Raw Milk Products Research Articles

Efficiency of application in diets of high-productive cows of Actisaf SC 47

The paper discusses the technology of growing, keeping and feeding dairy cows in the conditions of Zolotaya Niva LLC, one of the largest high-tech dairy complex in the Smolensk region, a European type for the production of raw cow milk, which has the status of pedigree producer. The structure of the feed and the quality of mixing are determined by means of the Pennsylvania sorting system, the level of feed on the sieves is in line with the normative. The results of the production experiment on feeding dairy cows with Actisaf Sc 47, which has a probiotic effect, indicate better digestibility of the feed when the additive is introduced, the use of the drug contributes to: reducing ketone bodies in milk, the beneficial effect of improved feeding, by including yeast on the health of animals, improving the health of the udder, manifested in a decrease in somatic cells in milk. The milk yield with the use of the additive is increased, the milk protein is also increased, since its absorption in the rumen is improved. With the use of additives, the appetite and eatability of the feed improves, so in the group before feeding the probiotic, the percentage of feed residue on the feed table is higher than in the experiment. Dry matter intake is 4.32% higher when feeding supplements, while feed conversion is increased. Saving feed costs per 1 kg of milk is 0.97 rubles. Saving feed costs per year for a livestock of 1800 animals will amount to 523,800 rubles.

Investigation of mecA- and mecC-positive Staphylococcus aureus from raw milk and traditional artisanal dairy foods

ABSTRACT The recent emergence of LA-MRSA and their identification in people in contact with livestock has increased their importance for dairy sector and has led to the need to check MRSA presence in dairy foods. Therefore, a total of 285 dairy food samples were analyzed for the presence of MRSA. The 285 samples included raw milk (50 samples), traditional cheeses consisting of white-pickled cheese (50 samples) and Tulum cheese (50 samples), yogurt (25 samples), butter (25 samples), traditional clotted cream (20 samples), pastry cream (50 samples), and traditional Maras ice-cream (15 samples). The isolation procedure of S. aureus followed the EN/ISO 6888–1 (01/2004) method. Out of 99 presumptive isolates, 27 S. aureus isolate were identified by both MALDI-TOF MS and PCR. Overall, 15 out of 285 samples (5.26%) were contaminated by S. aureus; however, mean contamination level of S. aureus between different types of foods was observed as the highest in pastry creams with 6.4 × 103 CFU/g No S. aureus was isolated in yogurt, butter, traditional clotted cream, and traditional Maras ice-cream samples. Strains with MRSA characteristics were investigated by real-time PCR (RTiPCR)-targeting mecA and mecC genes. Out of 27 S. aureus strains, 4 strains carried one gene [mecA gene in 2 strains, isolated from raw milk (sample no: 27) and a White-pickled cheese (sample no: 46); 2 strains carried mecC gene, isolated from two different pastry creams (sample no: 33 and 44)], and only a strain isolated from a pastry cream (sample no: 21) harbored both mecA and mecC genes. None of the strains from Tulum cheeses were positive with either mec genes. This study revealed the relationship of MRSA with raw milk and traditional artisanal dairy products. Extra preventive measures to avoid MRSA-contaminated dairy foods must be applied as their consumption poses a potential risk to public health.

EVALUATION OF THE COMPOST BARN SYSTEM OF MILK PRODUCERS FROM COOPERATIVES IN THE MISSION REGION / AVALIAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE CELEIRO COMPOSTO DE PRODUTORES DE LEITE DE COOPERATIVAS DA REGIÃO DE MISSÃO

This work classifies dairy farms that use Compost Barn (CB) as a confinement system for dairy cows in the Mission Region of Rio Grande do Sul / Brazil. The Support Center for the Development of Milk Products and Processes installed in the Technological Park of URI Santo Ângelo aims to provide support to companies and milk producers in the region covered by TecnoURI. It is presented in this article that the study of the evaluation of the Compost Barn (CB) system used by milk producers of cooperatives in the Missions region of Rio Grande do Sul, which presents itself as a promising alternative for the production of raw milk, bringing better quality and welfare for the animals present in this system. This research identifies structural and handling factors that interfere with the quality of composted packaging. The data were obtained on the spot, with measurements of facilities, observations of herds and collection of technical information on dairy farms. In addition to the consolidated variables related to the handling and quality of the packaging, it is reported that the frequency of agitation, resting area per animal, presence of mechanical ventilation in the barn, the type of material used to compose the bedding package and the local relative humidity are factors that influence the main bed variables of the Composto Barn system and can be key points for the success of the CB system in subtropical regions of Brazil. This article presents the results of the study of the evaluation and improvement of the compost barn system of milk-producing members of cooperatives in the Missions region of Rio Grande do Sul, aiming at decreasing the milk CCS, as well as the identification of the microorganisms that cause mastitis. The influence of management on the quality of the bed is evident, mainly regarding the frequency of turning, correct dimensioning of the bed area, and the presence of a ventilation system. However, the good functioning of the system depends to a large extent on the adopted daily managements, which still need to be studied for a better understanding of the composting process, a key factor for success in production.

