Sale Of Raw Milk Research Articles

Structure and milk hygiene of dairy cooperative value chains in an intensive production area of Uganda—A bottleneck of intervention

In Uganda, informal raw milk sales dominate for domestic dairy consumption. This study was implemented to identify the structure of the dairy value chain starting from farms that participated in the Japan International Cooperation Agency Safe Milk Promotion in Mbarara project conducted between 2016 and 2019, to assess the hygiene conditions along the chain, and thereby identify the bottleneck of dairy hygiene intervention. A longitudinal study was conducted in 30 dairy farms in Mbarara District to compare the practice, prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis, and level of milk hygiene in 2016–2017 and 2019, before and after the milking hygiene intervention in 2018. California Mastitis Test was used for diagnosis with sub-clinical mastitis. Bulk milk samples were collected and a checklist was used to examine hygiene practices by observation. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 15 milk collecting centers using a structured questionnaire to quantify the dairy value chain, and to sample milk from cooler tanks in 2020. Microbiological examinations of bulk milk from farms and collection centers were conducted using six-point blood agar scoring and 3M Petri film, respectively. Participatory online appraisals with farmers and dairy cooperatives union were conducted to better understand the overall dairy value chains. The cooperatives sold milk to both formal and informal chains, but the sale of raw milk to Kampala was conducted by independent private traders. Within-herd prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis significantly decreased from 72.3% before the intervention to 25.8% after (p < 0.001). However, the farm bulk milk score did not change (3.3 vs. 3.2, p = 0.418). A significant increase in the total bacterial count was observed in the milk from collection centers (mean: 6.50 log10 CFU/ml) when compared to farm bulk milk (mean: 3.79 log10 CFU/ml; p < 0.001). Only 13.3% of the samples from the centers met the microbiological criteria for processing for human consumption. Our findings suggest that intervention targeted only at mastitis does not lead to better public health due to the low level of hygiene in transportation and milk handling in milk collection centers. Systematic interventions are needed to improve post-harvest dairy hygiene in Uganda.

Characteristics of U.S. Consumers Reporting Past Year Intake of Raw (Unpasteurized) Milk: Results from the 2016 Food Safety Survey and 2019 Food Safety and Nutrition Survey

Consumption of unpasteurized (raw) milk has been linked to foodborne illness in the United States at higher relative rates than has consumption of pasteurized milk and milk products. Regulation of these products differs by state. Regardless of the risk of consumption, some people still purchase and consume unpasteurized milk. Based on information from the 2016 Food Safety Survey and the 2019 Food Safety and Nutrition Survey conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, we evaluated prevalence, frequency, and demographic predictors of consumption of raw milk in the U.S. adult population. Results show that 4.4% of U.S. adults reported consuming raw milk at least once in the past year, with 1.6% reporting frequent consumption of raw milk (once per month or more often) and 1.0% reporting consumption once per week or more often. The individuals who consumed raw milk in the previous 12 months were more likely to be younger, living in a rural area, and living in a state in which retail sale of raw milk is legal. These results provide quantitative information on consumption prevalence and frequency and demographic characteristics of individuals who consume unpasteurized milk in the United States.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СЫРОГО МОЛОКА ЧЕРЕЗ СОЗДАНИЕ СЕТИ МОЛОКОМАТОВ

The article discusses the possibility of selling agricultural products through modern vending machines that carry out "smart" sale of goods through a sales and service process management system with a comprehensive analysis of information on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the products being sold. This study revealed the possibility of using vending machines by domestic agricultural producers, which is confirmed by economic calculations. For agricultural producers, the sale of fresh milk through milk dispensers is an alternative way to enter the retail market with their products. The study identified the opportunities and risks, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of selling raw milk through milk machines, and they are subject to the same requirements as in general for vending machines and points of sale of milk. Based on the application of economic calculation methods, the expediency of using this equipment in the sale of raw milk is determined using the example of a particular enterprise. The main conclusion, confirmed by the above calculations, is the conclusion about the economic efficiency of placing a network of milk machines. In the future, in the context of increasing digitalization in the development of this type of sale of agricultural products, there is an obvious trend to shift the emphasis in shares between classical retail and automated using online technologies with a reduction in the cost of selling products.

The battle over milk: consumption, public health and the industrialization of the milk supply in São Paulo, 1911-1945.

