Raw Pork Patties Research Articles

Antioxidant activity of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract and its inhibitory effect on lipid and protein oxidation of pork patties during chilled storage

This experiment was conducted to assess the antioxidant efficacy of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract (BCE) in raw pork patties during chilled storage. The extracting conditions of frozen BCE including ethanol concentrations (0–100%) and extracting times (0.25–12h) were studied. BCE extracted with 40% ethanol for 2h had the highest anthocyanin content, the strongest radical scavenging activities as well as the second strongest reducing power. BCE was condensed and added to pork patties at 5, 10 or 20g/kg. Compared with the control, BCE treatments significantly decreased the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values and carbonyls formation and reduced the sulfhydryl loss of pork patties in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), which showed that the BCE significantly inhibited lipid and protein oxidation. The BCE-treated patties showed significantly higher redness (P<0.05) than the control. The findings demonstrated strong potential for BCE as a natural antioxidant in meat and meat products.

Antioxidant Properties of Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) Extracts and Their Effects on Color Stability and Lipid Oxidation of Raw Pork Patties

The ethanol extracts from leaf, roasted cortex, and seed of Du-zhong ( Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) were examined for total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by measuring the radical scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity in a beta-carotene/linoleic acid system. Du-zhong leaf extract was found to have the highest TPC content (94.46 +/- 1.17 mg of gallic acid equiv/g of solid extract) and TFC content (61.36 +/- 0.59 mg of catechin equiv/g of solid extract). In the above three antioxidant assay systems, Du-zhong leaf extract also exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacities, followed by roasted cortex extract and seed extract. The effects of Du-zhong extracts (leaf, roasted cortex, and seed) on lipid oxidation, meat color, and metmyoglobin (MetMb) formation in raw pork patties were investigated and compared with that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) during refrigerated storage at 4 degrees C for 8 days. The results indicated that the addition of leaf extract at 0.1% (w/w), roasted cortex extract at 0.1% (w/w), and BHT at 0.01% (w/w) decreased day 8 TBARS values by 35, 20, and 37%, respectively. Du-zhong leaf extract at 0.1% (w/w) also exhibited a certain stabilizing effect on meat redness a* value and retarded the formation of MetMb. This study suggests that Du-zhong leaf extract may be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Effect of Graded Levels of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on Oxidative Stability of Raw or Cooked Pork Patties

Effect of Graded Levels of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on Oxidative Stability of Raw or Cooked Pork Patties

Evaluation of the effects of selected phytochemicals on quality indices and sensorial properties of raw and cooked pork stored in different packaging systems

The effects of lutein (100, 200mug/g muscle), sesamol (250, 500mug/g muscle), ellagic acid (300, 600mug/g muscle) and olive leaf extract (100, 200mug/g muscle) on lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances TBARs), colour (CIE L *, a *, b *), pH, texture profile analysis (TPA), water holding capacity (WHC), cooking losses and sensorial properties of fresh and cooked pork patties were investigated. Raw and cooked minced pork (M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum) containing added lutein, sesamol, ellagic acid or olive leaf extract were stored aerobically or in modified atmosphere packs (MAP) for up to 8 and 12days, respectively. Lutein, sesamol, ellagic acid and olive leaf extract had no significant effect on microbial status, cook loss, pH or WHC. Lipid oxidation was reduced (P<0.001) in raw and cooked pork patties stored in aerobic packs and in MAP following addition of sesamol, ellagic acid and olive leaf extract. Antioxidant effectiveness in raw and cooked patties was in the order: sesamol=ellagic acid>olive leaf extract>lutein. Lutein increased (P<0.001) b * yellowness values in raw pork patties. Addition of lutein, sesamol, ellagic acid and olive leaf extract to pork had no detrimental effects on the organoleptic properties of cooked patties but altered (P<0.05) instrumental textural attributes. Results highlight the potential of using natural functional ingredients in the development of functional pork products with enhanced quality and shelf-life.

Effects of Different Species of Pepper (Capsicum) on Oxidative Stability of Raw and Cooked Pork Patties

2 Abstract: Antioxidant properties of different species of pepper (Capsicum) were evaluated in pork patties from two weeks frozen pork. In 200 g pork patties was added 1.5 % cayenne, bell, tobasco or habenero pepper and a control. A positive reference control was prepared with 200 mg of α-tocopherol acetate in 200 g of pork patties. The preparations were made for raw and cooked samples. The addition of any specie of pepper in the patties showed a better antioxidative property (p<0.05) than the α-tocopherol acetate for raw and cooked samples. Cayenne pepper exhibited the best antioxidant property of all the pepper species studied. The control samples had the worst lipid deterioration.

