DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Research Articles

The influence of the nanostructure design on the corrosion behaviour of TiN thin films prepared by glancing angle deposition

This study reports on the influence of nanostructure design on the corrosion behaviour of titanium nitride (TiN) thin films, prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering, using the Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) technique. The primary objective was to explore how modifying the deposition geometry affects the growth design and surface features of TiN films (keeping roughly constant the N/Ti ratio) and compare these effects with those produced by changing the chemical composition within the same thin film system (N/Ti increasing ratios). For this, two groups of samples were prepared: Group 1 – the samples were prepared in the conventional geometry (normal growth) with varied nitrogen content (stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric films) and; Group 2 – the samples were prepared with modified growth geometries (inclined and zigzag, with increasing incidence angles), keeping an almost unchanged stoichiometry. The results revealed increased surface porosity and roughness for Group 2 films compared to Group 1, demonstrating that deposition geometry can affect more significantly the surface characteristics than the composition variations. Corrosion studies indicated that the films prepared within Group 2, despite having higher porosity, showed a more stable open circuit potential (OCP) and nobler values than the reference close-stoichiometric TiN0.92 film (reference sample) from Group 1. However, potentiodynamic polarization curves suggested higher corrosion kinetics for Group 2 films, most likely due to their increased surface heterogeneities. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed these findings, showing lower corrosion resistance for films prepared with inclined and zigzag geometries, if compared to the films prepared in conventional geometry (Group 1 samples).This study advances the current state of the art on this film's responses, by demonstrating that tailoring nanostructure design through deposition geometry offers a promising approach to optimize the corrosion behaviour of TiNx without the need to change its composition.

Photocatalysis, wettability and optical properties of N-doped Cu2O/CuO thin films for smart coating applications

Abstract Undoped and nitrogen (N)_doped Cu2O/CuO thin films were deposited via reactive DC magnetron sputtering. The deposition was carried out by sputtering the Cu targets under various Ar/N2/O2 gas flow ratios. The structural, optical, wettability, and photocatalytic performance of the deposited films were investigated. A simple cubic Cu2O crystallographic phase is observed for the undoped film, whereas mixed cubic Cu2O and monoclinic CuO phases (Cu2O/CuO) are observed for the N_doped films. EDAX revealed that as the N2 flow rate increased the amount of nitrogen incorporated into the film increased. The transmittance and reflectance are affected by the incorporation of nitrogen into the films. The transmittance values decreased with increasing N2 flow rate, whereas the reflectance values increased. Both the refractive index and extinction coefficient almost increased with increasing N2 flow rate. A noticeable optical band gap narrowing from 2.55 eV to 2.39 eV was detected upon increasing the N2 flow from 0.0 to 190 sccm. The photoluminescence spectrum of the undoped sample contains five distinct bands at 518, 612, 654, 714 and 825 nm. These five maxima are attributed to the radiative decay of bound and free excitons, and oxygen vacancies (VO) After nitrogen incorporation, the photoluminescence intensity decreases and then increases again with increasing N2 flow rate. A reduction in the water contact angle was observed with increasing N2 flow rate. Upon Vis-light illumination, the N_doped Cu2O/CuO films reached superhydrophilicity faster than the undoped film did. The photocatalytic performance of the deposited Cu2O/CuO films was strongly enhanced with a small amount of N doping. The deposited films are promising for self-cleaning and photocatalytic degradation of organic wastes.