Factors affecting the price of raw milk in Turkey using panel data analysis

ABSTRACT: The high costs of feed among the total costs of raw milk production and an unfavorable milk-feed ratio directly affect the profitability of milk producers. To understand how the market in Turkey can be equilibrated, an exploration of the factors affecting milk prices is essential. This study determined the effects of the basic and the economic indicators on the price of raw milk between 2010 and 2019, by analyzing the monthly panel data. Since time series data are used, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests are conducted to find out whether the series is stationary. In order to see the individual effects, the parameters are estimated using the fixed and random-effects models. The Hausman test is conducted to decide which of the two models is valid. The basic indicators for milk price, namely, prices of barley, soybean meal, wheat and distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS), and the economic indicators, namely, dollar exchange rate and agricultural producer price index (PPI) had significant (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) effects on the milk price. In conclusion, it is reported that the raw milk prices in Turkey are considerably affected by the prices of feed ingredients as well as the general economic conditions.

Kinetic modeling of inactivation of foodborne bacterial pathogens in serrano artisanal cheese during ripening

Abstract Serrano artisanal cheese is a traditional raw milk dairy product from southern Brazil. For safe consumption of raw milk products, ripening is a critical period for reducing populations of pathogenic and spoilage microorganism and, then, the knowledge on inactivation kinetics of microorganisms is necessary to guarantee food safety and quality. In the present work, inactivation kinetics of foodborne bacterial pathogens required by Brazilian regulations in serrano artisanal cheeses were statistically evaluated during ripening. The Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, coagulase-positive strain of Staphylococcus aureus and fecal coliforms were analyzed for up to 60 days. Experimental data were fitted using first-order model, Weibull and log-linear + shoulder models. Results showed no presence of Salmonella spp. and L. monogyatogenes in the cheeses through the studied period. The first-order and Weibull models presented good performance to represent coagulase-positive strain of S. aureus and fecal coliforms during ripening, although Weibull distribution showed better outcomes to experimental data. Log-linear+shoulder equation was discarded to describe the reduction of microorganism counts for physical criteria. Kinetics showed an initial resistance of fecal coliforms to be inactivated, unlike to coagulase-positive strain of S. aureus population. Modeling analysis allowed estimating serrano artisanal cheese ripening period to be longer than 33 days for achieving a safe product according to the Brazilian Regulatory Standards.

МІСЦЕ УКРАЇНИ НА СВІТОВОМУ РИНКУ МОЛОЧНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ

Restoration of livestock industries is important both for the functioning of the national food market and for improving Ukraine’s position in the global agri-food market. Because products of animal origin, in contrast to products of plant origin, can be sold on the foreign market only in processed form. That is, it by definition has a relatively higher share of value added, and therefore it is more profitable to trade. First of all, this applies to dairy products. After all, if for export of meat products primary processing for its sale in the form of carcasses for half-carcasses is enough, then for sale for export of dairy products there should be a full technological cycle – from production of agricultural raw materials to production of industrial semi-finished products (milk powder, whey, casein). etc.) and ready-to-eat products (pasteurized milk, fermented milk products, whole milk products, etc.). Thus, such products have a relatively high share of value added, and therefore provides the best price. Therefore, stopping the decline in the domestic dairy subcomplex, increasing production that meets international safety and quality standards, and expanding the presence of Ukrainian dairy products on the world market is an important management task, the solution of which, among other things, requires in-depth scientific study. The purpose of this article is research of the state of dairy production in Ukraine and determination of its place on the world market in the conditions of openness of the national economy. The article examines the state of domestic milk production and processing, and the dynamics of dairy exports. The ongoing decline in dairy production is indicated, which is accompanied by a deterioration in the quality of livestock raw materials. There is a reasonable assumption that the main reasons for the decline in industrial dairy production and the reduction of Ukraine’s share in the relevant world market are: reduction of raw milk production, loss of markets of the Customs Union, problems with entering the EU market due to predominant non-compliance with domestic safety standards and quality. Ukraine reduced its share in the world dairy market: in the butter segment from 7.32% (1992) to 2.08% (2019), in the cheese segment from 5.73% (2005) to 0.23% (2019), in the segment of skimmed milk powder from 1.03% (2005) to 0.17% (2019), in the segment of skimmed milk powder from 5.23% (1995) to 0.84%), in the segment of dry whey from 1.72% (2011) to 1.62% (2019). According to the OECD-FAO forecast, the negative trend will continue at least until 2029. The main reasons for the reduction of the share of Ukrainian dairy producers in the world market were the reduction of milk production, loss of markets in the Customs Union and problems with entering the EU market due to the predominant non-compliance of domestic livestock products with international safety and quality standards.

