RDF Language Research Articles

Bidirectional Transformation of MES Source Code and Ontologies

Future production environments must be flexible and reconfigurable. To achieve this, the devices and services to fulfill the different steps of a production order (PO) should not be selected in the manufacturing execution system (MES), but in an edge component close to the shop floor. To enable this, abstract services in the PO and concrete services provided by the field devices on the shop floor need to refer to a production ontology. The creation of this ontology is a challenge of its own. This research proposes a pragmatic automation of an encoding of a primary and light weight production ontology based on the source code of MES. The transformation procedure of source code to resource, product and generic concepts of the manufacturing plant ontology is described. To this end, the knowledge of OPC UA collaborations are also exploited during the creation of resource ontologies. Due to a fundamental difference between source code implementation (imperative paradigm) and ontology representation (declarative paradigm), the problem of information loss is inevitable. This problem is overcome by formulation of production and business rules that encapsulate the logic of the MES. The foundation of ontology is exploited to formulate these rulesets using OWL based constructs and OWL based rule languages such as Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL), Semantic Query-Enhanced Web Rule Language (SQWRL) and SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL) based on feasibility and requirements of specific rules. Further, these rulesets are either run on the automatically generated ontology at design time with an intention to enrich the knowledge base, or production runtime to validate the pre-defined business rules between the production steps. The generated ontology also acts as basis for automatically generating the OWL-S ontologies for the OPC UA application methods for the purpose of dynamic manufacturing service discovery and orchestration. The generated ontology and an abstract PO hooked with formulated rules are cached to the shop-floor network for consequent production control to enable smart edge production. An implementation is conducted on an industrial use-case demonstrator to evaluate the applicability of the proposed approach.

From the web of bibliographic data to the web of bibliographic meaning: structuring, interlinking and validating ontologies on the semantic web

Bibliographic data sets have revealed good levels of technical interoperability observing the principles and good practices of linked data. However, they have a low level of quality from the semantic point of view, due to many factors: lack of a common conceptual framework for a diversity of standards often used together, reduced number of links between the ontologies underlying data sets, proliferation of heterogeneous vocabularies, underuse of semantic mechanisms in data structures, ontology hijacking (Feeney et al., 2018), point-to-point mappings, as well as limitations of semantic web languages for the requirements of bibliographic data interoperability. After reviewing such issues, a research direction is proposed to overcome the misalignments found by means of a reference model and a superontology, using Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) to solve current limitations of RDF languages.

MODEL-DRIVEN TRANSFORMATION OF HETEROGENEOUS SOURCES INTO LINKED DATA

There are a lot of data sources that can be used to make a reasonable decision in the diversity of fields. But the linking of data from these sources into a solid view must come first. To represent linked data RDF language is used. Unfortunately, there are lots of those who publish data in non-RDF formats. Obviously, considering current data volumes integration task cannot be done in analytics’ heads. A number of instruments to link heterogeneous data were proposed. The most flexible ones are based on special mapping languages. However, these solutions lack scaling and may not be effective for processing large data. In the presented paper, an approach for a possible solution is proposed. The idea of the approach is to abstract data linking process model separating it from a mapping as well as from a code implementation. The model is automatically generated based on a mapping of a set of source ontology elements into a set of domain ontology elements. The model of a process becomes available for separate manipulations relatively independent of other activities. The model can be used to optimize or to custom the linking process or can be treated as a specification for different implementations. As it based on the data-flow concepts it can be naturally translated into contemporary highperformance computation concepts. In other words, it is demonstrated how a process model can be implemented on one of such platforms. The obtained results make it reasonable to continue investigating and developing the proposed approach.

