Reading Difficulties Research Articles

The Effects of Phonics Training based on Phonological and Morphological Awareness on Reading and Writing Abilities in Children with Reading Difficulties

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to find more efficient intervention methods for children with poor reading by comparing phonics intervention based on phonological awareness and with integrated phonics group including morphological awareness. Methods: 18 children with poor reading skills in elementary school were selected and classified into two experimental groups and a control group. Decoding, paragraph reading fluency, reading comprehension, dictation, and sentence reading and writing tests were administered as assessment tool. Additionally Jung (2014)’s morphological awareness ability task was utilized. Results: First, both experimental groups showed a significant increase in decoding skills. However, in terms of reading comprehension and fluency, there was a significant increase in the integrated phonics training group including morphological awareness, but there was no significant difference in the phonics training group based solely on phonological awareness. The control group did not show a significant increase in all areas. Second, both groups showed a significant improvement in the dictation skills, while the control group did not showed significant difference. Third, both experimental groups significantly increased their scores in phonological awareness tasks and morphological awareness ability tasks. Conversely, there was no significant increase observed in the control group. Conclusion: It is significant that the phonics intervention program, which integrates phonological and morphological awareness for children with poor reading skills, has an effect not only on reading and writing, but also on meta-recognition ability. This indicates that interventions, including morphological awareness training, have a broad impact on the realm of reading.

Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Kata Menggunakan Media Kartu Bergambar Pada Siswa Tunagrahita Ringan

The research began with problems found in mildly mentally retarded students who had difficulty reading at SLB C Payakumbuh. After examining the characteristics of students, it is easier to read using picture word cards as media. The aim of the research is to prove that picture word card media can improve the word reading ability of mildly mentally retarded students at SLB C Payakumbuh. The type of research used is an experiment in the form of an SSR with an ABA design. Data collection uses techniques in the form of action tests with visual graphic data analysis. There have been 16 meeting sessions divided into 3 conditions. After using picture word card media as a form of intervention, it was proven that this media could improve the word reading ability of students with mild intellectual disabilities.

Reading Difficulty of Consumer Medicine Information (CMI) Leaflets for Five Chronic Ailments in Ghana

Purpose: This study examined the reading difficulty of Consumer Medicine Information leaflets of five chronic-disease medicines. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 192 leaflets were randomly downloaded from the World Wide Web: Asthma (35), Cancer (42), Diabetes (41), HIV (29), and Hypertension (45). Text from each ‘leaflet’ was analysed using the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Flesch Reading Ease, and Gunning Fog indexes. Findings: Consistently, the difficulty of the texts exceeded the recommended difficulty levels. A comparison of mean scores showed leaflets for HIV medication were the most difficult to read because they were written at grade levels too high for the average literate adult. Research Limitations: Readability indexes are suited to only prose. They neither measure how well-organised the text is, nor indicate the suitability of typographical features, such as illustrations, typeface, appeal of presentation, and use of white space. Readability scores do not account for readers’ backgrounds, exposure, and motivation. Practical implication: Developing user-friendly consumer medicine information leaflets can reduce the need for extensive explanations, allowing healthcare providers to allocate their time more efficiently. Social Implication: Improving the readability of Consumer Medicine Information leaflets can enhance health literacy, leading to better health outcomes and reduced healthcare costs associated with medication errors. Originality/Value: While readability indices have been widely used, their application specifically to Consumer Medicine Information leaflets for chronic ailments such as diabetes, hypertension, asthma, arthritis, and heart disease in Ghana is novel. Chronic ailments require continuous and often complex medication regimens, making readability particularly crucial.

Synthesis and Meta-Analysis of Oral Language Interventions on the Vocabulary and Listening Comprehension Development of Young Children

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to systematically review the components of oral language (OL) instruction and meta-analyze the effects of OL instruction on vocabulary and listening comprehension (LC) skills. We included experimental and quasi-experimental studies with 3- to 6-year-old children at risk for reading difficulties based on economic disadvantage or poor performance on OL assessments. Additionally, included studies had to report using at least one vocabulary or LC outcome measure. From the 16 eligible studies, we computed 80 standardized mean differences (SMDs), ranging from 2 to 14 SMDs per study (Mdn = 4). The multivariate weighted average SMD with robust variance yielded a positive effect of 0.52 (95% CI = 0.29 – 0.76), indicating OL instruction significantly improved children’s vocabulary and LC. Although measure type, intervention session length and frequency, and publication type were explored as moderators, only outcome skill and measure type were significant. Findings suggest it is feasible for classroom teachers to implement effective OL practices.