EFFECT OF NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS ON OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF FROZEN, VACUUM‐PACKAGED BEEF AND PORK

ABSTRACT The effect of grape seed extract (GS; 0.01 and 0.02%), oleoresin rosemary (0.02%) and water‐soluble oregano extract (0.02%) on the oxidative and color stability of raw beef and pork patties, vacuum packaged and stored frozen for 4 months, was determined. Fresh beef or pork lean and trim were ground, then mixed individually with fat (30%) from their respective species. Antioxidants, mixed with salt, were added. The patties were formed, vacuum packaged and stored at −18C. Lipid oxidation was assessed using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and descriptive sensory evaluation. Color changes (instrumental and visual) and pH were determined immediately (time 0) and after 1, 2, 3 and 4 months. Based on the TBARS values, GS provided small degrees of protection against oxidation in both meat species. It did not alter (P &lt; 0.05) the sensory perception of oxidation, redness, yellowness or color intensity.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConsumer interest in food formulations containing “natural” ingredients has motivated the food industry to evaluate the effectiveness of naturally occurring components of food for functional purposes other than their commonly recognized ones. A variety of antioxidant compounds, mostly phenolic in nature, exist in plant materials. Grape seed extract (0.01–0.02%), rosemary and oregano can provide limited protection against lipid oxidation in higher fat meat products. However, higher levels may prove to be more efficacious than those used in this study.

EFFECT OF PREVENTOX ON THE STORAGE STABILITY OF RAW AND PRECOOKED PORK PATTIES

ABSTRACT A commercial blend of antioxidants (Preventox, Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) was evaluated for its antioxidant efficacy in raw and precooked pork patties subjected to storage at 2C up to 10 days. Both raw and precooked pork patties containing 313 and 625 ppm Preventox had a reduced peroxide formation and a lower thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance content during storage (P &lt; 0.05). Preventox at 625 ppm increased the Minolta (Osaka, Japan) colorimetric L* value of raw patties throughout storage (P &lt; 0.05) and the a* value of 1‐day samples (P &lt; 0.05). Raw patties treated with Preventox tended to have a greater myoglobin content within the first day, but the antioxidant did not prevent the conversion of myoglobin to metmyoglobin, and hence, color loss during subsequent storage. The results indicated that Preventox was more effective to inhibit lipid oxidation in pork patties, especially precooked samples, than to preserve the red color of raw pork patties during aerobic, refrigerated storage.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe efficacy of natural antioxidants in food products depends on the matrix of the food system. The results obtained from this study demonstrated that Preventox, a mixture of tocopherols, rosemary extract and citrate, provided a dose‐dependent protection of low‐fat raw and precooked ground pork against lipid oxidation during refrigerated storage, suggesting that it may be used to extend the shelf life of this type of meat product.

Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of grape seed and bearberry extracts in raw and cooked pork

The effect of grape seed extract (GSE) and bearberry (BB), on lipid oxidation (TBARS, mg malondialdehyde (MDA)/kg muscle), colour (CIE ‘ a’ redness value), pH, microbial status (log 10CFU colony forming units/g pork) and sensorial properties of cooked pork patties was investigated. GSE (0–1000 μg/g muscle) and BB (0–1000 μg/g muscle) were added to raw pork ( M. longissimus dorsi) patties which were stored in modified atmosphere packs (MAP) (75% O 2:25% CO 2) for up to 12 days at 4 °C. Cooked pork patties were stored in MAP (70% N 2:30% CO 2) for up to 4 days at 4 °C. Mesophilic plate counts and pork pH were unaffected by GSE and BB. GSE and BB addition decreased ( P < 0.05) lipid oxidation (TBARS) in raw pork patties on days 9 and 12 of storage, relative to controls. Antioxidant activity of GSE and BB was observed in cooked pork patties demonstrating the thermal stability of GSE and BB. The ‘ a’ redness values of raw and cooked pork patties marginally increased with increasing GSE concentration. The sensory properties of cooked pork patties were unaffected by GSE and BB addition. Results obtained demonstrate the potential for using health promoting nutraceuticals in meat and meat products.

