xxiv+326. $45. In American Silk, three authors develop a picture of the silk industry during overlapping periods. They focus on the role of “entrepreneurs [who] receive little attention because most industrial studies use a labor and social history approach and focus on factories and their effect on workers” (p. 253). Marjorie Senechal begins by describing the great interest in silk during the colonial period and the Early Republic. Enthusiasm for mulberry trees and silkworms pervaded the eastern seaboard to a degree quite out of proportion to any success in actually producing usable silk. Lack of skill and patience doomed efforts to move from cocoon to thread. Entrepreneurship and mechanical ability came together in an attempt at manufacturing in Northampton, Massachusetts, but without success until a communitarian society, the Northampton Association of Education and Industry, took over the effort. Though leading lights from Ralph Waldo Emerson to William Lloyd Garrison visited, and Sojourner Truth came to stay, the manufacturing effort attained success only after discovery of the advantages of threerather than two-ply yarn or thread for use in Singer’s sewing machines. Under the name Corticelli, machine twist or sewing-machine thread poured forth from the Nonotuck Silk Mills. Jacqueline Field carries the story forward chronologically by treating the Haskell Silk Company of Westbrook, Maine, founded in 1874.While originally a throwing (yarn)mill, as spinningmachinery improved it began turning out good-quality staple woven goods. In the late 1880s and into the new century the firm expanded steadily until it was running 250 looms and employing 300. While it had originally relied on a few skilled men in key positions on the factory floor, over time it developed a highly skilled workforce as a result of a low rate of turnover.Haskell innovated by selling direct, particularly to department stores, and eventually using selvage marking to maintain the identity of its product in the marketplace. After World War I, however, it could not cope with the volatility of silk prices, style shifts to lighter and more informal clothing, the growing role of garment-makers as ready-to-wear came to dominate, and the introduction of rayon. Labor relations deteriorated and the company declined and closed about 1930. [End Page 796] Madelyn Shaw turns to yet another aspect of the industry in her story of H. R. Malinson & Company, which operated in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. An innovative player in high-fashion design, theretofore primarily a European bailiwick, Malinson stood apart from most American manufacturers in silk. Like Haskell, Malinson hired production talent, but he applied his skills mainly to developing a modern advertising department and selling directly out of increasingly opulent New York showrooms. In 1921 Mrs. Carolyn Trowbridge Radnor-Lewis took over and fully developed the publicity department, a rare position of power and prominence in business for a woman at that time. Malinson became a leading figure in the World War I–era effort to establish an American design aesthetic and take control of style away from Europe. The extent to which he might ultimately have been successful remains unclear, as style changes, rayon, and ready-to wear made life as difficult for him as it had become for Haskell. Together these accounts cover producers representative of three different parts of the industry. None of the companies left business records (all three authors admit to struggling to create a substantial account with limited historical resources), and this leads to more of the conditional tense than one generally encounters in historical texts. Still, each author has dug up all she can to supplement the scanty data specific to each mill. Original material in the Corticelli case consists primarily in letters from the days of the communitarian society, while the story of Haskell comes from the trade and popular press and various business journals. For Malinson, a wealth of fabrics in museum collections offered a different sort of record, as did various sorts of company publicity. The authors have sought to make...

성인 남자 의류 치수체계 개발을 위한 신체 치수 및 체형 분석 (제2보)

The purpose of this study was to develop men`s garment sizing system, based on the anthropometric measurements called `SizeKorea`, which was surveyed between 2003 and 2004. The number of the survey subjects was 3,215 of males, who were from 18 to 69 years old. In the results, body types were assorted by drops, consisting of 4 upper body types and 2 lower body types. Height, chest, waist and hip were selected as the key dimensions of sizing system and the intervals of them were decided on statistical analysis of key dimensions, size intervals of ready-to wear clothes and sizing systems of other countries. In the results, older group or shorter height group had less differences between chest and waist as well as between waist and hip, but younger group and taller group had more differences. The size intervals for fitted jacket and coat were 3cm in chest and waist, while the intervals for fitted pants were 2cm in waist and hip. The intervals for not-fitted clothes were 5cm in chest, waist and hip, which 5 cm interval of height were applied, in all cases.

De quelques Success Stories dans la création vestimentaire parisienne des années 60

During the sixties in Paris, a new generation of Jewish creators, who had been persecuted children during the war, stir up fashions and create new industrial empires. The article goes back over the careers of the most famous among these successful creators: Ted Lapidus, Rose Lapidus-Met (Torrente), Daniel Hechter and Sonia Rykiel. The first ones were known among designers, whereas Daniel Hechter and Sonia Rykiel specialized in ready-to wear clothes; but everyone was a creator, and their names belong to the history of fashions ever since. Nowadays, they speak for the French genius in France and abroad.