Reactive Dye Wastewater Research Articles

The Use of Artificial Neural Network for Modeling Coagulation of Reactive Dye Wastewater Using Cassia fistula Linn. Gum

Natural seed gum extracted from Cassia fistula Linn. (CF) was experimentally evaluated to treat reactive dye (Red 195) in an aqueous solution, whose color and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were to measure the treatment efficiency. To investigate five parameters i.e. pH, reaction time, agitation speeds, dye concentration and CF gum concentration were used to implement a one-factor-at-a-time experiment with Jar-test apparatus. Carried out under weak basic condition (pH 10) for 30 min, the COD and decolorization efficiency of the dye stuff wastewater was observed at 42.4% and 57.8%, respectively. A single-layer Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was also developed to predict the removal efficiency of the dye by using the determination coefficient (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE). The observed and predicted outputs were found to be 0.924 and 3.759, respectively. Furthermore, the ANN model was analysed using Garson’s algorithm, connection weight method, and neural interpretation diagram to understand the influence of each operation factor on the treatment process.

Novel Photo-Fenton Oxidation with Sand and Carbon Filtration of High Concentration Reactive Dyes both with and without Biodegradation

There is an increasing need to provide rural textile dye operations in developing nations with an effective and low-cost method to clean dye wastewater. Such operations often have no choice in the location of their wastewater disposal due to their lack of funds and influence in the industry, resulting in wastewater disposal that is detrimental to environmental safety. Photo-Fenton oxidation, an advanced oxidation process used to degrade low-concentration textile dye wastewater, has shown promise using expensive chemicals in laboratory-scale projects. Aerobic biodegradation, a common biological treatment method used in large-scale low-concentration textile industrial applications, generates large amounts of hazardous biological waste. This paper presents successful decolorization of high-concentration reactive dye wastewater using a wide range of temperatures and solar irradiances in two locations for the first time. To fully degrade dye wastewater, full oxidation times combined with sand and carbon filtration rank more important than different iron surface areas. UV-visible spectrometry, GC/MS, and ICP techniques along with measured COD levels were used to support these findings. This study is expected to provide a low-cost method to clean high concentration dye effluent as it deals with testing sustainable decolorization of textile dye wastewater using photo-Fenton oxidation and sand and carbon filtration in a reactor and the filter that is constructed of recycled rusty metal and locally available sand.

Applying an Artificial Neural Network to Predict Coagulation Capacity of Reactive Dyeing Wastewater by Chitosan

Applying an Artificial Neural Network to Predict Coagulation Capacity of Reactive Dyeing Wastewater by Chitosan

Degradation of Synthetic Reactive Dye Wastewater Based on Amine-Functionalized Polyacrylonitrile Fiber

A series of functional fibers have been prepared by modifying a commercially available polyacrylonitrilefiber (PANF) with polyamines such as ethylenediamine, tetraethylenepentamine and hyperbranched polyethylenimine (HPEI), and then used to coordinate with Fe3+, respectively, to produce Fe-modified PAN fiber complexes. The chemical structures of modified PANFs were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). X-ray Diffraction (XRD) characterization showed that the inner crystal region of PANF was damaged during the introduction of amine groups.. Organic elemental analysis results to a certain extent demonstrate the success of modification. The coordination of Fe3+ was verified by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The Fe-modified PAN fiber complexes were were used to eliminate the color from synthetic reactive dye wastewater (SRDW, including Reactive Red 195, RR 195) under normal conditions. This study presents a valuable route towards wastewater treatment in dyeing and finishing.