감마 오리자놀이 리놀산 및 분쇄돈육의 항산화효과에 미치는 영향

미강으로부터 추출한 감마 오리자놀을 리놀산 및 분쇄돈육에 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10% 0.15% 및 0.20%(w/w) 농도로 첨가하여 항산화효과를 조사하였다. 감마 오리자놀을 첨가한 리놀산은 40℃에서 10일간 저장시 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 낮은 peroxide 값을 나타냈으며(P<0.05), 또한 감마 오리자놀 처리구는 첨가농도가 증가할수록 낮은 peroxide 값을 나타냈다. 분쇄생돈육에 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% 및 0.20%의 감마 오리자놀을 첨가하여 4℃에서 6일간 저장한 결과 감마 오리자놀을 0.20% 첨가한 처리구가 저장기간 동안 합성항산화제인 BHA와 유사한 수준의 TBARS 값을 나타냈다. 분쇄가열돈육에서도 감마 오리자놀을 첨가하여 4℃에서 4일간 저장한 결과 감마 오리자놀을 0.05% 이상 첨가한 처리구들은 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 낮은 TBARS 값을 나타냈으며(P<0.05) 분쇄생돈육에서와 같이 감마 오리자놀을 0.20% 첨가한 처리구의 TBARS 값이 저장기간 동안 가장 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구결과 감마 오리자놀은 신선육에 0.20% 이상, 가열육에는 >0.05% 사용이 적절한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 감마 오리자놀은 식육 및 육제품에 항산화제로서 사용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다. Gamma-oryzanol was prepared from rice bran, and added at 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% or 0.20%(w/w) to linoleic acid and ground pork to determine their antioxidant effect. Linoleic acid containing γ-oryzanol had significantly lower peroxide values than the control during the storage of 10 days at 40℃ compared to the control (P<0.05). The peroxide values of linoleic acids containing γ-oryzanol decreased as the addition level increased (P<0.05). Raw ground pork patties containing oryzanol 0.20% had significantly lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values as equivalent with butylated hydroxy anisole(BHA) when stored at 4℃ for 6 days. Cooked ground pork patties containing more than 0.05% of γ-oryzanol showed lower TBARS values than those containing BHA during storage at 4℃ for 4 days (P<0.05). This study indicated that γ-oryzanol can be used to inhibit lipid oxidation for meat and meat products.

Lipid oxidation and color change of salted pork patties

The purposes of this study were to explore the interaction of lipid oxidation and pigment oxidation in salted pork patties and to study the mutual relationship between lipid and pigment oxidation caused by replacing sodium chloride with potassium chloride at low salt levels. For fresh pork patties, a ∗ and b ∗ values decreased with the replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride. However, there were no significant differences of L ∗ values, pH values, total pigments and heme irons by replacement of NaCl with KCl; however, the replacement reduced 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The addition of sodium tripolyphosphate, ascorbic acid and carnosine did not change a ∗ and b ∗ values of raw pork patties. However, raw pork patties with 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate had significantly higher L ∗ value compared to other samples. The pH of raw pork patties with 0.5% carnosine was higher than those of other treatments. The pH of raw pork patties with 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate was significantly higher than that of the control treatment with no antioxidant. Samples with 550 ppm ascorbic acid had significantly higher total pigment and heme iron than patties with 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate. Although control treatment with no antioxidant had slightly higher TBARS values, these differences were not large enough to be significant.

Effects of oleoresin–tocopherol combinations on lipid oxidation, off-odor, and color of irradiated raw and cooked pork patties

Lipid oxidation, color, and volatiles of double-packaged pork loins with various oleoresin or oleoresin–tocopherol combinations were determined to establish the best oleoresin–tocopherol conditions that can improve the quality of irradiated raw and cooked pork loins. Rosemary and α-tocopherol combination at 0.05% and 0.02% of meat weight, respectively, showed the most potent antioxidant effects in reducing both TBARS values and the amounts of volatile aldehydes in irradiated raw and cooked pork loins. The antioxidant combination, however, did not affect the production of sulfur volatiles responsible for irradiation off-odor and showed little effects on color changes in irradiated raw and cooked pork loins. Exposing double-packaged irradiated pork to aerobic conditions for 3 days during the 10-day storage was effective in controlling both lipid oxidation and irradiation off-odor, regardless of packaging sequences.

