Read Transactions Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Advanced Extensible Interface using Verilog

Abstract: Advanced eXtensible Interface, is an interface protocol defined by ARM as part of the AMBA standard. They comprise of AXI4, AXI4 Lite, AXI4 Stream. The AXI specification describes a point-to-point protocol between two interfaces, a master and a slave. The AXI protocol uses 5 channels, 2 for read transactions and 3 for write transactions. One of the key features of AXI4 is its support for burst transactions, which allows for efficient transfer of multiple data items in a single transaction, enhancing data throughput. AXI4-Lite is designed to provide a lightweight and efficient interface for communication between a master device and simpler peripheral devices or memory-mapped registers in a digital system. AXI4-Stream is developed for highthroughput, unidirectional data transfer between different components in a digital system. The design is done in Verilog.

An Efficient Block Address Transformation Scheme in Block Layer for Flash-Based SSDs

Flash-based solid state drives (SSDs) are widely adopted in both industry and the academia since SSDs offer higher performance, lower latency, and lower power consumption compared with traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). Unfortunately, the performance of SSDs can be affected by I/O access patterns. For example, random I/O operation degrades the SSD performance compared with sequential I/O operation since the random I/O operation reduces the spatial locality and increases garbage collection (GC) overhead. To handle this issue, in this article, we propose an efficient block address transformation scheme in the block layer to improve both performance and portability. To do this, we first transform random access patterns to sequential access patterns by sequentializing the block addresses in the block layer. Second, we devise a mapping table for managing transformed block addresses. Third, we support correct read operations and transaction processing for updating the mapping table to avoid sacrificing the consistency. Finally, we provide a cleaning scheme to reclaim invalid data generated by the transformed sequential access. This scheme increases spatial locality, reduces GC overhead, and operates well on any file systems or devices. Experimental results show the proposed scheme improves performance by up to 2x, 1.86x, 2.15x, and 42.8% compared with existing scheme in the case of diverse file systems such as EXT4, XFS, BTRFS, and F2FS, respectively.

Distributed Database System Optimization for Improved Service Delivery in Mobile and Cloud BigData Applications

Many issues associated with managing centralized database include data isolation, redundancy, inconsistency, and atomicity of updates, among others; however, distributed database implementation over high-performance compute nodes maximizes information value across the networks. Also, analysis of bigdata generated/consumed over the mobile Internet, Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computations necessitates low-latency reads and updates over cloud clusters. Conventionally, services in distributed systems demand optimized transactions. This paper examines transaction generation over distributed storage pool using suggested reference architectures of fragmentation using hybrid semi-join operations to offer mobility transparency as an additional ingredient of integrity transparency offer of DDBMS. Distributed storage pool is simulated using configured WLAN to activate multiple file transfers concurrently, engaging mobile nodes and large file sizes. Major functionality desired in the storage pool is improvised by storage virtualization whereby a global schema query optimizer effects transaction management to characterized latency-driven throughputs achieved by joint optimization of network and storage virtualization. Measurements and evaluations gave the best overall performance of low-latency reads and updates using the provisioned mobile-transmission control protocol (M-TCP). Appreciable improvement in service delivery is offered using distributed storage pool (DSP) facilitated with hybridized RAID construction and copy mechanisms. Improved response-time and speed-up transmissions evidently showed low-latency read and update transactions, depicting improved service delivery. Evaluating the DDBMS model simulated in the DSP architecture, all complexity (overheads) associated with conventional shared systems were minimized.

RAMP-TAO

Facebook's graph store TAO, like many other distributed data stores, traditionally prioritizes availability, efficiency, and scalability over strong consistency or isolation guarantees to serve its large, read-dominant workloads. As product developers build diverse applications on top of this system, they increasingly seek transactional semantics. However, providing advanced features for select applications while preserving the system's overall reliability and performance is a continual challenge. In this paper, we first characterize developer desires for transactions that have emerged over the years and describe the current failure-atomic (i.e., write) transactions offered by TAO. We then explore how to introduce an intuitive read transaction API. We highlight the need for atomic visibility guarantees in this API with a measurement study on potential anomalies that occur without stronger isolation for reads. Our analysis shows that 1 in 1,500 batched reads reflects partial transactional updates, which complicate the developer experience and lead to unexpected results. In response to our findings, we present the RAMP-TAO protocol, a variation based on the Read Atomic Multi-Partition (RAMP) protocols that can be feasibly deployed in production with minimal overhead while ensuring atomic visibility for a read-optimized workload at scale.