Performance evaluation of p-type Cr2O3 thin films grown by reactive DC magnetron sputtering for Schottky diode applications

Abstract In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation into the impact of combined oxygen and argon flow rates on the physical properties of Cr2O3 thin films produced via reactive DC magnetron sputtering. Additionally, we explore the influence of oxygen flow rate on various aspects, including structural, morphological, optical, chemical, and electrical characteristics of the sputtered Cr2O3 thin films. Our analysis, based on XRD results, reveals the polycrystalline nature of the films. Surface morphology was examined through scanning electron microscopy. Optical analysis indicates a band gap ranging from 2.70 eV to 2.99 eV for the films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis shows the splitting of Cr 2p core spectra into Cr 2p3/2 and Cr 2p1/2 domains within the range of 573 eV to 585 eV, alongside the presence of satellite peaks. Moreover, extracted electrical properties reveal the p-type conductivity of the deposited Cr2O3 thin film under various oxygen flow rates. Furthermore, we fabricate and characterize an ITO/p-Cr2O3/Al Schottky diode to provide additional insights into p-Cr2O3/Al Schottky diodes. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights and enhances our understanding of Cr2O3 thin film properties, particularly in the context of semiconductor devices like Schottky diodes.

Systematic approach for high piezoelectric AlN deposition

Aluminum nitride (AlN) is a wide band gap semiconductor with interesting piezoelectric properties for many applications, including micromechanical systems (MEMS), acoustic wave sensors or energy harvesting devices. The influence of DC reactive magnetron sputtering (DCRMS) deposition parameters on the structural, crystalline, and piezoelectric properties of AlN thin films are presented. The systematic approach of Design of Experiments (DoE) has been used to evaluate the role of magnetron power, nitrogen and argon flows on the deposition process and the film properties. Magnetron power and argon flow have resulted to be the parameters causing the most significant effects on the deposition rate. AlN films have been deposited with a high crystal quality, showing low values of FWHM (0.28) and c-axis orientation parallel oriented respect to the growth direction, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). These samples also showed a high piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 5 pC/N for AlN thin films. This work highlights the importance of deposition parameters on the properties of the film and the important role that DoE play for its optimization with a minimum number of depositions.

Analysis of pulsed direct current reactive magnetron sputtering on a silicon target

Reactive sputtering is a very useful technique, particularly, for producing inhomogeneous interference filters, where the refractive index changes smoothly during deposition. In such a context, precise control of deposition parameters is crucial for replicating the desired optical properties. This study employed a pulsed DC power source to investigate the influence of a duty cycle on target poisoning, sputtering plasma characteristics, electric signals, and optical and morphological properties of synthesized films. Reactive pulsed DC magnetron sputtering was characterized by analyzing the behavior of plasma emission via optical emission spectroscopy and voltage-current signals, while modulating parameters such as the oxygen content within the vacuum chamber. A set of thin films was coated on glass substrates under different system conditions. These films underwent characterization employing spectroscopic ellipsometry to ascertain their optical constants, atomic force microscopy for surface morphology analysis, and x-ray diffraction for the determination of crystalline structures. The results indicate that longer duty cycles required higher oxygen levels to poison the target. Additionally, a detailed analysis of electrical signals revealed nonsquare waveforms, whose characteristics were influenced by both the duty cycle and the oxygen content within the sputtering chamber, resulting in higher effective voltages during the on-time of the voltage pulse. Grown films via reactive pulsed DC magnetron sputtering were also compared to films grown via conventional DC magnetron sputtering at equivalent conditions of target poisoning.

From weak to strong-coupling superconductivity tuned by substrate in TiN films

Abstract The interplay between substrates and superconducting thin films has attracted increasing attention. Here, we report an in-depth investigation on superconducting properties of the epitaxial TiN thin films grown on three different substrates by dc reactive magnetron sputtering. The TiN films grown on (0001) sapphire exhibit (111) crystal orientation, while that grown on (100) Si and MgO substrates exhibit (100) orientation. Moreover, the samples grown on Si reveal a relatively lower level of disorder, accompanied by the higher critical transition temperature Tc and smaller magnitude of upper critical field slope near Tc. Remarkably, we uncovered a rather high value of superconducting gap (with Δ0/kBTc = 3.05) in TiN film on Si indicating a very strong coupling superconductivity, in sharp contrast to the case using sapphires and MgO as the substrate which reveals a weak-coupling feature. The comprehensive analysis considering the scenarios of the three substrate shows that the grain size of the thin films may be an important factor influencing the superconductivity.