Hybrid coagulation/membrane process treatment applied to the treatment of industrial dyeing effluent

A combined system of coagulation and membrane processes was investigated in this study for reactive dyeing wastewater treatment. Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were tested in order to study the effect of the membrane type on the hybrid system performances. Additionally, membrane resistance analyses were conducted in order to understand the membrane fouling mechanism. Two different coagulants were used: Al2(SO4)3(Alum) and Amerfloc445. The influence of the coagulation conditions including coagulant nature and shear rate and duration on the UF behavior was studied. Indeed, a procedure of flocs breakage–reformation under different shear intensities was followed in the coagulation step, during these tests, flocs size and sensitivity to breakage as well as their regrowth ability were examined. The filtration results indicated that the coagulation step did not enhance the MF performances. The coagulation/ultrafiltration system was found to be better not only in term of permeate quality but also in fouling minimization. Although, Amerfloc445 generated the largest flocs with the best regrowth ability, but these flocs were more sensitive in increasing shear rate. As a result, the flocs breakage dropped the UF normalized flux by at least 22% with Amerfloc445 against a maximum of almost 12% with Alum. The extension of the shear duration from 5 min to 10 min affected the UF behavior especially in the presence of Amerfloc445; indeed the normalized flux decrease reached 14% against just 3% for pre-coagulated effluent with Alum.

Removal of sodium salts and chemical oxygen demand from real reactive dye wastewater by the integrated process of chemical precipitation and extraction

Real reactive brilliant red K-2BP (C. I. Reactive Red 24) dye wastewater is characterized by its very high chemical oxygen demand (COD), high concentration of sodium salt, and low biodegradability. A combined process of precipitation, complex extraction, and stripping was proposed as a method for treating such wastewater. Fluosilicic acid was selected as a precipitator for the recovery of sodium ions, trialkylamine (N235) as the extractant, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a back-extractant. Our results indicated that desalination had the greatest influence on extraction rates while the phase ratio and the N235 concentration also influenced the reaction. Acid, which was an important factor affecting COD extraction, was produced during desalination process. We also noted a number of points of interest: that the extraction reaction could reach equilibrium in 20 min; that the COD removal rates tended to increase under certain conditions, with an increase in acidity of wastewater resulting in increased desalination rates, and an increased N235 concentration and phase ratio (O/A). Under optimum conditions the COD removal rates can reach 92%, the extractant could be regenerated by stripping with NaOH, and the stripping rate could reach an efficiency of 100%.

High flux, positively charged loose nanofiltration membrane by blending with poly (ionic liquid) brushes grafted silica spheres

Silica spheres modified by poly (ionic liquid) brushes, a novel positively charged nanomaterial is prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A high flux positively charged loose nanofiltration membrane is fabricated via “blending-phase inversion” method. The morphology structures, hydrophilicity, thermal and mechanical properties, permeation performance of these membranes are investigated in detail. The results reveal that the hybrid membranes have enhanced surface hydrophilicity, water permeability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Characterization of membrane separation properties shows that the hybrid membranes possess higher salt permeability and relatively higher rejection for reactive dyes, which may open opportunities for the recycling of reactive dyes wastewater. Moreover, such hybrid membranes have an outstanding operational stability and salts concentration showed little effect on the separation properties.

The feasibility of Cassia fistula gum with polyaluminium chloride for the decolorization of reactive dyeing wastewater

In order to find a new environmental-friendly coagulant that can partially replace conventional polyaluminium chloride (PAC) which was shown to be toxic to aquatic environment, gum extracted from seeds of Cassia fistula Linn. (CF) was investigated in decolorization of reactive dyes Blue 19 (RB19) and Black 5 (RB5) using jar-test experiments. The optimal results showed that crude CF gum (at pH 10, initial dye concentrations (IDC) of 100 and 50 mg L-1, gum dosages 200 and 300 mg L-1, reaction time 30 and 45 min, and agitation speed 60 rpm) did not achieve high degrees of decolorization in RB5 and RB19 (55.7 and 62.0 %, respectively) as compared with PAC coagulant (97.2 and 94.4 %, respectively) at the same IDC and reaction time. Whereas when CF gum was used in combination with PAC, decolorization efficiencies of both dyes reached over 92 % at 40 % volume fraction of gum. These results indicated the potential of using CF gum as a ?green? coagulant or as a contributing factor to color removal of textile wastewater.

