Ready Market Research Articles

Productivity Analysis of Smallholder Out-Grower Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Farming in Chipinge District of Zimbabwe

This study examined the productivity of smallholder out-grower tea (Camellia Sinensis) farming and its determinants in Chipinge district of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe's smallholder tea production has steadily plummeted in recent years, despite there being a ready export market and a support system that provides inputs and extension services. Smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe are perceived to dis-adopt tea production enterprise as an out-grower scheme in preference to annual crops like sweet potatoes, sugar beans, maize, bananas and horticultural crops. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to a random sample of 50 out-grower tea farmers of Tanganda Tea Company's Rattelshoek estate. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, farm budgets and Multiple Regression Model. The obtained results showed that out-grower tea mean area under tea is 1.2 hectares with yields ranging from 312 Kg/ha to 3188 Kg/ha. This means the highest yielding farmers are achieving less than half the potential and expected tea yields of 8000 Kg/ha. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the farmer experience, farmer education level, level of fertilizer application, access to extension services, extent of commercializa- tion, and the size of the available labor pool positively and significantly affects the productivity of smallholder out-grower tea farming in the study area. Area under tea production negatively and significantly affects smallholder out-grower tea productivity. The study results imply that improved access to extension services, fertilizer and labour can significantly increase smallholder out-grower tea productivity.

Yield Response of Rice in Nigeria: A Co-Integration Analysis

To help bridge information gap in supply response studies for Nigeria and inform policy decision on how the demand-supply gap for rice in Nigeria could be bridged, the current study through the use of Johansen’s Full Information Maximum Likelihood test estimated a yield response model for Nigeria using national level data for the period 1966-2008. The results suggest that, increasing yield levels for paddy rice in Nigeria and ensuring stability requires interplay of biophysical, socio-economic and structural forces. By estimates for the current study, bridging of the demand-supply gap can be realized through initiation of measures to address inefficiencies in the supply chain to ensure appropriate transmission of price increment, promotion of local rice consumption to ensure ready market for farmers in times of increasing output, addressing soil fertility challenges through efficient use of fertilizer and regular management of fertility of rice fields, and increasing farmers access to credit to help them meet cost of relevant inputs of production. The latter suggestion could to a greater extent incite appropriate response of farmers to both price and non-price incentives in the country. Diagnostic tests conducted indicate that the residual series is normally distributed, non-serially correlated and homoscedastic.

Irrigated Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Kassena Nankana District in the Upper-East Region, Ghana

In northern Ghana, where the climatic conditions do not allow for an all-year-around rain-fed agriculture, irrigation is a necessary complement to enhance livelihoods security and poverty reduction. The knowledge gap regarding the contribution of existing irrigation facilities to poverty reduction occasioned the case study of the Tono irrigation scheme located in the Kassena Nankana District in the Upper East Region of Ghana. A treatment and control experimental approach was adopted in the investigation. The treatment group comprised a sample of 93 out of the 1,328 Tono irrigation tomato farmers and the control group sampled 86 out of 614 irrigation tomato farmers operating outside the Tono irrigation scheme. The Tono irrigated scheme has, to a considerable extent, created a platform for employment and high agricultural output. However, the high agricultural output has not been translated into increased income and improved livelihoods for the farmers and as such limits the impact of the efforts exerted towards poverty reduction amongst the farmers in the area. The challenges that led to this outcome include high cost of hiring farm machinery, inadequate access to credit, poor water supply for irrigation, ineffective technical assistance, lack of entrepreneurial skills, inability to store perishable products and inadequate ready market to translate the outputs into improved incomes for the farmers. Actors in the irrigated agriculture industry should pay equal attention to both the production and marketing aspects of their enterprises. The actors should ensure that the necessary inputs are available and affordable to farmersKeywords: Agriculture, Ghana Irrigation, Poverty, Tono Irrigation Scheme, Ghana

How sweet potato varieties are distributed in Uganda: actors, constraints and opportunities