WO3/Cu2O-CuO and WO3/Au/Cu2O-CuO heterojunctions photocatalysts for self-cleaning and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants applications

In this work, a high-performance WO3/Au/Cu2O-CuO heterojunctions was deposited via dc reactive magnetron sputtering, which displayed superhydrophilicity conversion and superior photocatalytic performance for the degradation of methylene blue. WO3, WO3/Cu2O-CuO, WO3/Au and WO3/Au/Cu2O-CuO heterojunctions were sputtered on precleaned glass and Si(100) substrates. The chemical composition, crystal structure, surface morphology, optical absorption, water contact angle and photocatalytic activities of the prepared single and multilayers films were examined to elucidate the correlation between structure and other properties. SEM revealed tiny small nanoparticles for WO3 film, close-packed nanoparticles for WO3/Cu2O-CuO multilayers and nanoparticles with more open structure for WO3/Au/Cu2O-CuO heterojunctions. The WO3/Au/Cu2O-CuO heterojunctions had the highest optical absorption. The estimated band gap values were 3.16, 3.08, 2.97 and 2.65 eV for WO3, WO3/Cu2O-CuO, WO3/Au and WO3/Au/Cu2O-CuO, respectively. The WO3/Cu2O-CuO, WO3/Au and WO3/Au/Cu2O-CuO became superhydrophilic after UV illumination. The remarkable photocatalytic activities of WO3/Au/Cu2O-CuO is attributed to the enhanced efficiency of separation for photogenerated hole–electron pairs.

Microstructure and corrosion properties of Al1-xWxN coatings for potential use in gas turbine blades

Herein, a numerical approach of Al1-xWxN thin film coatings on Inconel 738LC superalloys for thermal barrier applications has been studied and the experimental analysis includes deposition of Al1-xWxN films on Si (100), glass and transparent quartz substrates at 40 % N2 flow rate using a dual target DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique to investigate the morphology, microstructure, chemical bonding and corrosion behaviour. AFM analysis revealed the rms roughness, Sq and average roughness, Sa increased with the increasing W content from 22 to 70 at.%. It was found that Al1-xWxN films tend to form tiny valleys on the film surface because the values of surface skewness, Ssk lie below zero. The TEM image showed a branched snowflake structure for the specimen of Al0.58W0.42N films with discrete spots in the SAED pattern, confirming the microcrystalline nature. The blue-shifting of Ecorr towards positive potential confirmed the lower corrosion resistance of WN films than those of AlN. XRD spectra of Al0.58W0.42N films showed an amorphous nature devoid of peaks, which is also confirmed by the SAED pattern. The quasi-passive oxide layer formation was spontaneous for WN films compared to the AlN films. The bending vibrations of AlN and WN showed the coordination environment of the metal centre in the Al1-xWxN films. The computational results indicated that the thermal barrier properties of Al1-xWxN films decreased with the increasing W content, i.e., AIN > Al0.58 W0.42N > WN.

WSCF coatings tested under various environmental conditions: A multivariate tribological analysis

This study examines the influence of carbon (C) and fluorine (F) on the tribological and mechanical properties of WSCF coatings. WSCF-coated substrates were prepared with varying levels of C (10.4 to 18.7 at%) and F (5.3 to 9.3 at%) using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. Tribological performance was evaluated at 25 °C and 200 °C in dry and lubricated conditions. Alloying led to thicker, more amorphous, denser, and smoother coatings. An exceptional coefficient of friction (COF) as low as 0.008 was observed for WSCF2 (15.4 at% C and 9.3 at% F). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed high F-doped coating in WSCF2 demonstrated improved tribological performance, resulting in a 38 % reduction in COF at 25 °C and dry conditions.