Treatment of the Reactive Yellow Dye Wastewater by Microwave Enhanced Fenton Oxidation

Microwave enhanced Fenton oxidation treatment effect of reactive yellow dye wastewater is studied. Through experimental analysis the effect of H2O2 dosage, FeSO4•7H2O dosage, microwave power, irradiation time to dye wastewater Degradation rate. Microwave enhanced Fenton oxidation process treating active yellow dye wastewater optimum conditions: pH value of 3, H2O2 volume concentration of 4mL/L, FeSO4•7H2O concentration of 200mg/L, microwave power of 500W, irradiation time of 7min. Under this condition, reactive yellow dye wastewater removal rate is 92%.

Synthetic reactive dye wastewater treatment by using nano-membrane filtration

The batik industry is considered to be one of the largest textile cottage industries in the Southeast Asian region. Batik processing utilizes wax as a physical resistant and consumes a large amount of water during dyeing, fixing, and washing process; thus, generating harmful wastewater including dye, wax, and other auxiliaries. Respectively, an efficient wastewater treatment method is deemed necessary to meet legal emission standards. In this study, application of polyamide nano-membrane to remove dyes was evaluated for five different fiber reactive dyes’ wastewater, namely reactive blue 15, reactive red 194, reactive yellow 145, reactive black 5, and reactive orange 16. The discussed dyes were tested in low concentration (16 mg/l) during a 60 min filtration process. The efficiency of filtration was calculated based on pre-process and post-process analytical experiments. The flux for all the samples ranged between 7.8 and 9.2 ml/cm2 s. The permeate pH value of the samples was observed to slightly increase, within a range of 6.4–7.1. Conductivity measurements for the samples indicated dramatic reduction for each sample dye solution compared to the sample from the feed to permeate during the filtration runs. Chemical oxygen demand value in the permeate samples was reduced to zero, representing a dye removal efficiency of more than 90%, thus successfully meeting the environmental legal standard.

Decolorization of reactive dyeing wastewater by ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate

This paper presents the result of dyeing solution coagulation with the use of ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate (FAS). The examined solution contains two reactive dyes: Black 5 and Blue 19. It has been shown that the efficiency of the dye removal depends on the type of dye, coagulation dosage and the initial pH. Our result showed that the increase of initial pH up to 12 enhanced the color removal efficiency; the FAS dose was determined 280 ml (Black 5) and 180 mg/l (Blue 19) at slow mixing time 15 min, agitation speed 60 rpm, and the initial dye concentration should be 50 and 100 mg/L for Black 5 and Blue 19, respectively.
 Chất keo tụ sắt (II) amoni sulfate (FAS) được sử dụng khử màu của hai màu nhuộm hoạt tính phổ biến (Blue 19 và Black 5). Kết quả cho thấy, quá trình keo tụ bị ảnh hưởng nhiều bởi loại màu nhuộm, nồng độ chất keo tụ và pH của dung dịch đầu vào. Với nồng độ FAS 280 mg/l (Black 5) và 180 mg/l (Blue 19), pH đầu vào dung dịch khoảng 12, thời gian phản ứng 15 phút, tốc độ khuấy 60 vòng/phút ứng với nồng độ màu Black 50 mg/L và blue 100 mg/L dung dịch gần như mất màu hoàn toàn.

Treatment of highly concentrated wastewater containing multiple synthetic dyes by a combined process of coagulation/flocculation and nanofiltration

The treatments of dyes (acid, basic and reactive dyes) wastewater were studied by applying individual coagulation/flocculation (CF) and nanofiltration (NF) processes as well as their combination (referred as CF–NF). For the treatment of highly concentrated multiple dyes wastewater (MDW, 1000ppm), polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (PDDA) were found to be the most effective coagulant and flocculant, respectively. The CF process can achieve about 90% of dye removal at the optimal dosage of PAC/PDDA=400/200ppm, and the MDW with pH>3 is favorable for the CF treatment. A positively charged NF hollow fiber membrane was fabricated and used for NF treatment. It is able to remove almost 100% dyes with a permeate flux of about 1.0Lm−2h−1 under an operating pressure of 1bar. The combination of CF and NF can complement each other׳s strengths and overcome their individual limitations. The NF treatment can completely remove the strong color left in CF treated dye solutions, while the efficiency of coagulant/flocculant is improved by treating NF concentrated streams and subsequently results in much less sludge. In addition, membrane fouling is abated and NF permeate flux is increased by applying the CF process as a pretreatment. Thus, the combination of CF–NF improves the overall performance for the dyes wastewater treatment.