Sweet potato varieties are distributed in Uganda by three systems: formal, project-based and informal. In a partial formal system, the National Sweetpotato Program (NSP) breeds and tests both orange (O)- and white (W)-fleshed sweet potato (FSP) varieties. The NSP and other national institutions provide vine stocks of mostly OFSP varieties to project-based seed systems involving large private sector multipliers, which are found predominantly in east and central Uganda. These are mainly either cooperatives derived from smallholder groups organized by projects or are individual farmers with large holdings who had hosted NSP variety trials. The private sector multipliers sell planting materials of released varieties to projects, which distribute them free to selected households. Projects buy hundreds and occasionally thousands of sacks of vines but they distribute them to only a limited number of needy households and for only one or a few seasons. The informal system functions predominantly in areas with a long dry season, in which vines cannot survive. Its vine multipliers use the wetter lowlands to maintain mostly landraces, which they sell as small bundles of vines to many smallholders at the onset of the rains. Very few multiply released varieties. Thus, with a ready market, the system is sustainable but quantities sold are price limited. All vine multipliers supplied healthy planting material. It is proposed that the NSP should aim their trials of new varieties at informal vine multipliers and projects should supply vines to these multipliers in order to improve their access to them. This would promote the sustainable distribution of vines, including new varieties, over a greater area and to a larger number of farmers.

Designing experiences strategically

Companies willing to enter into the experience economy have available procedures for experience design and evaluation but not for strategic decision-making on what experiences to incorporate into their offering. This study presents a procedure for identifying experiences and for assessing their customer value. The fieldwork consists of a logbook technique for experience identification and their subsequent strategic assessment considering people's perceptions of the influence each experience has in their quality-of-life, their interest in living each experience, and their previous knowledge of each experience. The paper focuses on experiences related to environmental design. In that setting, the procedure led to the identification of 13 different experiences. A clustering analysis identified six groups of experiences accordingly to the perception of 142 persons interviewed: experiences that have a ready market, experiences with a market to captivate, experiences with a potential market, experiences indifferent for a given market, experiences with lost clients and experiences that need a better adjustment to the market.

Pengaruh Pembangunan Infrastruktur Terhadap Pengembangan Sektor Pertanian di Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

This Research aim a) To analyse infrastructure growth to, market draught irrigation Muaro Jambi Regency Period 2000-2010; b) To analyse infrastructure expense allocation growth and its proportion to totalizeing area expense Muaro Jambi Regency Period 2000-2010 c) To know and analyse ready influence infrastructure, market and irrigation to agricultural sector added value Muaro Jambi Regency Period 2000-2010. Result of research indicate that a) During period 2000-2010 infrastructure growth rate in Muaro Jambi Regency is equal to 6,60 percent per year, in same period infrastructure growth rate irrigation in Muaro Jambi Regency equal to 15,70 percent and infrastructure growth natural market growth mean equal to 18,16 percent b) meanly during period 2000-2010 infrastructure expense proportion to area expense equal to 39,85 percent, with growth per year mean equal to 65,32 percent meanly during period 2000-2010 growth agricultural sector added value Muaro Jambi Regency equal to 4,75 percent c) Infrastructure variable street, market and irrigation by together have an effect on positive and signifikan to velue added agricultural sector. By parsial infrastructure variable irrigation and street have an effect on by signifikan to agricultural sector added value, but market variable though have an effect on positive but don’t signifikan. Keywords: infrastructure , agricultural, expense

Functions of the indian mutual fund industry

Investment is a commitment of funds in real assets or financial assets. Investment involves risk and gain. In the present dynamic global environment, e x p l o r i n g investment a v e n u e s a r e of g r e a t r e l e v a n c e .Investment skills developed over a period of time are considerably influenced by experience and spadework carried out to arrive at conclusions. The success of an investment acti vit y depends on the knowledge and ability of investors to invest, the right amount, in the right type of investment, at the right time. Real assets, being tangible material things, are less liquid than financial asset Compared to financial assets, returns on real assets are more difficult to measure accurately due to the absence of broad, ready, and active market. Financial assets available to individual investors are manifold, having different concomitant benefits to choose from. All financial investments are risky but the degree of risk and return differ from each other. An investor has to use his discretion, which is an art acquired by l earning a n d pra ct i cal experience. The knowledge of financial investment and the art of its management are the basic requirements for a successful investor Financial system comprises of financial institutions, services, markets and instruments,which are closely related and work in conjunction with each other. The litany of new financial institutions and instruments developed in recent years, with the ostensible objective of modernizing the financial sector, is impressively long; Mutual Funds, Discount and Finance House of India, Money Market Mutual Funds, Certificate of Deposit, Commercial Paper, Factoring and Treasury Bills. Financial services through the network of elements serve the needsofindividuals, institutionsand companies. It is through these elements, the functioning of the financial system is facilitated. Over the years, the financial services in India have undergone revolutionary changes and had become more sophisticated, in response to the varied needs of the economy. The process of financial sector reforms, economic liberalization and globalization of Indian Ca pi tal Market had generated and augmented the interest of the investors in equity. But, due to Inadequate knowledge of the capital market and lack of professional expertise, the common investors are still hesitant to invest their hard earned money in the corporate securities. The advent of mutual funds has helped in garnering the investible funds of this category of investors in a significant way.