Functional properties of raw and cooked pork patties with added irradiated, freeze-dried green tea leaf extract powder during storage at 4 °C

Functional and sensory properties of raw and cooked pork patties with added irradiated freeze-dried green tea leaf extract powder were studied. Components of green tea were extracted by 70% ethanol, and the extract was irradiated to obtain a bright color. The irradiated green tea extract was freeze-dried and the powdered sample (0.1%) was added to the pork patties (Trt C). Pork patties without any ingredient (Trt A) and with nonirradiated, freeze-dried green tea extract powder (Trt B) were also prepared for comparison. Lipid oxidation, radical scavenging effect, color, and sensory properties of pork patties with treatments were analyzed at 5-day intervals for 15 days with storage at 4 °C. The lipid oxidation had a lower (P<0.05) and radical scavenging effect was greater (P<0.05) in the raw and cooked pork patties with added Trt B and Trt C, than those of Trt A (control). The pork patties with Trt B and Trt C had a higher Hunter color a*-value and less cooking loss than that of Trt A. Sensory panelists preferred the odor of the raw pork patties and color of the cooked pork patties of Trt C (P<0.05). Generally, no significant difference between Trt B and Trt C was found. Therefore, irradiated, freeze-dried green tea extract powder can be used for producing functionally-improved meat products.

Addition of Antioxidant to Improve Quality and Sensory Characteristics of Irradiated Pork Patties

ABSTRACT:The effects of added antioxidants on the oxidative quality changes of irradiated pork patties were studied. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) was not a concern, even in aerobically packaged irradiated pork patties when antioxidants were added. Irradiation produced sulfur compounds, such as dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide, responsible for irradiation off‐odor. The addition of gallate + tocopherol or sesamol + tocopherol was effective in reducing the sulfur volatiles, but had no effect on the redness of irradiated raw pork patties. Aerobic packaging was highly effective in reducing sulfur volatiles and off‐odor from irradiated meat during storage. Antioxidants had little effect on the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance of irradiated pork, and consumers did not consider the red color of irradiated raw pork as a quality defect.

Effect of coenzyme Q10 on experimental atherosclerosis and chemical composition and quality of atheroma in rabbits

This experiment was conducted to assess the antioxidant efficacy of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract (BCE) in raw pork patties during chilled storage. The extracting conditions of frozen BCE including ethanol concentrations (0–100%) and extracting times (0.25–12 h) were studied. BCE extracted with 40% ethanol for 2 h had the highest anthocyanin content, the strongest radical scavenging activities as well as the second strongest reducing power. BCE was condensed and added to pork patties at 5, 10 or 20 g/kg. Compared with the control, BCE treatments significantly decreased the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values and carbonyls formation and reduced the sulfhydryl loss of pork patties in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), which showed that the BCE significantly inhibited lipid and protein oxidation. The BCE-treated patties showed significantly higher redness (P < 0.05) than the control. The findings demonstrated strong potential for BCE as a natural antioxidant in meat and meat products.

Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of natural food/plant extracts as compared with synthetic antioxidants and vitamin E in raw and cooked pork patties

Antioxidant potential for previously identified optimum levels of aloe vera (AV), fenugreek (FGK), ginseng (G), mustard (M), rosemary (R), sage (S), soya protein (SPI), tea catechins (TC) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) were evaluated in raw and cooked patties manufactured from frozen pork. The optimum levels determined were: AV (0.25%), FGK (0.01%), G (0.25%), M (0.10%), R (0.10%), S (0.05%), SPI (0.10%), TC (0.25%) and WPC (4%). Test ingredients were evaluated against synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole/butylated hydroxytoluene (BHA/BHT) (0.01%) and a supplemented meat containing natural antioxidant, α-tocopherol (1000 mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed). Ranking the decreasing antioxidant effectiveness of added ingredients in raw patties on day 9 showed that: Control>G>SPI>FGK>AV>M>WPC>S>α-tocopherol>R>TC>BHA/BHT. Cooking resulted in a four-fold increase in TBARS values over raw patties with TC being the most effective antioxidant having significantly ( P<0.001) lower TBARS values than the cooked control on days 3, 6 and 9. Ranking of decreasing antioxidant effectiveness of added ingredients showed that: M>SPI>G>FGK>α-tocopherol>AV>control>S>BHA/BHT>R>WPC>TC. BHA/BHT had the most beneficial effect on cooked meat redness with Hunter ‘a’ values being significantly ( P<0.05) higher than the control on days 3, 6 and 9. Ranking of Hunter ‘a’ values for added test ingredients showed that FGK>WPC>control>R>BHA/BHT>α-tocopherol>TC>AV>SPI>M>G>S on day 9. Hunter ‘L’ and ‘b’ values showed no significant trend over the storage period in either raw or cooked patties. The pH values of both raw and cooked pork control patties and products containing added test antioxidants were variable and while a number of trends were observed, no significant differences were recorded between samples.