IMPLEMENTASI SPARQL DENGAN FRAMEWORK JENA FUSEKI UNTUK MELAKUKAN PENCARIAN PENGETAHUAN PADA MODEL ONTOLOGI JALUR KLINIS TATA LAKSANA PERAWATAN PENYAKIT KATARAK

Abstract
 The prevalence of cataracts in Indonesia is very high, this can affect the quality of life, productivity and social aspects will cause the nation's economy to be in a low-level position. Cataract problems certainly need to be considered more, however, on the other hand, the lack of experts (doctors) is an obstacle especially outside the city. Uneven distribution of experts will complicate the conditions for solving problems. With these conditions, a semantic-based information technology approach is needed regarding the treatment of patients with cataracts. Semantic information can provide knowledge to non-physician health workers, this will certainly facilitate the process of prevention and prevention of cataracts. In this research, knowledge is modeled using the ontology concept. We have built an ontology model that can be used as a guide to the management of cataract disease. To extract the built-in ontology model, simple protocol and RDF Language (SPARQL) are used as query languages. Apache Jena Fuseki is used to simplify the process of evaluating knowledge. 

Definition of the Languages XML and RDF of the Semantic Web in the Metalanguage of Normal Forms of Knowledge

This article presents formal text descriptions of the problem-oriented languages XML and RDF, which are the basic languages of the Semantic Web. The availability of such descriptions guarantees the implementability of the XML and RDF languages using an interpreter of the metalanguage of normal forms of knowledge (NFK). It is shown that the expressiveness of the NFK metalanguage in describing the syntaxes of this pair of languages is quite comparable with the expressiveness of EBNF.

Big Data: from collection to visualization

Organisations are increasingly relying on Big Data to provide the opportunities to discover correlations and patterns in data that would have previously remained hidden, and to subsequently use this new information to increase the quality of their business activities. In this paper we present a `story' of Big Data from the initial data collection and to the end visualization, passing by the data fusion, and the analysis and clustering tasks. For this, we present a complete work flow on (a) how to represent the heterogeneous collected data using the high performance RDF language, how to perform the fusion of the Big Data in RDF by resolving the issue of entity disambiguity and how to query those data to provide more relevant and complete knowledge and (b) as the data are received in data streams, we propose batchStream, a Micro-Batching version of the growing neural gas approach, which is capable of clustering data streams with a single pass over the data. The batchStream algorithm allows us to discover clusters of arbitrary shapes without any assumptions on the number of clusters. This Big Data work flow is implemented in the Spark platform and we demonstrate it on synthetic and real data.

Querying biomedical Linked Data with natural language questions

Recent and intensive research in the biomedical area enabled to accumulate and disseminate biomedical knowledge through various knowledge bases increasingly available on the Web. The exploitation of this knowledge requires to create links between these bases and to use them jointly. Linked Data, the SPARQL language and interfaces in natural language question answering provide interesting solutions for querying such knowledge bases. However, while using biomedical Linked Data is crucial, life-science researchers may have difficulties using the SPARQL language. Interfaces based on natural language question answering are recognized to be suitable for querying knowledge bases. In this paper, we propose a method for translating natural language questions into SPARQL queries. We use Natural Language Processing tools, semantic resources and RDF triple descriptions. We designed a four-step method which allows to linguistically and semantically annotate questions, to perform an abstraction of these questions, then to build a representation of the SPARQL queries, and finally to generate the queries. The method is designed on 50 questions over three biomedical knowledge bases used in the task 2 of the QALD-4 challenge framework and evaluated on 27 new questions. It achieves good performance with 0.78 F-measure on the test set. The method for translating questions into SPARQL queries is implemented as a Perl module and is available at http://search.cpan.org/~thhamon/ RDF-NLP-SPARQLQuery/.

RDF and OWL Ontology Building of Web Applications

The goal of semantic web is to understand human language with meaning. Semantic web include metadata that is called annotation. RDF and OWL both languages have standard formats for the sharing and understanding of knowledge on the web. Ontologies also originate from Semantic Web. These RDF and OWL Ontology for web application like Library System of CIIT (Comsats Institute of Information Technology) of Lahore campus can be built. With the help of this ontology we can search the data, understand and customize the data, efficient reasoning support. These OWL ontologies include classes, properties, individuals and their instances. How these classes relate with each other. All the properties related to the Book Information System have set into the data type properties, object properties and annotations. In this research study we proposed the work related to RDF and OWL Ontologies comparison between RDF and OWL ontology and XML schema relationship between the cases of this ontologies, how this ontology was helpful in our web applications. We provide the best way of building of ontology for any web application and any other organization. When the ontology is build, result is obtained by the SPARQL queries with efficient reasoning support. This ontology is developed for CLS (Comsats Library System) in Lahore campus. Manipulation of different properties and then binding of protégé with eclipse to give support for user interface is important task. The results are best correctly gained through SPARQL query.