Decoration of phthalocyanine on multiwalled carbon nanotubes/cellulose nanofibers nanocomposite for decoloration of dye wastewater

Abstract We describe the incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) into cellulose nanofibers for the subsequent functionalization of cobalt tetraaminophthalocyanine (CoPc) catalyst. MWNT doped cellulose acetate nanofiber mats (MWNT/CA-NM) was prepared by electrospinning MWNT-cellulose acetate mixed solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the morphologies of nanofibers and the aligned distribution of MWNT along the nanofiber axis. Both the thermal stability and the mechanical properties of nanofibers were significantly improved with increased MWNT concentration. CoPc was covalently immobilized onto the surface of nanofibers after MWNT/CA-NM was hydrolyzed with KOH, oxidized with NaIO 4 , and spacer-arm attached with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), using glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent. The resulting cellulose nanofiber-based functional nanomaterial, MWNT doped, CoPc functionalized cellulose nanofiber mats (MWNT/CoPc-spacer-NM), can efficiently decolorize reactive dye wastewater, and the introduction of MWNT obviously improved the catalytic efficiency of CoPc. Ultraviolet–visible light spectroscopy (UV) and fluorescence spectroscopy (FL) experiments identified the communication between the CoPc and the MWNT, which might be responsible for the improvement of catalytic activity.

Decolorization of reactive dyeing wastewater by Poly Aluminium Chloride

Color removal of some reactive dyes (Blue 19, Black 5 and Red 195) using a local Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) was investigated with Jar-test experiment. The dyes were removed (above 94%) at optimal pH 7 (Red 195) and pH 10 (Blue 19 and Black 5). The PAC dosage of 220 mg/L(Blue 19 and Black 5) and 160 mg/L (Red 195) were found to be best for decreasing dye up to 50 mg/L (Black 5, Red 195) and 100 mg/L (Blue 19). Reaction time and agitation speed also affected the decolorization process. That result indicates that Vietnamese PAC can be a robust and economical coagulant for discolorization of reactive dyeing process.
 Chất keo tụ Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) sản xuất tại Việt nam được ứng dụng khử màu của một số màu nhuộm hoạt tính phổ biến (Blue 19, Black 5 and Red 195) trên thí nghiệm Jar-test. Kết quả cho thấy màu bị loại gần như hoàn toàn (trên 94 %) tại pH 7 (Red 195) hoặc 10 (Blue 19 và Black 5). Nồng độ PAC đạt hiệu quả tốt nhất tại 220 mg/L (Blue 19 và Black 5) và 160 mg/L (Red 195) ứng với nồng độ màu 50 mg/L (Black 5, Red 195) hay 100 mg/L (Blue 19). Thời gian phản ứng, tốc độ khuấy cũng có tác động đến hiệu suất khử màu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy PAC sản xuất tại Việt nam không những là một chất keo tụ tốt mà còn rất kinh tế cho việc khử màu hoàn toàn trong nước thải nhuộm hoạt tính.

Preparation of betaine‐modified cationic cellulose and its application in the treatment of reactive dye wastewater

ABSTRACTBetaine‐modified cationic cellulose was prepared through the reaction of cellulose with betaine hydrochloride by an efficient one‐step dry method. Dicyandiamide was used as a dehydrating agent to promote the formation of ester bonds between the reactants. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the cellulose betainate. Experiments showed that at a molar ratio of the cellulose glucose unit, betaine hydrochloride to dicyandiamide, of 1:1:0.5 at 150°C for 3 h, the degree of substitution of the cationic group reached 0.80. The adsorption of simulated C. I. Reactive Red 24 and C. I. Reactive Red 195 wastewater on the cationic cellulose was carried out, and the effects of the adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, and salt concentration on the dye removal efficiency were investigated. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm data of the cationic cellulose exhibited a better fit to the Langmuir isotherm model than the Freundlich one. The experimental results suggest that the prepared cationic cellulose materials show potential application for reactive dye wastewater treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40522.