Phase selectivity upon flash-lamp annealing of sputter deposited amorphous titanium oxide films

We report the impact of flash-lamp-annealing (FLA) on the structural evolution of amorphous titania (TiO2) films produced by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. TiO2 films were grown at room-temperature at different oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and subsequently annealed as a function of the FLA energy density. X-ray diffraction confirms that FLA induces phase formation from the initial amorphous state with a general transition from anatase to rutile by increasing the FLA energy density (temperature). Interestingly, the transformation onset of anatase to rutile is achieved at lower energy densities for higher PO2. On the contrary, films with a highly resilient anatase phase can be produced at relatively low PO2. A detailed analysis of the pristine amorphous structure carried out by X-ray absorption near-edge structure indicates the role of oxygen sites in the observed phase transformation. In particular, oxygen vacancies seem to stabilize the anatase phase at high temperatures. The results show the relevance of subtle changes in the initial amorphous structure for phase selectivity in TiO2 films upon FLA.

Fabrication and characterization of NiO nanoparticles deposited via reactive DC magnetron sputtering technique

Nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructure was successfully prepared via reactive DC magnetron sputtering on the soda-lima glass substrate, which can be used for various applications. Xray diffraction (XRD) investigations were used to evaluate NiO with two annealing durations. The results revealed that the deposited films had a cubic structure and polycrystalline nanoparticles. A significant polycrystalline structure could be seen in the sputtered films as a diffraction peak oriented toward NiO (200). Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis identified the surface morphology of NiO nanoparticles prepared at two different annealing times with the two average sizes (24 and 32 nm) respectively. The samples' roughness was assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Increased annealing time was shown to result in a decrease in grain size. The energy band gap (Eg) expanded with increasing annealing time, according to UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the functional groups of NiO nanoparticles and their bonding nature. The results indicate that optical characterizations are more sensitive to the annealing period.

Fabrication and characterization of NiO nanoparticles deposited via reactive DC magnetron sputtering technique

Nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructure was successfully prepared via reactive DC magnetron sputtering on the soda-lima glass substrate, which can be used for various applications. Xray diffraction (XRD) investigations were used to evaluate NiO with two annealing durations. The results revealed that the deposited films had a cubic structure and polycrystalline nanoparticles. A significant polycrystalline structure could be seen in the sputtered films as a diffraction peak oriented toward NiO (200). Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis identified the surface morphology of NiO nanoparticles prepared at two different annealing times with the two average sizes (24 and 32 nm) respectively. The samples' roughness was assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Increased annealing time was shown to result in a decrease in grain size. The energy band gap (Eg) expanded with increasing annealing time, according to UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the functional groups of NiO nanoparticles and their bonding nature. The results indicate that optical characterizations are more sensitive to the annealing period.

Photocatalytic activity of TiO2:TiN nanocomposite films prepared by DC reactive sputtering technique for air purification

This study concerns the production of advanced materials and a novel technique for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency, focusing specifically on the purification of air contaminated with methane gas. Titanium dioxide:Titanium nitride (TiO2/TiN) nanocomposite films were prepared by dc reactive magnetron sputtering of highly-pure titanium sheet in presence of oxygen and nitrogen as reactive gases with optimized mixing ratios to produce the composite structures. The structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the prepared nanocomposites were determined and analyzed. The primary goal of this study was to enhance the photocatalytic activity of such nanocomposites against methane gas pollution. It is observed that increasing the nitrogen content in the TiO2:TiN nanocomposite structure led to notable improvements in photocatalytic efficiency. Specifically, when these nanocomposites were subjected to a UV light, they exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity in the removal of methane gas from the surrounding air, which demonstrates a direct correlation with increased nitrogen (N) content in the composite structure. These nanocomposites are reasonably promising in removing harmful gases and pollutants present in indoor and outdoor environments. This exploration not only sheds light on the remarkable potential of TiO2:TiN nanocomposites for air purification but also highlights the importance of innovative techniques, such as dc reactive magnetron sputtering in the field of materials science and engineering as well as in environmental remediation.