SAFOD Brittle Microstructure and Mechanics Knowledge Base (BM2KB)

Scientific drilling near Parkfield, California has established the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), which provides the solid earth community with short range geophysical and fault zone material data. The BM2KB ontology was developed in order to formalize the knowledge about brittle microstructures in the fault rocks sampled from the SAFOD cores. A knowledge base, instantiated from this domain ontology, stores and presents the observed microstructural and analytical data with respect to implications for brittle deformation and mechanics of faulting. These data can be searched on the knowledge base′s Web interface by selecting a set of terms (classes, properties) from different drop-down lists that are dynamically populated from the ontology. In addition to this general search, a query can also be conducted to view data contributed by a specific investigator. A search by sample is done using the EarthScope SAFOD Core Viewer that allows a user to locate samples on high resolution images of core sections belonging to different runs and holes.The class hierarchy of the BM2KB ontology was initially designed using the Unified Modeling Language (UML), which was used as a visual guide to develop the ontology in OWL applying the Protégé ontology editor. Various Semantic Web technologies such as the RDF, RDFS, and OWL ontology languages, SPARQL query language, and Pellet reasoning engine, were used to develop the ontology. An interactive Web application interface was developed through Jena, a java based framework, with AJAX technology, jsp pages, and java servlets, and deployed via an Apache tomcat server. The interface allows the registered user to submit data related to their research on a sample of the SAFOD core. The submitted data, after initial review by the knowledge base administrator, are added to the extensible knowledge base and become available in subsequent queries to all types of users. The interface facilitates inference capabilities in the ontology, supports SPARQL queries, allows for modifications based on successive discoveries, and provides an accessible knowledge base on the Web.

An ontology-based semantic service for cooperative urban equipments

The development of SOA (service oriented architecture) applications is a paradigm to consider for the integration of services which usually requires the incorporation of distributed artificial intelligence technologies or multi agent systems (MAS) to achieve their objectives. This is the case of transportation field, where the improvement of urban data networks and embedded systems allow the implementation of complex distributed services based on intelligent transportation systems. One of the challenges of this kind of systems is the discovery of services. Typically, discovery of services lacks of intelligence, or the result of this process returns a lot of nonsense information. However, the field of transportation requires quick and accurate requests and answers to deal with emergencies or incidents in the traffic flow. For this purpose, this paper proposes the development of a specific service called semantic service (an ontology-based semantic communication service) developed in TAO (The ACE ORB) of CORBA (common object request broker architecture). This service is able to provide a communication support for distributed environment in conjunction with a set of base libraries like Redland (RDF language bindings) for interacting with ontologies written in RDF and RDFS format. A parser Raptor (RDF Syntax Library) is used for analyzing sequences of symbols to determine the grammatical structure, and a syntax query language, Rasqal (RDF Query Library) is used to build and execute queries. Both, Raptor and Rasqal were designed to work with the Redland library. The main objective is to manage ontological information and interoperate with implemented services in embedded urban devices. Obtained results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

ThesauForm—Traits: A web based collaborative tool to develop a thesaurus for plant functional diversity research

Research on the various components of biodiversity has and will produce large quantities of heterogeneous and distributed data that need to be integrated and characterized in a unified way to reveal their full potential. Over the last thirty years the trait-based, functional approach to biodiversity has undergone an extraordinary expansion and has been key to advances in many fields of natural science. To represent, exploit and share the tremendous amount of data the biodiversity community has to acquire data standards, which should reflect the perception of this community. A first step toward this goal is to define the set of concepts that form the basis of this particular domain of knowledge, thereby developing a thesaurus for plant functional diversity research. Such concepts can be represented by a controlled list of preferred terms that are identified by the thesaurus' developers. Such a thesaurus will serve as a stable reference of standards for integration purposes, specifically when published in RDF language, a Semantic Web standard, and in addition available as linked data on the web. Here we present Thesauform—Traits, a web based tool dedicated to the collaborative construction of a thesaurus by experts in the field of plant functional diversity research. Thesauform—Traits fully exploits the key principle of the semantic web to facilitate both the thesaurus construction with SKOS and the interaction with Dublin Core and FOAF. It has been successfully used by a group of 15 experts to annotate and validate a set of definitions for more than 150 plant traits. ThesauFom—Traits will be made available as an open source product and will allow scientific communities of all fields to develop thesauri for their specific domain.