Electrophysiological markers of orthographic pattern learning in school-aged children with reading challenges: An ERP investigation

BackgroundPrevious studies suggested that children with reading difficulty have impaired statistical learning ability in extracting distributional orthographic regularities. However, the neural mechanisms underlying have not been fully investigated. AimsThe current study aimed to identify the electrophysiological markers and to examine the neural underpinnings of statistical learning of orthographic regularities in children with reading difficulties. Methods and proceduresUsing the event-related potentials (ERPs) and the orthographic learning task, 157 children were exposed to a sequence of artificial pseudocharacters with varying levels of positional and semantic consistency (low at 60 %, moderate at 80 %, and high at 100 %). Outcomes and resultsPoor readers elicited an increased N170 response in the low consistency and a lack of left-lateralized P300 effect when learning positional regularities of radicals. Similarly, larger N170 effects were observed in poor readers, while similar N400 effects were found in both poor and average readers when learning semantic regularities of radicals. Conclusions and implicationsOur findings indicate that poor readers may have trouble using statistical information for early-stage orthographic pattern extraction, yet they can identify semantic inconsistencies after sufficient exposure. These results deepen our understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in statistical learning for poor readers and aid in improving criteria for differentiating between typically developing children and those with reading challenges.

Development and deployment of an adaptive national elementary reading screening test

Increasingly over the past decade, there has been a demand of more thorough documentation of the quality of reading assessments. Yet, available documentation of high-quality measures are often restricted to general framework descriptions providing psychometric information as a token of test quality. In a modern view of validity, understanding what is being measured and how scores are calculated is a prerequisite for good interpretation and use of test scores. The present article aims to document the research and development process of a national adaptive screening test for reading difficulties, in which the envisioned interpretation and use of test scores is guiding the work. Given the mandatory nature of this test the sample consist of 49,828 third grade students aged 8. Significant outcomes from this design process involve detailed information on: (a) choice of sub-tests and item formats, (b) selection of high quality items, (c) choice and design of adaptive model, and finally, a statement on the challenges that are still to be met for such a test to function optimally. The present paper is among the first to, in an open and detailed manner, describe the development process as well as qualities and challenges of an adaptive reading screening test for students of this young age.

Spelling development of children with and without reading difficulties throughout elementary grades: evidence from the Greek orthography.

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the development of spelling in a large sample (N = 503, boys: N = 219) of Greek-speaking children with (N = 41) and without (N = 462) reading difficulties. Children were initially tested in Grades 2-4 and then at five consecutive measurement points over a 3-year period, focusing on how initial reading ability, grade, and gender may moderate the rate of spelling growth. Individual growth curve modeling revealed continuous growth of spelling performance in the total sample, although the growth rate decreased over time for children first tested in Grades 3-4. Spelling growth rate was also significantly slower among children with reading difficulties between Grades 2-4 and 3-5. The two reading groups displayed similar growth rates between Grades 4 and 6. Spelling growth rates did not vary significantly with gender. Overall, our study highlights the persistence of spelling difficulties even after 6years of systematic teaching in children with reading difficulties. The severe and persistent spelling deficits of Greek-speaking children with reading difficulties may be attributed to the rich morphological system of the Greek language, the intermediate Greek orthographic transparency (in the direction of writing), and their limited experience with print.

Analysis of A Systematic Literature Review on Dyslexia in Children

This research aims to find the main themes and research categories on reading difficulties (Diselectia). For the data taken to fulfill the purpose of this study, the authors searched several relevant sources from Google Scholar and Scopus (SAGE et al. & Francis). Articles were determined using four combinations of keywords; reports were included in the data set, and the researcher applied a systematic literature review method. Pieces that will become research sources are limited to the last six years. The total number of articles reviewed was 921 from different sources, namely Springer, Elsevier, SAGE, Eric, and Taylor & Francis. Articles were re-selected according to indicators, and then 194 articles were obtained. The dominant research methodology of the articles reviewed is qualitative. The four main themes revealed from the qualitative content analysis are dyslexia, causes of dyslexia, cases of dyslexia, and solutions to overcome dyslexia. Articles are filtered from topic descriptions, eligibility criteria, and search strategies. The cause of dyslexia can be due to developmental errors during pregnancy or other factors such as physical defects or habits that the child has. The solution offered by the teacher is to use several methods and learning media that are appropriate to the child's condition.