In 1911, the city of São Paulo decided to modernize its milk supply system by opening up the import market for industrially pasteurized milk. But the industrial product was widely rejected, creating even more demand for raw milk produced in small barns under potentially unsafe conditions. This study examines how public authorities handled the double challenge of both minimizing the health risks of raw milk and helping to improve the industrial product, over the course of three decades. The article ends with an analysis of the effects of mandatory pasteurization, introduced in 1939, which equated to a ban on the sale of raw milk in the city of São Paulo.

​Assessment of the Sanitary and Hygienic Quality of Raw Milk Marketed in the Urban Area of Mostaganem, Algeria

Background: Fresh raw milk is a highly nutritious but perishable product. Its informal sale without control, is detrimental to the health of the consumer. Therefore, assessing the hygienic and sanitary quality of raw milk is an absolute necessity. Methods: 20 raw milk samples from four regions of Mostaganem City, Algeria, were tested on a microbiological compliance aspect. A serologic analysis was carried out for the indirect detection of brucellosis and a questionnaire was developed to check the hygiene rules applied at the sales store level. Result: The results indicate an average high contamination of 8.109 cfu/ml for aerobic germs at 30°C versus 12.104 cfu/ml for thermotolerant coliforms. The presence of Staphylococcus with positive coagulase and anti-brucella antibodies indicates that these milks are potentially hazardous to human health. Salmonella is absent in all samples. The field investigation shows the proven absence of the most basic hygiene rules for the storageand presentation for sale of raw milk. A quality approach must be put in place at the service of the consumer.

Resilience of Milk Supply Chains during and after the COVID-19 Crisis in Latvia

Abstract The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on national economies are characterized as the worst economic turmoil in recent years, as economic growth slowed to the level of the 2008 global financial crisis. At the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020, economic growth surveys did not project that the novel virus could have a negative impact on economic growth. As a result of the rapid spread of the virus and the increase in the number of infection cases, national governments took strict measures to limit the spread of the virus, which led to a significant deterioration in the economic situation in all industries of the economy. Agriculture plays an important role in providing food to the country’s population, yet the pandemic made a negative impact on sales volumes and prices in the domestic and international markets. The research aims to assess the impacts of the pandemic on milk supply chains in Latvia and come up with solutions to stabilizing the situation in the dairy sector. The national restrictions to combat the pandemic also hampered the dairy sector concerning the sale of raw milk and finished products in foreign markets, thereby leading to overproduction and stockpiling of the finished products, price dumping and a significant decrease in milk purchase prices to or below the production cost level for many dairy farms. Although there is no indication that the pandemic would lead to a decrease in the numbers of livestock and farms or output in early 2021, it is too early to assess the overall impact of the pandemic on dairy farming, as uncertainty over the duration of pandemic restrictions is a major risk to farm survival. The operation of the dairy sector was stabilized by means of the support provided by the government, as well as the farms’ accumulated financial and feed resources. In order to identify future challenges for milk supply chains, the research performed an analysis of operational risks for milk producers and processors to identify the most important risks and design recommendations for their elimination. The longer there is uncertainty about the return of the dairy sector to pre-pandemic output levels, the more likely it is that the pandemic is going to lead to a decrease in the numbers of dairy livestock and farms.

Why knowledge is the best way to reduce the risks associated with raw milk and raw milk products.

In an age of flexible conditions about mandatory milk pasteurisation, this opinion-based research reflection supports the view that the knowledge and the awareness of milk-borne infections are key requirements to decrease the risks associated with raw milk. Providing an analysis of the current potential risks related to consumption of raw milk and raw milk products, we discuss the main reasons to continue to be vigilant about milk-borne pathogens and the current scenario in relation to the formal and clandestine sale of raw milk. Finally, we select some highly effective strategies to reduce the risks associated with raw milk in food services. Regardless of whether a country regulation allows or prohibits the trade of raw milk and its products, this is not the time to be negligent.