Non-Thypoid Salmonella Causes Food-borne Diseases Causing:Prevention and Control

<p class="awabstrak2"><em>Non-typhypoid Salmonella</em> (NTS) is a pathogenic bacteria causing gastroenteritis in humans which is transmitted through animals and contaminated animal products with <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> or <em>Salmonella enteritidis</em>. Many cases of NTS infection in humans have been reported in the world, however most people in Indonesian are generally more familiar with <em>Salmonella typhoid</em>, which is caused by <em>Salmonella typhoid</em> and <em>Salmonella paratypoid</em>. Gastroenteritis due to NTS infection seldom requires antimicrobial treatment. If there is no post-infectious complications such as septicemia, reactive arthritis or aortic aneurysm. Eggs, chicken meat, raw milk and other animal products contaminated with NTS are a source of transmission through food (food-borne pathogens). An estimated 1-3% of pets carry NTS without causing illness. Treatment of NTS in humans can be done by administering antibiotics, but the increase in Salmonella resistance to several types of antibiotics makes it more effective to prevent it through biosecurity applications in farms and prevent contamination of livestock products and their derivatives. This paper provides an overview of NTS, epidemiology, diagnosis and procedures for infection prevention and control in humans and animal reservoirs.</p>

Evolução do marco legal do leite cru refrigerado no Brasil

Este manuscrito apresenta uma revisão da evolução do marco legal da produção de leite cru refrigerado no Brasil, desde a implementação do Programa Nacional de Melhoria de Qualidade do Leite – PNMQL, até os dias atuais. Após o início dos trabalhos do PNMQL, em 2002, foi criada a Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios da Qualidade do Leite – RBQL e aprovado o Regulamento Técnico de Produção, Identidade e Qualidade do Leite Cru Refrigerado. Desde então, tem sido observada uma evolução gradativa das normas referentes à produção de leite cru. Esta evolução vem sendo balizada por normas referentes à obtenção, conservação, transporte e padrões de qualidade do leite cru refrigerado. Contudo, dados oficiais sobre a qualidade do leite cru refrigerado produzido pelos produtores brasileiros não estão disponíveis. Além disso, são poucos os estudos de caso longitudinais que investigaram esta temática, após a implementação do PNMQL. Logo, ainda não está claro se a qualidade do leite produzido no campo tem efetivamente melhorado. Também, é preciso elucidar qual parcela de uma eventual melhoria da qualidade do leite cru refrigerado é proveniente das ações do PNMQL, e qual é proveniente da exclusão de pequenos produtores. O processo de melhoria da qualidade do leite cru refrigerado depende da atuação de todos os elos que compõem a sua cadeia produtiva – produtores, indústria e governo. O governo deve regulamentar e fiscalizar, a indústria deve dar suporte aos produtores para que as metas sejam atingidas, e, finalmente, os produtores precisam atuar como parte interessada na melhoria da qualidade do leite.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ МОЛОЧНОЙ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ КОРОВ РАЗВОДИМЫХ В ХОЗЯЙСТВАХ ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, С УЧЕТОМ АНАЛИЗА ОСНОВНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРИЧИН ИХ ВЫБРАКОВКИ