Study on Reactive Dye Wastewater Treatment with Quaternary Chitosan

Chitosan quaternary ammonium salt is synthesized by means of heterogeneous reaction, and then applied to treat reactive dye waste water. Effects of flocculation factors on treatment waste water are discussed. The results show that, the quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan concentration and settling time have great effects on the flocculation effect, and the stirring manner has little effect on flocculation.

Degradation of reactive dyes wastewater supplemented with cationic polymer (Organo Pol.) in a down flow hanging sponge (DHS) system

Decolourization of reactive dyes wastewater supplemented with 1mg/l cationic polymer (Organo Pol.) in a down flow hanging sponge (DHS) system was investigated at different HRTs and OLRs. The results obtained revealed that, increasing the HRT from 1.7 to 5h, significantly increased the removal efficiencies of color and COD i.e. at a HRT of 5h, and OLR not exceeding 2.8gCOD/ld, the reactor achieved removal efficiencies of 66.5±7.07% for COD t and 90.12±3.13% for color. However, at longer HRT of 6.0h, the decolorization process was substantially dropped, due to high salinity content in the influent.

Experimental Study on Photocatalytic Oxidation of Reactive Gaudy Red-3B Dye Wastewater by Microwave Enhanced TiO<sub>2</sub>/AC Photocatalyst

Using microwave enhanced TiO2/AC photocatalyst to photocatalytic oxidation reactive gaudy red dye wastewater.Inspected the influence of the microwave irradiation time and microwave power on the preparation process, and comparative study the influencing treatment effect factors like the initial concentration of wastewater, photocatalyst using times and photocatalyst dosage.The results showed that:the irradiation time is 1min on 520W ,the photocatalyst activity is the highest . The initial concentration of wastewater is 50mg/L, 10.0g/L of dosage, the best decolorization rate is 95.6%, Compared to the no enhanced, the improvement for photocatalyst increased by 8.7%., indicating that the microwave enhanced TiO2/AC photocatalyst can effectively improve the treatment effect of dye wastewater.

Color Removal from Dyeing Wastewater by the Polymer of Epichlorohydrin-Ethylenediamine

A new polymer of epichlorohydrin-ethylenediamine was obtained by suspension polycondensation of ethylenediamine with epichlorohydrin. The color removal performance and mechanism of the polymer in the treatment of synthetic reactive dyes wastewater was investigated, and in comparison with polymeric aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC). The results showed that epichlorohydrin-ethylenediamine achieved higher color removal efficiency, and its adsorption-bridging and electric neutralization ability playedimportant roles in the flocculation process.

EFFECT OF SILICON ON CALCIUM, PROLINE, GROWTH RATE AND SALT STRESS OF NARROW-LEAVED CATTAILS IN SYNTHETIC REACTIVE DYE WASTEWATER

Narrow-leaved cattails (Typha angustifolia L.) show higher efficiency in the removal of colour and reduction of pH, TDS, and conductivity from synthetic reactive red dye wastewater (Rw) when silicon is added to the wastewater. The efficiency of the colour removal was increased from 86% within 12 days to 93% within 9 days with the addition of silicon. Furthermore, the TDS was also decreased when adding silicon in the wastewater. In addition, calcium and proline accumulation in the plant leaf increased in response to increasing Rw concentrations in the absence of added silicon. Higher salinity was also observed with increasing Rw concentrations. Plants attempt to balance their water potential by secreting proline as an osmotic adjustment. But both calcium and proline levels decreased when silicon was added to the wastewater. This result implies that the plant uses silicon as primary element for responsibility under salt stress condition by increasing growth of plant. In addition, silicon can be used instead of calcium, resulting in decreased proline and calcium production in the plant.