(Re)connecting the food chain: Entangling cattle, farmers and consumers in the sale of raw milk

This article investigates the growing market for cow’s milk sold directly from the farm, often known as ‘raw milk’. Drawing on qualitative research with UK raw milk producers we add new insights to the sociology of food by demonstrating how knowledge about the ‘goodness’ and ‘purity’ of cow’s milk arises and becomes powerful in producer and consumer groups. Our empirical findings highlight that for a small proportion of producers and consumers, raw milk helps to provide visual, gustatory and sensory points of contact. These contact points, we argue, address some of the contemporary concerns that have arisen over the source, content and ethics of milk by bringing together the means and ends of the food chain. Importantly within this process, cattle and farmyards help forge a powerful entanglement that sustains the commercial exchange. Our findings show that messages about ‘goodness’ and ‘purity’ in raw milk provide a timely counterpoint to the distancing and separation that characterises many modern food chains.

ФАКТОР СЕЗОННОСТИ В ГОДОВОЙ ВЫРУЧКЕ ЗА МОЛОКО

The article examines the influence of the seasonality factor on changes in the price and volume of milk in Russia. The contribution of changes in prices and volumes to the seasonality of proceeds from the sale of raw milk are analyzed. The reasons for the seasonal decline in milk production and ways of reducing the influence of the seasonality factor in dairy production are discussed. Based on statistics from Rosstat and analytical agencies, the presence of seasonality in dairy production, in which the volume of milk production plays the main role, is revealed.

Reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes in retail raw milk

BackgroundIt has been estimated that at least 3% of the USA population consumes unpasteurized (raw) milk from animal sources, and the demand to legalize raw milk sales continues to increase. However, consumption of raw milk can cause foodborne illness and be a source of bacteria containing transferrable antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the microbiome and antibiotic resistome in both raw and processed milk, we systematically analyzed 2034 retail milk samples including unpasteurized milk and pasteurized milk via vat pasteurization, high-temperature-short-time pasteurization, and ultra-pasteurization from the United States using complementary culture-based, 16S rRNA gene, and metagenomic sequencing techniques.ResultsRaw milk samples had the highest prevalence of viable bacteria which were measured as all aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Escherichia coli counts, and their microbiota was distinct from other types of milk. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Pseudomonadaceae dominated raw milk with limited levels of lactic acid bacteria. Among all milk samples, the microbiota remained stable with constant bacterial populations when stored at 4 °C. In contrast, storage at room temperature dramatically enriched the bacterial populations present in raw milk samples and, in parallel, significantly increased the richness and abundance of ARGs. Metagenomic sequencing indicated raw milk possessed dramatically more ARGs than pasteurized milk, and a conjugation assay documented the active transfer of blaCMY-2, one ceftazidime resistance gene present in raw milk-borne E. coli, across bacterial species. The room temperature-enriched resistome differed in raw milk from distinct geographic locations, a difference likely associated with regionally distinct milk microbiota.ConclusionDespite advertised “probiotic” effects, our results indicate that raw milk microbiota has minimal lactic acid bacteria. In addition, retail raw milk serves as a reservoir of ARGs, populations of which are readily amplified by spontaneous fermentation. There is an increased need to understand potential food safety risks from improper transportation and storage of raw milk with regard to ARGs.E4kXQjxU9tgRorkuFR9RTiVideo

Building the Evidence Base for the Prevention of Raw Milk-Acquired Brucellosis: A Systematic Review.

Background: The scientific evidence of the health risks associated with the consumption of raw milk has been known for a long time. However, less clear is the impact of acquiring infectious diseases from raw milk consumption in the United States (US) due to incomplete reporting of cases and the complex factors associated with the sale and consumption of raw milk. Investigations of this current study focused on human brucellosis, one of the infectious diseases commonly acquired through the consumption of raw milk and milk products, and which continues to be a public health threat worldwide.Methodology: A qualitative systematic review of the sources of opinions that contribute to the increased trend of raw milk sales and consumption in the US was conducted.Results: Interestingly, opinions about the sale of raw milk and/or the benefits arising from its consumption varied by US region, with the proportion of messages supporting raw milk consumption being highest in the Northeast compared to other US regions. Several evidence gaps and factors that possibly contribute to the increased prevalence of raw milk-acquired brucellosis were identified including inadequate monitoring of the raw milk sales process and lack of approved diagnostic methods for validating the safety of raw milk for human consumption.Conclusions: The unavailability of data specifying brucellosis cases acquired from raw milk consumption have precluded the direct association between raw milk and increased brucellosis prevalence in the United States. Nevertheless, the evidence gaps identified in this study demonstrate the need for intensified surveillance of raw-milk acquired infectious diseases including human brucellosis; establishment of safety and quality control measures for the process of selling raw milk; and design of an effective strategy for the prevention of raw milk-acquired infectious diseases including brucellosis. Overall, for the first time, this study has not only shown the gaps in evidence that require future investigations, but also, variations in the perception of raw milk consumption that may impact disease acquisition in different US regions.