Towards dynamic ontologies repository building

Biomedical researchers and healthcare professionals use ontologies to annotate data for facilitating data sharing and integration. And the wide availability of ontologies in the medical domain offers the possibility of supporting multiple knowledge based applications. In their daily activities researchers and clinical investigator may need manipulating many and hence heterogeneous ontologies. We have designed and implemented ServO (Ontology Server). ServO is a tool for a fast building of ontologies repository described in the RDF and OWL standards languages. It is available as Java API and is based on IR techniques. It supports indexing multiple heterogeneous ontologies and retrieving similar entities between them. A web client prototype is implemented to showcase some functionalities of the tool.

Semantic description of scholar-oriented social network cloud

Social networks have experienced exponential growth in membership and have become a hotspot for research in recent years. It helps users manage relations by establishing new relations and maintaining existing relations. On the basis of social networks' research, to encourage communication between scholars and facilitate management of academic information and academic relations, we built the Scholar-Oriented Social Network Cloud (SOSN) that is an academic information-centric social network. SOSN extracts academic information from various web sources on the Internet, and provides an application model for the social interaction and the semantic description of all related information. SOSN works as follows. Firstly, an academic search cloud is created that can provides academic search services according to users' web context. Then SOSN extracts public academic information from various literature databases and search engines on the web using the academic extracting services; secondly, SOSN devises an application model in the domain of scholar social network, which is used to represent the complex relations of entities in the Scholar-Oriented Social Network Cloud; thirdly, based on FOAF (Friend of a Friend), MarcOnt ontology, FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) and SWAP (Scholarly Works Application Profile) academic semantic project, SOSN defines Scholar, AcademicWork, AcademicTeam ontology, etc. using RDF language according to semantic web technology and implements the semantic description of Scholar-Oriented Social Network Cloud.

An Ontology-based Question Answering Method with the use of Query Template

paper presents a new method for ontology-based question answering (QA) with the use of Query template for Dining Ontology as the domain (Service of the restaurant is called dining). Hypothesis questions and query templates can be produced from domain ontology. Pre-generation of hypothesis questions on the basis of the domain ontology and textual entailment. Semantic web is the expression of meaning of the content. Semantic web based gives instant access. Reusability is enhanced. This method is not domain specific. It focuses on the RDF, Ontology model and Web ontology language. Design of the ontology created can be viewed. Query processing is faster using text pool, dining ontology is developed. Using RDF ontology, every provider is free to add or subclass concepts from the initial version without being at risk to become incompatible. The ontology document is present in RDF languages. Query templates used for data extraction. RDF is an abstract model with several serialization format, so particularly resource are triple is encoded varies from format to format in (2). The RDF data model is based on a class diagram, and it make statements, about resources in the form of subject-predicate-object expressions. This expressions are known as triples. The subject denotes the resource, the predicate denotes aspects of the resource and expressed a relationship between the subject and the object. This project deals with creation of ontology for restaurant operation, that is service of the restaurant may be called as dining, hence dining ontology created.

Semantic web based e-learning system for sports domain

This paper presents an approach for developing a semantic web based e-learning system for sports domain. It involves RDF, ontology model and web ontology language. This paper discussed different type of sports and learner-instructor communication through elearning.

Interoperability results for Semantic Web technologies using OWL as the interchange language

Using Semantic Web technologies in complex scenarios requires that such technologies correctly interoperate by interchanging ontologies using the RDF(S) and OWL languages. This interoperability is not straightforward because of the high heterogeneity in Semantic Web technologies and, while the number of such technologies grows, affordable mechanisms for evaluating Semantic Web technology interoperability are needed to comprehend the current and future interoperability of Semantic Web technologies. This paper presents the OWL Interoperability Benchmarking, an international benchmarking activity that involved the evaluation of the interoperability of different Semantic Web technologies using OWL as the interchange language. It describes the evaluation resources used in this benchmarking activity, the OWL Lite Import Benchmark Suite and the IBSE tool, and presents how to use them for evaluating the OWL interoperability of Semantic Web technologies. Moreover, the paper offers an overview of the OWL interoperability results of the eight tools participating in the benchmarking: one ontology-based annotation tool (GATE), three ontology frameworks (Jena, KAON2, and SWI-Prolog), and four ontology development tools (Protégé Frames, Protégé OWL, SemTalk, and WebODE).