Failure-Atomic Byte-Addressable R-tree for Persistent Memory

In this article, we propose Failure-atomic Byte-addressable R-tree (FBR-tree) that leverages the byte-addressability, persistence, and high performance of persistent memory while guaranteeing the crash consistency. We carefully control the order of store and cacheline flush instructions and prevent any single store instruction from making an FBR-tree inconsistent and unrecoverable. We also develop a non-blocking lock-free range query algorithm for FBR-tree. Since FBR-tree allows read transactions to detect and ignore any transient inconsistent states, multiple read transactions can concurrently access tree nodes without using shared locks while other write transactions are making changes to them. Our performance study shows that FBR-tree successfully reduces the legacy logging overhead and the lock-free range query algorithm shows up to 2.6x higher query processing throughput than the shared lock-based crabbing concurrency protocol.

B 3 -Tree

In this work, we propose B 3 -tree , a hybrid index for persistent memory that leverages the byte-addressability of the in-memory index and the page locality of B-trees. As in the byte-addressable in-memory index, B 3 -tree is updated by 8-byte store instructions. Also, as in disk-based index, B 3 -tree is failure-atomic since it makes every 8-byte store instruction transform a consistent index into another consistent index without the help of expensive logging. Since expensive logging becomes unnecessary, the number of cacheline flush instructions required for B 3 -tree is significantly reduced. Our performance study shows that B 3 -tree outperforms other state-of-the-art persistent indexes in terms of insert and delete performance. While B 3 -tree shows slightly worse performance for point query performance, the range query performance of B 3 -tree is 2x faster than FAST and FAIR B-tree because the leaf page size of B 3 -tree can be set to 8x larger than that of FAST and FAIR B-tree without degrading insertion performance. We also show that read transactions can access B 3 -tree without acquiring a shared lock because B 3 -tree remains always consistent while a sequence of 8-byte write operations are making changes to it. As a result, B 3 -tree provides high concurrency level comparable to FAST and FAIR B-tree.

RAPID: A real time commit protocol

A write transaction intending to access data already accessed by the group of transactions in read mode may starve. The situation may even become worse with the simultaneous occurrence of the priority inversion if the priority level of the requesting write transaction is higher than that of the highest priority lock holding read transaction from the group of transactions currently holding the conflicting data in read mode. A Reads-write Avoid starvation and Priority Inversion period Declined (RAPID) commit protocol has been proposed that efficiently resolves the above problem by declining the priority inversion duration optimistically through lessening the number of reader transactions either requested or currently holding the conflicting data item in read mode by aborting some of them (if possible). The simulation results show that the RAPID outperforms 2PC and PIC protocol.

INVESTIGATING EFL LEARNERS’ INQUIRY PROCESS IN ACADEMIC READING

For a higher-order comprehension, academic reading class at IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon is designed to develop the EFL learners’ critical reading, and to draw their awareness to the relationship between reading and writing. The study was intended to find out how the students are engaged critically to respond to academic texts, and express an informed opinion on issues addressed in a written form. The idea of reading response is influenced by the work of Rosenblatt. For her, reading transaction is an active event. Although this theory was widely applied in literature major, but the writer sees such a valuable thing to bring this theory into academic reading setting. Qualitative data are presented, which demonstrate how critically minded these learners are when engaging with texts. The author gathered data for this analysis by conducting observation, interview and document analysis of learners’ written work.This article concludes with suggestions for how teachers can develop their own critical literacy approach to texts and units. The research concludes that the EFL learners presented in this study established a careful selection of texts, activation of their background knowledge, questions to the author’s ideas, intertextuality for answering the questions, and reflection in finishing their product.