The main breeds of cows bred in the Voronezh region are red-mottled, Simmental, Holstein, both domestic and imported selection. The milk productivity of the red-mottled breed is 6247.9 kg, the duration of production use of ncp is 2.9 lactation; the Simmental ncpis 6952.9 kg and ncp is 3.21, and the Holstein ncp is 8845.4 kg and ncp is 1.85, respectively. Imported Simmental and Holstein cattle have a high potential for milk productivity, but the longevity period with the technology of loose keeping is very short. The main reasons for culling imported cattle are transport injuries, metabolic disorders, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, breast diseases, hooves in general due to adaptation of body and the influence of production paratypical factors. With the technology of loose keeping of dairy herds as a result of intensive load, the main reasons for culling are udder diseases of ncp-19.5 %, diseases of the reproductive organs of ncp-25.1%, and limbs of ncp – 18.5 %. In conditions of year-round tie-up housing of cows, as a result of hypodynamia, metabolic disorders occur. Diseases of reproductive organs make up ncp-32.8%, as well as diseases of distal extremities of ncp-22.3. In a number of farms, protein overfeed is noted, as a result of which the body experiences an intense load, leading to a number of animal diseases. As a result, it is necessary to recommend and follow the technological principles of providing the necessary hygienic conditions that would be close to the physiological or natural requirements of animal’s body to ensure the efficiency of raw milk production.

Zoonotic Tick-Borne Pathogens in Temperate and Cold Regions of Europe-A Review on the Prevalence in Domestic Animals.

Ticks transmit a variety of pathogens affecting both human and animal health. In temperate and cold regions of Europe (Western, Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe), the most relevant zoonotic tick-borne pathogens are tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Borrelia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. More rarely, Rickettsia spp., Neoehrlichia mikurensis, and zoonotic Babesia spp. are identified as a cause of human disease. Domestic animals may also be clinically affected by these pathogens, and, furthermore, can be regarded as sentinel hosts for their occurrence in a certain area, or even play a role as reservoirs or amplifying hosts. For example, viraemic ruminants may transmit TBEV to humans via raw milk products. This review summarizes the role of domestic animals, including ruminants, horses, dogs, and cats, in the ecology of TBEV, Borrelia spp., A. phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., N. mikurensis, and zoonotic Babesia species. It gives an overview on the (sero-)prevalence of these infectious agents in domestic animals in temperate/cold regions of Europe, based on 148 individual prevalence studies. Meta-analyses of seroprevalence in asymptomatic animals estimated an overall seroprevalence of 2.7% for TBEV, 12.9% for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), 16.2% for A. phagocytophilum and 7.4% for Babesia divergens, with a high level of heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses with regard to animal species, diagnostic test, geographical region and decade of sampling were mostly non-significant, with the exception of significantly lower B. burgdorferi s.l. seroprevalences in dogs than in horses and cattle. More surveillance studies employing highly sensitive and specific test methods and including hitherto non-investigated regions are needed to determine if and how global changes in terms of climate, land use, agricultural practices and human behavior impact the frequency of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in domestic animals.

Zoonotic tuberculosis in nomadic pastoral communities in Nigeria: Risk routes for transmission, socio-cultural drivers and public health implications

Background: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. M. bovis causes 5–7% of human tuberculosis cases in Africa. To achieve the World Health Organization's “END-TB” goal by 2035, surveillance system that encompasses livestock herders’ knowledge about bTB epidemiology is required. Study objectives were: to assess pastoralists’ knowledge-attitude-practices regarding bTB, zoonotic transmission risk routes, and estimate its prevalence in lactating pastoral cow herds. We hypothesized that socio-cultural practices cannot influence bTB occurrence in pastoral communities. Methods and materials: Interview-questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 randomly selected herd owners in nomadic pastoral communities of north-central Nigeria in 2018. Also, 196 lactating Zebu cows were systematic randomly selected for raw milk collection in targeted herds. Milk samples were examined for acid-fast bacilli using Ziehl-Neelsen microscopic evaluation in a biosafety laboratory level II. Descriptive, unvariate and multivariable logistic regressions models were performed at 95% confidence level. Results: An 8.7% (11/196) prevalence of red rod-like tubercle bacilli was obtained. About 90% (538/600) of selected pastoralists participated. Majority (63.9%) of respondents had no formal education. Only 24.7% of them mentioned bTB to be zoonotic. Only 18.8% of participants practiced adequate boiling of raw milk before consumption as preventive measures. Risk routes for bTB zoonotic transmission were: consumption of raw milk and milk products (p < 0.001); contacts with infected udder and co-habitation with infected cows (p = 0.001); and aerosols of milk with viable M. bovis during milking and discarded infected milk in the environment (p < 0.001). Socio-cultural drivers associated with zoonotic tuberculosis occurrence in nomadic pastoral communities were: extensive husbandry system (p < 0.001), culture of borrowing/loaning cattle (p = 0.001), culture of giving out cattle as gift/payment for dowry (p = 0.001), high herds density sharing common watering points (p < 0.001) and introduction of new cattle into herd without quarantine (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study revealed pastoralists’ low knowledge and practices regarding zoonotic tuberculosis. The challenging gaps call for health education of vulnerable populations. Tuberculosis surveillance and control programmes take identified bTB risk transmission routes and social drivers into consideration, in line with ‘One Health’ approach, will assure food safety, food security, public and environmental health in Africa.