Development of a Framework for the Assessment of Critical Thinking in Grade 10 Social Studies

This design and development research (DDR) involved analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) phases to develop an assessment framework for Grade 10 social studies. Data were collected from 10 social studies teachers in La Union, Philippines, through class observations, content analysis of lesson plans and periodic tests, and interviews. Findings of the study revealed that there were no formative and summative assessments used by teachers that could determine critical thinking by raising relevant questions and verifying the accuracy of information. Most of the teachers have encountered problems with students who have difficulty reading and creating assessments that ask students to verify the accuracy of information. Thus, an assessment framework was developed to help teachers create assessments that can determine critical thinking. The alignment of assessments created by teachers using the framework revealed that most of these assessments ask students to formulate solutions regarding controversial issues. However, verifying the accuracy of information was the least integrated critical-thinking skill by social studies teachers in creating assessments using the developed framework. Hence, the developed framework was improved to ensure that social studies teachers will integrate various critical-thinking skills like verifying the accuracy of information in creating assessments for controversial issues.

THE INFLUENCE OF LEARNERS’ PERCEPTION OF READING DIFFICULTIES AND THEIR ONLINE READING STRATEGIES

In recent years, the advent of digital technology has significantly transformed the landscape of reading, giving rise to a distinct set of skills and strategies required for effective comprehension in online environments. The transition to online reading has prompted the need for individuals to adapt and develop specific strategies to navigate digital texts successfully. This study is conducted to explore the influence of learners' perception of reading difficulties and their online reading strategies. This quantitative study collected data from 124 respondents from various faculties of a public university. The questionnaire has 4 sections that contain items on demographic profile, reading difficulties, global strategies, problem-solving strategies, and support strategies. Generally, the finding revealed that there is no correlation between learners’ perception of reading difficulties and their online reading strategies. By understanding the influence of learners' perceptions of reading difficulties and their online reading strategies, educators and researchers can work together to optimise the use of digital technologies in education and improve learning outcomes for students.

Are Poor Readers Also Poor Spellers: An Investigation Into the Malay and English Languages Among Young Multilingual Malaysians

Children with reading difficulties typically experience difficulties in both reading and spelling. Little is known about the use of spelling for identifying reading difficulties across languages that possess different orthographic depths, among multilingual readers. In the current study, we investigated whether multilingual Primary 1 poor readers were also poor spellers in two different orthographies, namely Malay and English. The sample comprised 866 Primary 1 Malaysian public school students from diverse backgrounds. A cut-off point of 25th percentile and below was used to operationalise students with deficits in word reading accuracy and spelling across both languages. A majority of the students who were poor readers in Malay and English, correspondingly, were also poor spellers in both languages. Spelling and word reading accuracy were highly correlated and considered as good indicators for identifying struggling young multilingual readers. These results indicate the importance of assessing spelling in both Malay and English for identifying reading difficulties, especially among young multilingual Malaysian learners. Implications for practice and future directions are addressed.

Analisis Kesulitan Siswa dalam Membaca Lancar Kelas II Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to describe the characteristics of difficulties in reading fluently and the factors that influence students’ reading fluency in class II. This research was conducted on second grade elementary schoo students. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative. The data collection techniques used by researchers in this research were oral tests, interviews, observation, and documentation. The research focus in this study was on second grade elementary school students and their parents. The result of the research show that the characteristics of difficulty reading fluently in class II are mispronouncing words and sentences, reading spelling, omitting letters and words, adding words, flat voice intonation and not paying attention to punctuation, not being able to put words together, letters blend together, halting reading, no expression in reading and not understanding the content of the reading. Factor causing difficulty in reading fluently are internal and external factors. Internal factors include (lack of familiarity with letters, omotting letters and words, lack of interest in reading, and physical factors). Meanwhile, external factors include (family emvironmental factors).

INTENTIONALITY OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS ON READING COMPREHENSION DIFFICULTIES AMONG GRADE NINE LEARNERS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

The ability to read was an important skill in today’s modern world where so much information is transmitted in written form. It is important that people have reading skills whether they are in school or not. This is a challenge to teachers in the junior high school level on how they nurture grade 9 learners to learn proper reading in their respective grade level. The purpose of this research topic emanated from an observation from past research that, levels of reading difficulties among junior high school are still very high in the Philippines and is not an exception (Kelly, 2019). Philippines could possibly be having thousands of learners who have severe reading problems which have not been detected. Therefore, there is a need to identify and understand these reading comprehension difficulties early in life and the challenges they bring about so that the situation could possibly be changed for the better. This study involved teachers in grade 9 in selected public schools in Davao City. This group was chosen because, the following year, they are supposed to be in grade 10 to write their examinations which are to be read and answered in English without anybody’s help. These examinations are very critical as they determine whether the students will proceed to college education or not. Therefore, it is expected that by the time a student reaches grade 10, they must be competent in reading as preparation for their college life. KEYWORDS: intentionality, junior high school, teachers, reading comprehension, difficulties, grade nine, learners