Effect of N2 to total pressure ratio on the structure, mechanical and tribological properties of magnetron-sputtered Ti-Al-Ta-Si-N coatings

Ti-Al-Ta-Si-N coatings produced by reactive DC magnetron sputtering at the nitrogen to total pressure ratio (pN2/pt) varying from 0.1 to 0.4 are studied. Using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy it is shown that pN2/pt has a pronounced effect on the elemental composition of the coatings. Ti and Al contents vary most significantly that causes the Al/Ti ratio to change from 0.68 to 1.20 within a pN2/pt range of 0.1 to 0.17, which is followed by its decrease down to 0.85 at pN2/pt = 0.4. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that (200) texture of the face-centered cubic structure evolves with increasing the pN2/pt ratio. It is found that while the coating obtained at pN2/pt = 0.1 has featureless fracture cross-section morphology, the sample deposited at pN2/pt = 0.17 exhibits pronounced columnar morphology. In contrast the coatings produced at pN2/pt ≥ 0.23 are characterized by denser microstructure with no obvious columnar grains. The evolution of the structure and chemical composition results in variations of the hardness, the reduced Young's modulus, adhesion and wear resistance of the Ti-Al-Ta-Si-N coatings. The coating deposited at pN2/pt = 0.23 is found to be characterized by an optimal combination of the reasonably high mechanical characteristics along with improved adhesion and wear resistance. Due to the dense fine-grained microstructure, its wear rate is almost four times lower than that of the coating obtained at pN2/pt = 0.1.

Investigation of diodic behavior in p-NiO/n-SnO2 bilayer heterojunctions fabricated via DC magnetron reactive sputtering

Tin oxide (SnOx) thin films at varying oxygen flow rates and Nickel oxide (NiO) thin films were deposited by reactive dc magnetron sputtering on glass substrates. Structural, chemical, morphological, optical and electrical properties of the deposited films were studied. XRD studies confirmed that the deposited films were polycrystalline in nature. SnOx thin films have shown two phases such as SnO and SnO2. AFM and SEM were used to analyse the morphology of the films and EDS confirmed the presence of Sn and Ni in the respective films. The examination of the x-ray photoelectron spectrum showed that the sputtered SnOx films contain both Sn2+ and Sn4+ oxidation states and NiO films contain Ni+2 and Ni+3 oxidation states. Photoluminescence study shows strong violet and weak red emission peaks for SnOx films and NiO showed strong emission peaks in the orange-red region. The optical results demonstrate that the films were transparent. The bandgap of SnOx and NiO samples were ∼3.3 eV and − 3.42 eV, respectively. Further we constructed a p-NiO/n-SnO2 heterojunction diode and its electrical characteristics were thoroughly assessed. Using dark current–voltage measurements, electrical characteristics such saturation current, ideality factor and barrier height were determined. The increase in oxygen flow rate led to reduction in the rectification of the devices. Our findings support the creation of high-performance metal oxide heterojunction for optoelectronic devices.

Structural and Optical Properties of Magnetron-Sputtered Chromium Oxynitride Thin Films

Doping non-metal elements into Cr2O3 can tailor its properties, making it more efficient for applications like sensors or photocatalysis. For this purpose, the current research work presents the impact of nitrogen doping on the structural and optical properties of Cr2O3 thin films. Pure and N-doped Cr2O3 (Cr2O3−xNx) thin films were synthesized using the DC reactive magnetron sputtering approach. The stoichiometry was obtained by raising values of x, where x = 0, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.50. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the rhombohedral crystal structure without the presence of any other secondary phase in undoped and N-doped Cr2O3 thin films. Furthermore, crystallinity and average crystallite size have enhanced by doping. Field emission scanning electron micrographs disclosed that the surface morphology of the prepared samples changed considerably with doping. A thorough optical investigation was carried out by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Several optical properties significantly changed with dopant content. The reduction in the optical bandgap from 2.50 eV to 1.82 eV, with N-doping was observed. The study demonstrated that N-doping improves the structural and optical properties that make it a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications.