Profitability and Adoption of Watermelon Technologies by Farmers in Moro Local Government of Kwara State, Nigeria

The study was carried out to determine the adoption rate of watermelon as an alternative crop to the melon the farmers in Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State Nigeria are used to grow traditionally. Unfortunately, melon had remained a poor marketing commodity over a long period of time due to price fluctuation. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and gross margin. The results indicate that the majority (80.87%; n = 93) trained in year 2007 are still active in watermelon cultivation. The adoption of watermelon technologies was influenced by extension packaging styles, compatibility with known methods of melon cultivation, relative advantages, good market price and ready market. Budgetary analysis revealed a profitability of watermelon with gross margin of ?253,850.00 per hectare. The benefit/cost ratio (BCR) was 3:1. The study identified poor extension visit to the farmers after the training. It therefore recommended that the local government should acquire more tractors for hiring to the farmers while subsidy is required in other to reduce the cost of land clearing. Finally, government should as a matter of urgency repair, grade and open up more road network that will facilitating easy transportation of farm produce and reduce cost of transportation.

Seismic Unwired: Going Wireless in Difficult Terrain

Seismic Unwired The Cook Inlet has a long history of oil production, with more than 1.3 billion bbl produced and the potential for more. But ever since production peaked at 230,000 b/d in the 1970s, there has been little exploration as it dwindled to around 12,000 b/d. Stories about the decline point out that the Cook Inlet was eclipsed by far larger finds on Alaska’s North Slope, such as Prudhoe Bay. Still it does offer the potential for significant conventional oil finds onshore and in shallow waters offshore. A 2011 assessment by the US Geological Survey (USGS) covering the entire inlet estimated there could be up to 1.3 billion bbl of oil to discover—its mean estimate was nearly 600 mm bbl of oil plus 13.7 Tcf of natural gas from conventional formations. Plus significantly more gas from unconventional ones. Unlike the North Slope, there is a ready market for natural gas. The nearby city of Anchorage depends on the inlet for natural gas and is concerned about dwindling local supplies, and the location offers transport links not available in the far north. Past exploration suggested the underground structures likely to hold hydrocarbons could readily be identified using 3D seismic. But there have been few surveys using advanced seismic technology and they generally covered small areas. That is not surprising considering the inlet’s treacherous tides, punishing winter weather, endangered Beluga whales, and the brown bears thriving in the wildlife preserves on its shores. Not to mention the permitting process. That all changed when Apache Corp. began an aggressive leasing program a few years ago, gaining rights to explore more than 1 million acres. The big independent exploration company saw the potential for discoveries, particularly in unexplored deeper horizons, and based on its experience elsewhere it believed it could deal with the problems associated with doing a large-scale seismic survey. Obtaining permits to shoot seismic in the inlet required creating a monitoring program, with specially trained and equipped observers making sure the operation followed regulations that can shut down seismic work if certain endangered mammals are within a 6-mile radius, and where sounds could affect animals. Putting out the sensors needed to record those echoes presented another set of natural challenges in waters where tides can change the water level by as much as 35 ft. Currents up to 7 mph (6 knots) rule out towing streamers that move with the current, which also has presented problems for strings of seafloor receivers wired together using cables. “There were horror stories in the past of cables drifting in the currents. Currents are a big problem,” said Mike Yates, senior staff geophysicist for Apache, which also experienced electrical problems with a cabled system, caused by the salt water. On land, laying out long lines of receivers connected by cables was a problem because the permits banned cutting through the brush to create the relatively straight paths needed for cables, and forced detours around protected areas, such as bear dens.