Identification, biochemical and technological properties of Enterococcus species isolated from raw milk and traditional dairy products

Identification, biochemical and technological properties of Enterococcus species isolated from raw milk and traditional dairy products

Isolation of brucella strains in cattle from sedentary and nomadic communities and its public health implication

Background: Brucellosis is a highly infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus brucella affecting animals leading to high economic loss and an impediment to livestock exportation. It also infects man with serious public health consequences. The disease is one of the world's most important neglected tropical zoonoses. Brucellosis is considered endemic in Nigeria and current information on isolation in sedentary and nomadic cattle is required. We carried out an active surveillance in sedentary cattle in Kachia Grazing Reserve (KGR), Kaduna State and in nomadic communities on the Jos Plateau to isolate brucella organisms and carry out phenotypic and molecular characterization of the isolates to species level. Methods & Materials: A total of 63 vaginal swabs, 36 milk samples, and 2 hygroma fluids were collected from cattle in KGR while 70 vaginal swabs, 50 milk samples and 2 hygroma fluids were collected from cattle on the Jos Plateau using a purposive sampling technique. Only animals that had history of abortion or infertility were sampled. They were cultured on serum dextrose agar with addition of antibiotic supplement (Oxoid) and incubated at 37 °C for 3 days in 5% CO2 atmosphere. Brucella strains isolated were biotyped along with eight archived isolates according to classical Brucella biotyping method. Isolates were further subjected to Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR according to established protocol. Results: Three and four B. abortus strains were isolated from KGR and Jos Plateau respectively. Biotyping revealed that all the 15 isolates were B. abortus biotype 3. Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR showed bands consistent with B. abortus. Conclusion: The study established the endemicity of brucellosis due to B. abortus biotype 3 in the two study areas. These findings have great veterinary and public health implications as healthy animals and the farmers are at high risk of infection due to contact with infected animals, consumption of raw milk and other products. Farmers were advised to boil their milk before consumption, isolate infected animals, maintain good level of hygiene and use protective wears in handling their animals as preventive measures. The study recommends vaccination of cattle against brucellosis in the areas.

Seasonal and Age Distribution of Toxoplasma gondii in Milk of Naturally Infected Animal Species and Dairy Samples

Primary infection by Toxoplasma gondii is habitually food borne and ingestion of foods with animal origins is measured as a risk factor. The current survey was performed to assess the seasonal and age distribution of T. gondii in diverse kinds of raw milk and traditional dairy products. Three-hundred and seventy raw milk and traditional dairy samples were collected and subjected to DNA extraction. B1 specific gene of T. gondii was perceived by means of the molecular technique. Eighteen out of 370 (4.86%) studied samples were positive for T. gondii. Molecular incidence of T. gondii in raw milk was 6.08%. T. gondii was also perceived in 2.85% of studied traditional dairy samples, respectively. Sheep milk (10%) and cheese (6.66%) had the uppermost molecular incidence of parasite. Molecular incidence of T. gondii in raw camel milk and cream and butter samples were 3.33%, 5% and 5%, respectively. Samples which were collected through autumn (15.55%) and summer (9.37%) seasons had the maximum molecular incidence of T. gondii. Raw milk samples of older than 4 years animal species (11.39%) had the maximum molecular incidence of T. gondii. The existingsurvey is the first report of seasonal and age distribution of T. gondii in diverse kinds of dairy samples. Raw sheep, goat, buffalo, bovine and camel milk and also traditional cheese, cream and butter dairy samples may harbor T. gondii infection. Seasonal and senile distribution should be measured for molecular incidence of T. gondii in milk of primary infected animals and also traditional dairy products.