AlCrTaTiZr-based high entropy alloy nitride coatings on stainless steel substrates: Characterization and microscale tension testing

High entropy alloy nitride coatings promise improved mechanical properties and are under current investigation for a range of applications. In this work, we report deposition of high entropy alloy nitride coatings on 316 stainless steel substrates by inductively coupled plasma assisted dc magnetron reactive sputtering of nominally equiatomic AlCrTaTiZr alloy targets. Characterization of coating composition and structure was carried out through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning/transmission electron microscopy. Mechanical testing was conducted through instrumented nanoindentation, interfacial shear loading through micropillar compression, and tension loading of coated microscale tensile bars in a scanning electron microscope. Microscale tension testing offers a potential avenue to assess the limiting shear strength of the coating/substrate interface, as well as the level of cohesion within the coating. The present study indicates that microscale tension tests yield results consistent with macroscale testing, while avoiding the need for multiple macroscale specimens. The present results suggest that cohesion of the high entropy alloy nitride coating and limiting shear strength of the coating/steel interface both increase with increasing substrate bias voltage during deposition, and that these coatings may be more adaptive to increased levels of ion bombardment during deposition without inducing excessive residual stresses.

Technologia reaktywnego rozpylania magnetronowego do otrzymywania azotków III

In the present work is studied synthesis of galium nitride (GaN) and aluminum nitride (AlN) by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering technology. As a sputtering target was used high purity (99.9999%) Gallium and Aluminum materials and as a reagent gas was used high purity (99.9999%) Nitrogen. Magnetron sputtering system with strong magnets (1450 mT) allows to make plasma at a low preasure 3 × 10-2 Pa and deposition process was carried out at high vacuum conditions. Deposited layers of GaN and AlN on the sappire substrate was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and revealed the crystalline nature highly oriented with the (0002) for both nitrides. For chemical composition was measured X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and it was found out the ratios of Ga:N and Al:N to be 1.07 and 1.04 respectively. For surface analysis was made Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Optic transmission spectra showed band gaps to be 3.43 eV and 6.13 eV for GaN and AlN respectively.

NbTiN SQUID-on-tip fabricated by self-aligned deposition using reactive DC magnetron sputtering

We fabricate superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) made of niobium-titanium nitride (NbTiN) thin films on the apex of sharp quartz capillaries. By incorporating reactive DC magnetron sputtering into the self-aligned deposition process for the SQUID-on-tip (SOT) fabrication, we produce NbTiN SOT devices with an effective diameter of ∼100 nm. The ø110 nm device has a superconducting transition temperature of 13.2 K, magnetic flux noise down to 0.7 μΦ0/Hz0.5 (4 K), and operating temperatures of 1.8–10 K. The developed technique enables the synthesis of nitride and other superconductors, thereby expanding the range of materials available for SOT devices.

Structural, electronic and superconducting properties of room temperature deposited VN[formula omitted] thin films

In recent years, vanadium mononitride (VN) thin films have emerged for their multifaceted functionalities e.g. as electrodes in battery and supercapacitors, as catalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, as superconductors for hot-electron bolometer detectors. In this study, we investigate the structural, electronic and superconducting properties of polycrystalline VNx thin films synthesized at room temperature using a reactive dc magnetron sputtering. The structural evolution of VNx samples with increase in partial N2 gas flow (RN2) during the reactive sputtering and corresponding change in the oxidation states were systematically studied. At a first glance, no visible changes appear in the lattice parameters within RN2= 5–50% samples. Despite this, only RN2 = 5 and 10% samples exhibit superconductivity. Probing the electronic structure around the V L-edges and O, N K-edge again did not reflect any minimal changes in RN2 = 5–100% samples. Across the V K-edge, the oxidation state was also found to be similar. However, the ambiguity was resolved from the Fourier transformed EXAFS spectra immediately revealing presence of a higher number of cationic vacancies. These vacancies drive the VNx system towards poor metals exhibiting dρ/dT = negative in the temperature dependent resistivity. This is in sharp contrast to the previous reports so far exhibiting positive slopes evident for metals. The present work insights on several ambiguities observed for the first time in the V-N system. The work further emphasizes the need to perform a similar study on epitaxially grown VNx thin film samples with reduced defects.