A quantitative risk assessment model for Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella associated with consumption of informally marketed milk products in Tigray, Ethiopia

AbstractThe aim of this work was to collect relevant input data for integration into Monte‐Carlo simulation using 10,000 iterations to obtain quantitative estimates of exposure and associated risk to Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella. Higher prevalence rates of S. aureus (54.9 vs. 28.3%) and Salmonella (12.9 vs. 11.1%) were observed for raw milk distributed via collection milk collection centers (MCC) compared to those via dairy farms (DF). Prevalence found for S. aureus in traditionally fermented milk averaged only 3.7%. Although the 90% CI estimated probabilities of exposures to S. aureus due to DF and MCC raw milk consumption at levels higher than the D‐R value found were 10.6 and 23.5%, respectively, exposures to Salmonella were within the pathogen's tolerable limit. While annual likely of risk of illness by S. aureus due to DF and MCC raw milk consumptions resulted in up to 24.2 and 48.3% estimated illnesses, respectively, traditionally fermented milk consumption was found very much less risky; and resulted only 2.5% estimated illnesses per‐serving‐per‐year. The corresponding values for Salmonella per‐serving‐per‐year estimated illnesses via raw milk sales are, respectively, 5.72 and 11.41% compared to 1.8 and 4.02% when they come in boiled forms.

Effects on milk quantity and composition associated with extruded linseed supplementation to dairy cow diets

Enhanced milk composition can improve human health. The composition of milk determines its nutritional and market value. Therefore, in almost all pricing schemes the economic benefits obtained from raw milk sales are influenced by the milk yield and composition. The objective of this retrospective study was to quantify the average effects of supplementing extruded linseed, rich in α-linolenic acid, to dairy cows on milk yield and milk fat and protein content under field conditions. The study included test day records performed on cows from 1294 dairy herds during the period from 2008 to 2015 that were supplied at least 4 times with extruded linseed deliveries. Exposure statuses were defined according to the time sequence and the amount of extruded linseed distributed in the herd. The unexposed population was composed of cows being in a herd period when extruded linseed was not offered. In a linear dose-response relationship, every 100 g increase in exposure to EL was associated with an increased milk yield from 0.11 to 0.14 kg/day, decreased milk fat from 0.06 to 0.13 g/kg and decreased milk protein from 0 to 0.02 g/kg, according to the cow parity. This study provides information on the associations between estimated intakes of EL and milk production and composition using a large database obtained from commercial dairy herds.

Concerns and solutions for raw milk from vending machines

The sale of raw milk from vending machines is allowed in several European Countries. Since unpasteurized milk could harbor foodborne pathogens, the boiling treatment is highly recommended before consumption. In this study, the effect of storage temperatures, generally recorded in domestic refrigerators, as well as the effect of domestic boiling and industrial microwaving on the microbiological, and nutritional quality of raw bovine milk from vending machines was evaluated. Results highlighted that some microbial groups increased during the storage at 8°C. Noticeable, Listeria spp., even if initially present in low amounts, reached levels that would be a cause of concerns. Based on these results, the effects of domestic boiling and microwaving on the survival of L. innocua intentionally added was evaluated, as well as the nutritional features of treated milk. Both treatments were able to eliminate L. innocua, but only microwaving preserved the nutritional quality of milk. Practical applications This study presents the application of microwaving as an alternative treatment to enhance the quality of raw bovine milk. Domestic storage conditions (especially refrigeration temperatures and time) produce a strong decay in the microbiological quality of the product and Listeria levels might become a real concern. In addition, boiling treatment, imposed by law prior to milk consumption, produces a further depletion of the nutritional quality, producing a strong decay in thermolabile compounds. A suitable solution for heat treatment of raw milk from vending machines could be represented by microwaving at 780 W for 1.35 min. This datum could serve for setting a specific program in domestic microwave ovens for sanitization of raw milk in home environments.

Outbreak of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Infections Associated with Raw Milk Consumption from a Herdshare Dairy - Colorado, 2016.