Impact of Livelihood Improvement on the Conservation of Large Mammals in the Bakossi Landscape, South West Cameroon

Large mammals at least the sizes of duikers are greatly affected by anthropogenic activities in the Bakossi landscape area. The improvement of the livelihood of indigenous population around and within protected areas can be of immense important to wildlife conservationists who want to succeed in their efforts or approaches of conserving large mammals in the landscape. A duration of one year of monitoring large mammals abundance and densities, and human activities have shown that, if those who live around protected areas are provided with alternative sources of proteins to rear or farm, this can boost wildlife conservation. It has also shown that hunting and agriculture are the most dangerous causes of wildlife declines because of a ready consumable market of bush meat in big towns and also due to land use dispute because of a growing human population that needs space for socio-economic activities and large mammals that want to forage. Alternative sources of proteins like Pigs, cane rat and goat rearing, snail and bee farming etc provide enough income than hunting and encroachment into protected areas for bush meat and farming. We strongly recommend livelihood improvement through the provision of alternative sources of proteins in the Bakossi landscape to ease large mammal’s conservation.

Sustainable Sources of Biomass for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Waste Water Derived from Coal-Fired Power Generation

Biosorption of heavy metals using dried algal biomass has been extensively described but rarely implemented. We contend this is because available algal biomass is a valuable product with a ready market. Therefore, we considered an alternative and practical approach to algal bioremediation in which algae were cultured directly in the waste water stream. We cultured three species of algae with and without nutrient addition in water that was contaminated with heavy metals from an Ash Dam associated with coal-fired power generation and tested metal uptake and bioremediation potential. All species achieved high concentrations of heavy metals (to 8% dry mass). Two key elements, V and As, reached concentrations in the biomass of 1543 mg.kg−1 DW and 137 mg.kg−1 DW. Growth rates were reduced by more than half in neat Ash Dam water than when nutrients were supplied in excess. Growth rate and bioconcentration were positively correlated for most elements, but some elements (e.g. Cd, Zn) were concentrated more when growth rates were lower, indicating the potential to tailor bioremediation depending on the pollutant. The cosmopolitan nature of the macroalgae studied, and their ability to grow and concentrate a suite of heavy metals from industrial wastes, highlights a clear benefit in the practical application of waste water bioremediation.

Resource Use Efficiency for Cowpea Production in Akatsi District of Ghana

Cowpeas have been identified as one of the crops with the highest and cheapest source of protein which can be relied on to help curb malnutrition problem in most developing countries. Farmers in most farming communities in Ghana, such as Akatsi in the Volta region, still practice the ‘tradition bound’ agriculture. The returns from such production system are estimated to be below potential levels. Assessment of the productivity of major inputs employed in the production of cowpeas in the study area indicates that outputs are below maximum potentials. The level of inputs such as farm size, labour, pesticide, and ploughing (land preparation) were found to be positively related to output, while quantity of seed was negatively related to output. The marginal value products (MVPs) of the inputs were lower than their unit costs. It is anticipated that farmers could increase production beyond current levels, if the resources employed are utilized efficiently. Among the problems identified to affecting the production of cowpeas in the study area include: unfavorable climate, incidence of pests and diseases, land tenure problem, lack of credit for operation, lack of storage facility, transportation and lack of ready market for the produce. To help improve the production, and hence farmers’ income and their living standards, there is the need for an accelerated education programme to provide information on the appropriate methods of production, especially on how inputs could be allocated by the resource-poor farmers.

'We Fear Naught but God'

The aura of mystery and secrecy, which surrounds special forces throughout the world, ensures a ready market for books on such units. The exploits of the British Special Air Service (SAS) and the US Green Berets, romanticised in films and novels, have contributed to this in no small way. In South Africa we have seen books appear on the Rhodesian SAS and Selous Scouts, but until recently nothing of significance has been published on the South African special forces. Then the somewhat encyclopaedic, though hardly definitive, The Silent War by Peter Stiff appeared in 1999. Had on its heels has come Paul Els' softcover, We Fear Naught But God.