Interoperability Results for Semantic Web Technologies Using OWL As the Interchange Language

Using Semantic Web technologies in complex scenarios requires that such technologies correctly interoperate by interchanging ontologies using the RDF(S) and OWL languages. This interoperability is not straightforward because of the high heterogeneity in Semantic Web technologies and, while the number of such technologies grows, affordable mechanisms for evaluating Semantic Web technology interoperability are needed to comprehend the current and future interoperability of Semantic Web technologies. This paper presents the OWL Interoperability Benchmarking, an international benchmarking activity that involved the evaluation of the interoperability of different Semantic Web technologies using OWL as the interchange language. It describes the evaluation resources used in this benchmarking activity, the OWL Lite Import Benchmark Suite and the IBSE tool, and presents how to use them for evaluating the OWL interoperability of Semantic Web technologies. Moreover, the paper offers an overview of the OWL interoperability results of the eight tools participating in the benchmarking: one ontology-based annotation tool (GATE), three ontology frameworks (Jena, KAON2, and SWI-Prolog), and four ontology development tools (Protege Frames, Protege OWL, SemTalk, and WebODE).

Trust-based Revision for Expressive Web Syndication

Interest in web-based syndication systems has been growing as information streams onto the web at an increasing rate. Technologies, like the standard Semantic Web languages RDF and OWL, make it possible to create expressive representations of the content of publications and subscriptions in a syndication framework. Because these languages are based in description logics, this representation allows the application to reasoning to make more precise matching of user interests with published information. A challenge to this approach is that the consistency of the underlying knowledge base must be maintained for these techniques to work. With the frequent addition of information from new publications, it is likely that inconsistencies will arise. There are many potential mechanisms for choosing which inconsistent information to discard from the KB to regain consistency; in the case of news syndication, we argue keeping the most trusted information is important for generating the most valuable matches. Thus, in this article, we present algorithms for belief-base revision, and specifically look at the user's trust in the information sources as a metric for deciding what to keep in the KB and what to remove.

효율적인 온톨로지 개발을 위한 UML의 변경

The increasing interest in ontologies is driven by the large volumes of information now available as well as by the increasing complexity and diversity of this information. These trends have also increased interest in automating many activities that were traditionally performed manually. We are currently engaged in this paper that have realized benefits in productivity and clarity by utilizing UML class diagrams to develop and to display complex OWL ontologies. UML has many features, such as profiles, global modularity and extension mechanisms that are not generally available in most ontology languages. However, ontology languages have some features that UML does not support. Our paper identifies the similarities and differences between UML and the ontology languages RDF and OWL. To reconcile these differences, we propose a modification to the UML metamodel to address some of the most problematic differences.

A Novel Approach for Ontology Distribution in Ubiquitous Environments

In this paper, we describe a novel approach for ontology distribution in ubiquitous environments. We present the Context Aware Explorer (CAE) framework we have developed which allows building context aware applications. Our approach, while built upon Web Ontology Language OWL and RDF Schema, is aiming at modeling context ontology for supporting context reasoning and the design of a Smart Rule Engine that maintains a shared model of context for all computing entities in the smart space. The CAE main contribution is its ability to distribute ontology based on abstract parameters related to situation and to user profile. The ultimate goal is to decrease the response time of the reasoning engine with regards to reasoning accuracy. We also describe the implementation of CAE, and its associated ontology, in a prototype demonstrator of smart environment handling indoor and outdoor context aware services. The validation of the ontology distribution approach was applied to assistive environment dedicated to people having motor disabilities and tested within laboratory conditions. Preliminary performance results are presented to highlight the impact of distributed ontology concept.