Culinary herbs inhibit lipid oxidation in raw and cooked minced meat patties during storage

The effect of dried spices and the ethanol extract of those spices was studied on the stability of fresh chicken minced meat, and fresh and cooked pork patties pretreated with NaCl during refrigerated and frozen storage. The antioxidant activities of the spices were measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value (POV) in meat samples. The lipid oxidation was effectively inhibited in the chicken meat treated with several dry spices diminishing the TBARS to a range of 32% and 83% of those found in the control samples in frozen stored meat for 6 months. Marjoram, wild marjoram and caraway were the most effective dry spices. Ethanolic extracts of the same spices were more potent as antioxidants by lowering the concentration of the TBARS to a range of 20–27% of those found in the control samples. Addition of sodium salt to the minced pork resulted very high concentrations of the oxidation products originated from the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The treatment with ethanolic extract of spices (sage, basil, thyme and ginger) significantly inhibited the lipid peroxidation in refrigerated and chilled pork patties pretreated with NaCl by reducing both POV and TBARS. Heat treatment with microwaves produced significantly elevated levels of both lipid peroxides and TBARS, but the amount of these oxidation products was less than 10% in spice-treated salted meat samples compared to that in untreated ones. Lipid peroxidation also grew continuously during the storage period at −18°C in raw and cooked samples. Ethanolic extracts of spices had a very strong antioxidative effect inhibiting lipid peroxidation in heat-treated meat products during frozen storage. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the case of ginger. High correlation coefficients were found between TBARS and POV both in raw and cooked pork patties (0.86, 0.91, respectively) during frozen storage. It is supposed that these compounds originated from the polyunsaturated fatty acids during oxidation processes but at different stages. Utilization of spices, spice mixtures or spice extracts in semi-prepared meat products intended to be frozen for up to 6 months or more before consumption is proved to be advantageous in regard of shelf life of the food, as well as of human health, because of the beneficial effect of spices in inhibition of lipid peroxidation during heat treatment and chilling storage. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry

Lipid Oxidation, Volatiles and Color Changes of Irradiated Pork Patties Affected by Antioxidants

ABSTRACTChanges were measured in TBARS, color, and volatiles of irradiated (4.5 kGy) pork patties with antioxidants (sesamol, quercetin, rutin, BHT, and rosemary oleoresin) during 7 days storage at 4°C. Irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation of raw pork during storage. However, irradiation before cooking did not influence lipid oxidation of cooked pork during storage. Sesamol, quercetin, and BHT were effective in both irradiated raw and cooked pork during 7‐days storage. Rosemary oleoresin and rutin were effective only in irradiated raw pork for 3 days. Hexanal, propanal and higher boiling components were well correlated (P &lt; 0.01) with TBARS in cooked pork. Generation of volatiles was reduced by sesamol and quercetin, but the effects of antioxidants on color changes of raw pork patties were minor and inconsistent.

Effect of muscle type, packaging, and irradiation on lipid oxidation, volatile production, and color in raw pork patties

Effects of packaging and irradiation combinations on lipid oxidation, off-flavor, and color changes of raw patties prepared from three pork muscles were studied. Patties were prepared from each of the ground L. dorsi (L. thoracis and lumborum), psoas, and R. femoris muscles of pig, packaged either in oxygen permeable polyethylene bags or impermeable nylon/polyethylene bags, irradiated with an electron beam at 0 or 4.5 kGy dose, and then stored up to two weeks at 4 °C. Lipid 8 oxidation and color of the patties were determined after 0, 3, 7, and 14 days of storage, and volatiles 24 hr after irradiation. Irradiation and high fat content accelerated the lipid oxidation in raw meat during storage. Oxygen availability during storage, however, was more important than irradiation on the lipid oxidation and color values of raw patties. Irradiated meat produced more volatiles than nonirradiated patties, and the proportion of volatiles varied by the packaging-irradiation conditions of patties. Irradiation produced many unidentified volatiles that could be responsible for the off-odor in irradiated raw meat. No single volatile components but total volatiles, however, could be used to predict lipid oxidation status of raw meat.