Winning Grants: A How-To-Do-It Manual for Librarians with Multimedia Tutorials and Grant Development Tools

In these days of economic austerity, when librarians find themselves facing the quadruple whammy of declining library budgets; pressures to innovate and stay relevant in the world of social media and Library 2.0; continuing demand for existing services by a down-on-its luck, needier patron base; and pressures by administrators or local officials to make libraries as financially self-sufficient as possible, a how-to manual on landing grants has a ready market. The book Winning Grants: A How-To-Do-It Manual for Librarians with Multimedia Tutorials and Grant Development Tools is the ideal book for our times. The book lives up to its title, being comprehensive in scope, taking the reader through every conceivable step in the grants process from making the commitment and understanding the grant process (and anyone who has ever worked on even a small-scale, grant-funded project knows how much time goes into every step of one) to actually applying for a grant, to implementing and overseeing the project, to understanding and complying with the grantor's reporting requirements. Indeed, it is hard to spot any aspect of the science and art of grant writing that the authors do not address and in an admirably approachable fashion throughout. Chapter 10, “Top 10 Tips for Grant Success,” is a particularly useful chapter that includes such themes as people, planning, priorities, purpose, pursuit, and so on. The authors make the point that funders need to be persuaded that a proposed project meets a real need in the community and is in line with the funder's own goals. This is an obvious point, but one that the authors rightly maintain is often ignored by librarians who end up proposing an ill-conceived project to a grantor with little history of funding or known enthusiasm for the type of project being pitched. Those entirely new to the grant-writing process may be thinking, “Well, I have heard about grants, but what sorts of projects could our library possibly get funding for?” This is particularly relevant to medical librarians, given that so much of the grant funding for library projects and so many news stories about the results of such projects tend to be about public, school, or academic libraries. Chapter 11, “Library Success Stories,” is a heartening one that provides detailed, readable, helpfully illustrated examples of real-world grant projects, such as purchasing and installing library signage; providing outreach to senior citizens in Los Alamos, New Mexico, using a grant from the National Network of Libraries of Medicine, South Central Region; and strengthening a public library's services to the transgender community. One especially useful feature of each of the highlighted examples is the answer in each case to the question, “What would you do differently?” It is a pleasure to page through a handsome, well-designed volume that lives up to its name. This really is a how-to-do-it manual with something useful on virtually every page. The worksheets and other illustrative materials (e.g., sample project action steps, sample project timeline) are outstanding and will especially aid novice grant applicants as they try to persuade wary colleagues that seeking grant funding is worth the time and effort and is a gamble (for there are no guarantees that even the most worthwhile projects will get funded) worth taking. Even at the relatively steep price of $99.95, this book is a steal.

Mass Insurance: Next in Line for Product Innovation?

Insurance companies looking to expand have been drawn to the low penetration rates and rising disposable incomes in emerging markets. So far, however, these companies have typically targeted the formal employment sector, as most of its members are concentrated in urban areas and are accessible through employers. But the informal sector - characterized by non-contractual employment and a lack of social security - holds out great promise for insurers aiming for the next level of penetration in emerging markets (Gumber 2002). While the rich represent a ready market and the poorest are targeted through microinsurance products, we suspect the market at the heart of the informal sector’s income pyramid - the middle class - remains largely uncovered by insurance.The middle class of the informal sector offers a growing consumer population with robust purchasing power. Tapping into this expanding market would enable economies of scale, making operations cost effective and profitable. Of course, insurance companies will need to develop products that address the heterogeneity of the middle class. Only companies able to market their products to the masses will capture emerging markets.

Perceived risk of metabolic syndrome and attitudes towards fat-modified food concepts among European consumers

European consumer willingness to purchase fat-modified foods was surveyed as part of the LIPGENE study. Representative samples of consumers ( n = 5967) were interviewed in six countries (France, Great Britain, Portugal, Germany, Poland, and Italy). Of these 2025 were considered as “reporters” who indicated having at least one of: high cholesterol; high blood pressure; central obesity; and/or high blood sugar. Perceived risk from these conditions was also assessed on a 10-point scale. Principal component analysis suggested that those who perceived themselves at greater risk of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, and those who were reporters, more frequently indicated willingness to purchase “healthy” fat-modified food products. The most preferred ‘vehicles’ for fat modification were fish and cheese. Acceptance of fat-modified fish, red meat and cheese product concepts, both standard and GM was positively associated with perceived risk of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. Over 20% of reporters were willing to purchase GM fat-modified fish and cheese products. Our results indicate that if standard and GM fat-modified food products can be shown to ameliorate the risks presented by conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, there is a ready market for such foods.