Monitoring Business Transactions for a Real-time Data Warehouses

time business intelligence (RTPI) is an approach to data analytics that enables business users to get up-to-the-minute data by directly accessing operational systems or feeding business transactions into a real-time data warehouse and business intelligence (BI) system. Business Intelligence (BI) technology has helped many organizations to make better and faster decisions and improve its performance. RTBI allows organizations to evaluate business processes and take strategic action on the current overall business environment. The ability to manage and effectively present the volume of data tracked in today's business is the cornerstone of data warehousing, but when a business users require up-to-date or real-time data for the purpose of analysis, which presuppose the building of a real-time data warehouse (RTDW). In this paper we propose a real-time framework to support this up-to- date process. Our framework is based on reading transaction log file of external data sources to determine that data changed using changed data capture, then load this data to data warehouse. This framework minimizes impact to the source system and the target data warehouse system. KeywordsData Capture (CDC), Extract, Transform and Load (ETL), Replicate, Extract, Transform and Load (RETL), Real- Time Data Warehouse (RTDW)

The Experiences of Two Migrant Readers: Freedom, Restriction, and the Navigation of Adolescent Space

This article focuses on the experiences of Irina and Chloe, two adolescents who had recently migrated to Toronto at the time of the study in which they participated. Through reading discussion groups and semi-structured interviews, Irina and Chloe conceptualized place and identity within and beyond two contemporary young adult texts: Tim Wynne-Jones’s Blink and Caution and Clare Vanderpool’s Moon Over Manifest. Drawing on children’s literature criticism and cultural geography theory, I interpret the ways in which Chloe’s and Irina’s identities have been informed by migration as well as the ways in which mobility has shaped and constrained their familial and social relations. Through discourse analysis, I illustrate the ways in which place has informed their emerging adolescent identities. I offer a critical description of the moment in time when these texts, these readers, and I met as part of a reading transaction within a particular time and space.

The Experiences of Two Migrant Readers: Freedom, Restriction, and the Navigation of Adolescent Space

This article focuses on the experiences of Irina and Chloe, two adolescents who had recently migrated to Toronto at the time of the study in which they participated. Through reading discussion groups and semi-structured interviews, Irina and Chloe conceptualized place and identity within and beyond two contemporary young adult texts: Tim Wynne-Jones’s Blink and Caution and Clare Vanderpool’s Moon Over Manifest . Drawing on children’s literature criticism and cultural geography theory, I interpret the ways in which Chloe’s and Irina’s identities have been informed by migration as well as the ways in which mobility has shaped and constrained their familial and social relations. Through discourse analysis, I illustrate the ways in which place has informed their emerging adolescent identities. I offer a critical description of the moment in time when these texts, these readers, and I met as part of a reading transaction within a particular time and space.

A new concurrency control mechanism for multi-threaded environment using transactional memory

Software transactional memory (STM) is one of the techniques used towards achieving non-blocking process synchronization in multi-threaded computing environment. In spite of its high potential, one of the major limitations of transactional memory (TM) is that in order to ensure data consistency as well as progress condition, TM often forces transactions to abort. This paper proposes a new concurrency control mechanism. It starts with the existing TM implementations for obstruction freedom and eventually builds a new STM methodology. The primary objective is to reduce aborting of transactions in some typical scenarios. A programming model is described for a chain of update transactions that share the same data object among themselves. Using the proposed approach, any new update transaction appended in this chain need not wait for the earlier transactions to finish. The proposed STM allows wait-free, non-blocking implementation of a mix of read and multiple update transactions on the same shared data object with higher throughput.

Where are you from?: locating the young adult self within and beyond the text

This article explores the interconnections between young adult (YA) fiction and three YA readers’ constructions of place within and beyond the text. It employs a qualitative, multiple case study design, and utilizes discussion groups, semi-structured interviews, and the creation of place-journals to interpret some of the ways in which three YA readers, from two contrasting Canadian communities, respond to how place and place-identity are construed within their own lives, and within two YA fiction texts. Drawing on geography theory and reader-response criticism, it offers a critical description of the moment in time when these texts, these readers, and the researcher met as part of a reading transaction, within a particular time and space. I argue that these YA readers are aware of the role of place within their own lives, and that they use these individualized constructions to shape their encounters with these texts.

Fractured Narratives in Novel and Film

Our contribution points to the strategic split operated by Ian McEwan’s narrative and, comparatively, by Joe Wright’s film Atonement. This split allows them to craft two diverging narrative discourses which overtly compete to dominate the interpretation of the fiction and especially its reading transactions. Eventually these narrative maneuvers of both the writer and the director overcome the teleological fate of the narratives and allow them to perform a meta-fictional and self-reflexive role.