언어장애 아동의 인지양식 관련 연구의 동향 및 과제

Objectives We conducted a literature study on the research trends of cognitive styles of children with language disorders and we tried to investigate the effects of cognitive styles on their language defects. Methods A total of 21 cognitive style studies conducted on children with language disorders since 2000 have analyzed the characteristics and subjects of research, cognitive style types, and related factors. Results First, studies examining the characteristics of working memory according to the cognitive style of children with language disorders were very limited in Korea. Studies related to academic achievement of school-age children were relatively active, along with studies on local treatment and weak central cohesion of children with autism categories. Various research attempts were confirmed to analyze the cognitive process of children with language disorders through cognitive styles, including language/visuospatial working memory. Second, the cognitive style types of children with language disorders could be classified into five categories: field dependent/independent, local/global processing, local processing and central cohesion, language and visuospatial working memory, and sequential/simultaneous processing. Conclusions We discussed that understanding the cognitive strengths of children with poor learning or reading disabilities including SLI and language disorders is the most necessary task for language intervention and education.

Alouette-R normative data for French-speaking school-aged children living in Quebec.

The Alouette-R (2005) by Lefavrais is one of the most widely used tools to assess reading skills in French. However, this instrument does not have normative data specific to the French-speaking population of Quebec, Canada. The validity of an assessment being strongly compromised when using inappropriate norms, the first objective of this study was to establish local norms for the Alouette-R. The second objective was to provide sensitivity and specificity data for each Alouette-R measure in the French-speaking Quebec population. The third objective was to compare Quebec and French normative data and their sensitivity to better understand the applicability and effectiveness of the Alouette-R test at the regional level. A total of 347 fluent readers and 48 children with dyslexia from 3rd to 6th grades were recruited from different regions in Quebec. Participants had to read aloud the 265-word text of the Alouette-R in a maximum of 3 min. Norms (means, standard deviations and percentiles) by school grades were created for each test measure: reading time, number of words read, number of errors, number of words correctly read, reading accuracy index and reading fluency index. The sensitivity (i.e., the ability to correctly identify children with dyslexia) and specificity (i.e., the ability to correctly identify children without dyslexia) of these measurements were also documented. The norms and their sensitivity were then compared with those of the original French study by Lefavrais in 2005. The presence of differences between European and Quebec norms supports the importance of using local norms when assessing language skills. The reading accuracy and fluency indexes are the measurements that best discriminated children with dyslexia from those without a reading disorder in our study. This study will allow clinicians working in Quebec to have a better interpretation of the Alouette-R measurements and ultimately avoid erroneous conclusions resulting from the use of foreign normative data. What is already known on this subject The Alouette-R is a reading test validated and standardized in France to screen for dyslexia in children. The validity of existing norms with the Quebec population in Canada is questionable due to socio-linguistic differences with the population of France. What this study adds to existing knowledge This study provides for the first time normative and sensitivity/specificity data of the Alouette-R for French-speaking school-aged children living in Quebec. Differences were noted with the normative data from France, which supports the importance of using local normative data when administering reading tests in Quebec. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? When administering the Alouette-R, clinicians in Quebec will now be able to use normative data adapted to the local population, which will limit erroneous conclusions resulting from the use of foreign normative data. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity values reported in the article will allow these clinicians to better interpret their results when screening for a developmental reading disorder.

A Scoping Review of Research on the Use of Digital Technologies for Teaching Reading Fluency

Background: Reading fluency is a crucial component of reading. Research indicates that the use of digital technologies can help students with reading difficulties and disabilities improve their reading fluency. Objectives: The objective of this scoping review was to identify and describe research focusing on the use of digital technologies for teaching reading fluency to primary or elementary students in English-speaking settings. Design: Online databases were used to identify papers published between 2013 and 2023. Eighty-six papers that met the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Results: The review indicates that research has primarily focused on the use of digital technologies as interventions to support students at risk of reading difficulties and students with disabilities, with relatively little research emphasis on general classroom teaching of reading fluency. Moreover, uses of digital technologies for the teaching of reading fluency could mostly be categorised as “enhancements” of common non-digital strategies for teaching reading fluency, such as explicit teaching, drill and practice, and repeated readings. Much of the research has focused on the use of programs as opposed to the innovative use of open-ended digital tools. Conclusions: This paper raises questions about the relatively narrow uses of digital technologies in the teaching and research of reading fluency and calls for an expanded research agenda to include a broader range of pedagogical goals and approaches.