P2-S2.05 Mobilising female sex workers to access outreach and medical services: a case study from Solapur district, Maharashtra, South India

BackgroundSolapur in south India is a district to which large numbers of female sex workers (FSWs) migrate from nearby states. The district also holds a number of jatras (religious festivals),...

Willingness to pay for organic vegetables in Abeokuta, South West Nigeria

Recent developments of widely reported incidents of dangerous levels of pesticides in food, fertilizer contamination of ground water and the occurrence of livestock diseases attributable to the production methods of large scale agriculture has stimulated the demand for organic food. Food safety is also gaining prominence in developing countries. This study was carried out to determine consumer awareness of organic vegetables and the determinants of willingness to pay a premium for the vegetables in south west Nigeria. The choice of the study area was premised on the fact that it is the most exposed to the organic agriculture movement in Nigeria. Primary data was collected with the aid of structured questionnaire. One hundred and fifty-two (152) copies of the questionnaire were found suitable for analysis. Most of the respondents were literate (100%) married (90.8%) men (65.8%), between 30 and 59 years old. The result shows that majority (88.8%) of the respondents indicated that they had a prior knowledge of, had seen (72.4%) and had eaten (61.8%) organic vegetables before. The respondents’ willingness to pay a premium for organic vegetables and the factors affecting this decision were investigated using a dichotomous response model (logit). In the model, willingness to pay was specified as 1 if willing and 0 otherwise. The results of the restricted model shows that the ethnic background of the respondents and the perception that organic vegetables are not harmful influences their willingness to pay a premium price for organic vegetables. Respondents’ age, work experience and household size significantly explains the perception that organic vegetables are healthier than conventional, Similarly, age, ethnicity, work experience, religion and household size equally explains respondents’ impression that organic vegetables are costlier while the variable tastier was significantly explained by age and household income. There are strong indications of a ready market in Abeokuta, South west Nigeria in the event of extensive cultivation of organic vegetables.

An Extensive republic: print, culture, and society in the new nation, 1790-1840

This title completes the five-volume series more than a decade in the making. Volume Two of A History of the Book in America documents the development of a distinctive culture of print in the new American republic. Between 1790 and 1840 printing and publishing expanded, and literate publics provided a ready market for novels, almanacs, newspapers, tracts, and periodicals. Government, business, and reform drove the dissemination of print. Through laws and subsidies, state and federal authorities promoted an informed citizenry. Entrepreneurs responded to rising demand by investing in new technologies and altering the conduct of publishing. Voluntary societies launched libraries, lyceums, and schools, and relied on print to spread religion, redeem morals, and advance benevolent goals. Out of all this ferment emerged new and diverse communities of citizens linked together in a decentralized print culture where citizenship meant literacy and print meant power. Yet in a diverse and far-flung nation, regional differences persisted, and older forms of oral and handwritten communication offered alternatives to print. The early republic was a world of mixed media.

Optimizing Utilization of Petroleum Coke in Nigerian Metallurgical Industry

Utilization of petroleum coke in the rejuvenating Nigerian metallurgical industry is currently satisfied by importation from more industrialized nations of the world such as the USA, Brazil and Venezuela where delayed coking plants operate and grow in number. The sad years of poor planning have revealed lapses in integration and synergic planning of our industrial complex. The sources of petroleum coke feedstock have been identified and confirmed as atmospheric and vacuum residues of Nigerian refineries. Analysis has portrayed a symbiotic relationship between the metallurgical industry as one of the major end users of various petroleum coke grades, the shot coke, the sponge coke and the needle coke, and the petroleum industry on its part benefiting while providing ready market for steel sheet metals for even coke drum manufacture. This effort shall greatly increase the Nigerian content in these key industrial sectors, with the resultant reduction in capital flight through importation, if rethinking, and re-strategizing are injected into our industrial planning, and revamps models. Redesign options of existing refineries and reengineering of newly proposed refineries should contain resid processing units such as Delayed Coking Plant which will deepen conversion of residual petroleum feed stocks and produce various petroleum coke grades for utilization in power generation sector and our growing metallurgical and electrode industries.