Making Connections from Language Learning to Life Experiences Through Literature-Based EFL Instruction

The study aims at implementing a literature-based approach in an EFL course for university students. The students in this study read the text outside of the class and met regularly to do reading related activities throughout the semester. Data collection consisted of audio-recordings of classroom conversations and interviews, both the students' and the instructor's journals, and pre- and post-class surveys. Research questions were set up to explore the dynamic aspects of foreign language learning. Data analysis revealed the following results: The first finding was that students could refine their language skills based on communicative language use by improving english production skills while as learning how to use text structures in developing language skills. The second finding was that students changed their perceptions of language learning. Students started to take ownership toward their learning and thus they could grow as language learners by showing their voluntary work in learning the new language. The third finding was that students in this study could extend experiences through dynamic reading transaction by identifying themselves with the characters from the texts and nurturing reflective responses. Based on the results, the implications of the findings and suggestions for follow-up studies were provided.

The Pragmatist Reader: Reading as a Meaning-making Transaction in the English Classroom

Rosenblatt’s transactional theory and Pike’s aesthetic model of reading both put the reader at the heart of the reading transaction. A re-envisionment of these approaches in terms of the pragmatist reader, a concept derived from Norbert Wiley’s ‘pragmatism’s self’ and the findings of a recent case study into classroom reading, leads to a view of meaning-making during reading events as dialogic, deploying Peirce’s ‘internal conversation’ in close association with interpersonal activity. It is also reflexive, textured and multimodal, and contributes to the evolution of the self. The pragmatist reader has significant implications for the way both reading and other forms of meaning-making are nurtured in the classroom. A fully dialogical view of meaning-making is called for, which gives equal weight to the pupil as both respondee and initiator in classroom meaning-making, and which acknowledges the role of intrapersonal meaning-making in the evolution of the learner’s self.

Code-switching during parent—child reading interactions: Taking multiple theoretical perspectives

This article uses multiple theoretical perspectives to understand the synergy that occurs between linguistically diverse parents and children during reading interactions. Through the detailed analysis of code-switching during book-sharing activities in a middle-class, bilingual home, we can observe how linguistically diverse parents support the development of reading competency in their children, provide rich language and linguistic experiences, and co-construct their children’s identities as a reader as they read together. Code-switching is therefore viewed as a cognitive, social, and cultural tool to support the learning of early biliterate readers by mediating reading transactions with the text. The insights from this study highlight how transactions with text in bilingual homes can be described through language syncretism, or integration and reinvention of language forms, as part of a holistic, natural approach to literacy learning.

The (meta)narrative paratext: coda as a cunning fictional device

Our study draws on the array of functions assigned to the textual Coda in Ian McEwan’s novel Atonement, also turned into a successful movie. It follows two diverging narrative discourses—the Text and its Paratext—that overtly compete over the understanding of the story and over its reading transaction. In McEwan’s novel, the closing Paratext provides genre patterns and alternative reading strategies to the Text. Turning back upon the story itself and upon its process of writing, its understanding and its genre expectations in a particular cultural context, Coda is being assigned by the British novelist an overt meta-narrative task.

Reader on Top: Public Libraries, Pleasure Reading, and Models of Reading

This article examines competing models of reading that have been available for librarians to use in their discourse and policy making about pleasure reading. Two models, "Reading with a Purpose" and "Only the Best," developed within public librarianship, while the others developed variously in education, psychology, mass media studies, and sociology. These models have differing stories to tell about the power of the text, the role of the reader, and the effect on the reader of what is read. Who is in charge in these stories of reading? Is reading a receptive process of extracting meanings right there in the text or is it a productive process that involves the reader as a co-creator of meaning? What happens during the reading transaction itself? Is the reader empowered? Or is the reader duped, dumbed down, tranquilized, or deceived? Each model of reading makes its own power claims and each has its own entailments. Some models are more appropriate than others for public libraries now that they are seeking to play a more significant role in the leisure structure. The article uses two types of readers as test cases whose reading tastes have historically been denigrated: the series book reader and the romance reader.

A database scale-out solution for emerging write-intensive commercial workloads

Among the increasing number of online businesses, a series of write-intensive commercial workloads are emerging recently on the Internet. These workloads generate many more write transactions on the backend database than read transactions. Most of such workloads require the database to handle high-volume write transactions in real-time. Based on the observation on the workloads, this paper proposes a multi-tier database scale-out architecture with the write caching technology. Our preliminary result shows that the database scale-out architecture can handle extremely high-volume write transactions with excellent scalability.