Analisis Kesulitan Membaca Permulaan pada Siswa Kelas Rendah: Systematic Literature Review

One important component in the world of education is the ability to read. Even though Indonesia's population is increasing, interest in reading tends to decrease, as evidenced by the percentage of illiterates, which will reach 3.18% in 2023. Reading is the main capital for progress in education, starting from an early age with initial reading in elementary school. However, several difficulties, such as difficulty pronouncing letters, reading diphthongs, and spelling difficulties, are often experienced by students. The aim of this research is to examine the initial reading difficulties of lower-grade students and the strategies implemented by teachers to overcome these problems. This research is useful in helping students master the shapes of letters, words, and sentences, as well as increasing their activity in class. Apart from that, this research aims to increase teacher creativity in creating interesting learning and providing input to improve Indonesian language learning outcomes in lower grades. This research follows PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using the Dimensions and Google Scholar databases.

Reading Comprehension Difficulties on English Descriptive Text

Research aims were knowing about reading comprehending of reading difficulties on English text and the solutions. It was focus on five reading aspects in comprehending, they were main idea, topic sentence, vocabulary, inference, and referent. This research was a library approach with descriptive qualitative method. Research subject was relevant literatures sources and data on the same issue to reading comprehension difficulties on English text. the research show that learners have problematic in analyzing main point in every paragraph, confused in finding topic sentence, wrong words meaning matching, confused in making inference, could not finding inference in the reading text. From five aspects, the most difficult aspect was identifying main idea and vocabulary understanding because sometime it wrote implicitly. Solving this trouble, as the teachers, it was very important to teach the students using various reading strategies, and various types of reading text. for the students, they need to do more reading practice than before, as many as experiences and background knowledge in reading text, it was very useful to help them in comprehending English reading text. Students also must use reading strategy while reading the text, using dictionary or ask the teacher about unfamiliar words. Keywords: Difficulties; English Text; Reading Comprehension;.

PERLAKUAN GURU TERHADAP ANAK DISLEKSIA

In the world of education there are learning difficulties in the learning process, where the inability of students to accept or respond in the learning process, so the necessary role of teachers in dealing with learning difficulties. Difficulty reading is called dyslexia. Dyslexia is a difficulty in analyzing speech, sounds, and difficult to learn about how to combine letters and words which is generally felt in children at primary school age. This study aims to describe the treatment of teachers of dyslexic children in Class III SDN 34 Cakranegara. This study uses qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. There is also a source of data in this study obtained through observing and interviewing homeroom teachers Grade III. There are three lines of activities that can be carried out in data analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of the analysis showed that there are 3 backgrounds of children with dyslexia, with characteristics of children who do not understand the form of writing, teachers provide facilities in the form of books, with image media, and multisensory methods, and always provide motivation to children to be confident.

Telaah Fonologi dalam Pembelajaran Maharah Qiro'ah pada Anak Disleksia di RA Mamba’ul Hisan Surabaya

Reading difficulties or dyslexia pose a big challenge for children, especially in understanding Arabic texts due to the language's unique morphophonemic rules. This study aims to understand how children with dyslexia face challenges in acquiring basic reading skills in Arabic and to identify effective teaching strategies to improve their Maharaj qira'ahQur'an This research method uses a qualitative approach, combining literature analysis, observation, and experimentation in the educational environment at RA Mamba'ulMamba'ulHisan Surabaya. A literature review was initially conducted to build a theoretical foundation, exploring previous studies on phonology, reading teaching, and qira'ah pedagogy. Data collection techniques through observation and experiments are carried out by applying teaching strategies identified from literature and observation analysis into classroom practice. The collected data was analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy in increasing the maharah qira'ah of dyslexic children. Research findings show that phonological awareness is very important in learning maharah qira'ah and that phonology-based teaching strategies significantly improve reading and comprehension skills in dyslexic children. This research contributes to developing inclusive teaching practices, especially at RA Mamba'ulMamba'ulHisan Surabaya, providing valuable insight into effective educational strategies for children with reading difficulties.