In August 2016, a local public health agency (LPHA) notified the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) of two culture-confirmed cases of Campylobacter infection among persons who consumed raw (unpasteurized) milk from the same herdshare dairy. In Colorado, the sale of raw milk is illegal; however, herdshare programs, in which a member can purchase a share of a herd of cows or goats, are legal and are not regulated by state or local authorities. In coordination with LPHAs, CDPHE conducted an outbreak investigation that identified 12 confirmed and five probable cases of Campylobacter jejuni infection. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns for the 10 cases with available isolates were identical using the enzyme Sma. In addition, two milk samples (one from the dairy and one obtained from an ill shareholder) also tested positive for the outbreak strain. Five C. jejuni isolates sent to CDC for antimicrobial susceptibility testing were resistant to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid (1). Although shareholders were notified of the outbreak and cautioned against drinking the milk on multiple occasions, milk distribution was not discontinued. Although its distribution is legal through herdshare programs, drinking raw milk is inherently risky (2). The role of public health in implementing control measures associated with a product that is known to be unsafe remains undefined.

Editorial Note

Editorial Note

Legal Pluralism and the Regulation of Raw Milk Sales in Canada: Creating Space for Multiple Normative Orders at the Food Policy Table

Legal Pluralism and the Regulation of Raw Milk Sales in Canada: Creating Space for Multiple Normative Orders at the Food Policy Table

English

Fifty-five (55) samples from five municipalities in the Recôncavo from Bahia region were analyzed between May and July 2015 to evaluate the sanitary quality and the presence of pathogens of crude and processed bovine milk samples. Psichrotrophic, mesophilic and thermophile rates and the count of Escherichia coli, E. coli O157: H7 Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes were done by microbiological methods rapid detection. There was a greater contamination and presence of pathogens in the raw milk when compared to processed milk. However, total coliforms were detected in 14.28%, E. coli in 7.14% and E. coli O157: H7 in 2.04% of processed milk. The enforcement by authorities against the illegal sale of raw milk and the monitoring of steps in milk production up to marketing should be mandatory. Key words: Sanitary conditions, dairy industry, food safety.

Physicochemical quality of directly sold raw milk in Hungary

The importance of short food supply chains is increasing in the food sector, and direct selling is a promising alternative to commercial chains in dairy trade. Several channels and practices of direct raw milk sales exist in Hungary. Because short food supply chains in the Hungarian dairy sector have not yet been investigated in detail, we have little or no knowledge on the composition of directly sold raw milk. For this reason, a 9-month study was undertaken from June 2013 through February 2014, wherein directly sold raw bovine milk samples were tested for fat, protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat contents and for freezing point. A total of 21 direct sellers located in Budapest, Hungary were sampled twice a month. The results were compared to the official Hungarian raw milk quality data referring to the same period. The direct milk vendors involved in this study were found to sell raw milk with reduced levels of lactose and solids-not-fat and elevated freezing points, compared to the national raw milk data. The findings of this research underline the need for stricter regulations and control with respect to direct raw milk sales in the country.

Campylobacter jejuni Infections Associated with Raw Milk Consumption--Utah, 2014.

In May 2014, the Utah Public Health Laboratory (UPHL) notified the Utah Department of Health (UDOH) of specimens from three patients infected with Campylobacter jejuni yielding indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. All three patients had consumed raw (unpasteurized and nonhomogenized) milk from dairy A. In Utah, raw milk sales are legal from farm to consumer with a sales permit from the Utah Department of Agriculture and Food (UDAF). Raw milk dairies are required to submit monthly milk samples to UDAF for somatic cell and coliform counts, both of which are indicators of raw milk contamination. Before this cluster's identification, dairy A's routine test results were within acceptable levels (<400,000 somatic cells/mL and <10 coliform colony forming units/mL). Subsequent enhanced testing procedures recovered C. jejuni, a fastidious organism, in dairy A raw milk; the isolate matched the cluster pattern. UDAF suspended dairy A's raw milk permit during August 4-October 1, and reinstated the permit when follow-up cultures were negative. Additional cases of C. jejuni infection were identified in October, and UDAF permanently revoked dairy A's permit to sell raw milk on December 1. During May 9-November 6, 2014, a total of 99 cases of C. jejuni infection were identified. Routine somatic cell and coliform counts of raw milk do not ensure its safety. Consumers should be educated that raw milk might be unsafe even if it meets routine testing standards.