Inhibitory activity of some functional cultures toward common microbial contaminants in soft cheese manufactured from raw milk

The inhibitory activity of Lb. plantarum NRC AM10, Lb. curvatus NBIMCC 3452, Lb. paracasei NRRL B-4560 and Lb. gasseri NRRL B-14168 were investigated against the microbial contaminants in raw milk soft cheese. Cultures were added at the level of 5 % in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, and the control treatment made without starters. Microbial counts in raw milk sample showed 10.25, 6.85, 5.89, 4.76, 4.42, 4.44, 3.77, 3.64 and 3.46 log cfu/ml for total viable count, total coliforms, Staphylococci, moulds and yeasts, Enterococci, fecal coliforms, spore forming bacteria, psychrotrophic and Salmonella respectively. Some of microbial groups in control cheese were increased in the first 5 days of storage and others were increased until 10 days then all microbial groups were gradually decreased with extending storage period. Staphylococci reached to the lowest counts 3.11 log cfu/ml after 20 days, on contrast moulds and yeasts reached to the highest count 5.22 log cfu/ml at the end of storage period. The inhibition rate % (IR) were influenced by the variety of strain added in cheese treatments and the highest IR 32.58 and 33.96 % against total coliforms and Enterococci were recorded in the treatment containing Lb. plantarum NRC AM10 while the highest IR 25.84 % against fecal coliforms was recorded in the treatment containing Lb. curvatus NBIMCC 3452. Meanwhile, the IR 35.19 and 15.84 % were recorded against Salmonella and spore forming bacteria with strain Lb. gasseri NRRL B-14168. The strain Lb. paracasei NRRL B-4560 showed IR 42.23 and 44.4 % against Staphylococci and psychrotrophic respectively. Moulds and yeasts talked a revers trend of IR because of increasing the counts by acidity development. In conclusion, the only addition of functional cultures to control the growth and survival of pathogens in raw milk products is not enough to produce safe product. Use of pasteurized milk, good hygienic and good manufacturing practices are essential to reduce the risk of microbial contamination and health hazards in dairy products.

Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of analytical methods for the determination of aflatoxins in milk and dairy products (review information)

The dairy industry of Ukraine is developing dynamically, its needs for the quality of raw materials are growing significantly. Detection of mycotoxins in raw milk is one of the main indicators of its safety. The high degree of toxicity of mycotoxins is a threat to the health of the lactating animal, so a large number of them are excreted in milk. If we talk about ruminants, the vast majority of mycotoxins are utilized by microorganisms of the pancreas, which does not occur in monogastric animals, so the list of mycotoxins in their milk can be much wider than the secretion of mammalian mammals. To date, the maximum permissible levels (MRLs) of mycotoxins in raw milk and dairy products have been established. Thus, a comprehensive determination of the content of mycotoxins in the secretion of the breast has not only technological but also important diagnostic value. Milk sample preparation is the most important step in the determination of mycotoxins and consists of sampling, extraction and purification from impurities. For the extraction of aflatoxins, the method of liquid extraction with acetonitrile or chloroform is used. Purification of extracts is carried out on immunoaffinity columns, cartridges with special sorbents or using certain manufacturers (MycoSep®).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection are used to determine aflatoxin B1 and M1 in raw milk of cows. However, all these methods have a number of disadvantages, namely: long and expensive sample preparation and insufficiently high selectivity. Currently, the complex determination of mycotoxins in various matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) and the use of modified QuEChERS sample preparation is gaining popularity. The advantage of this technique is the combination of faster and cheaper sample preparation of QuEChERS samples with highly selective LC-MS/MS chromatography. Key words: mycotoxins, raw milk, analytical methods, QuEChERS.

Organizational and economic relations in the chain supply of milk and dairy products

The article discusses the organizational and economic relations between the participants in the supply chain of milk and dairy products. Generally, organizational and economic relations are a set of relations between the participants of the dairy products chain, which are formed in the process of production, distribution and sale to consumers, as a result of which the economic interests of all its participants are realized. The peculiarities of dairy products of the chain are systematized and the basic principles, conditions for their balanced development are determined, contributes to the coordination of the economic interests of all its participants. It has been proved that economic interest is an important component of organizational and economic relations in the supply chain of milk and dairy products, and its main elements are: prices for raw materials and fnished products, costs of production, processing of raw materials, transportation, terms of mutual settlements, material interest of personnel, norms of fulfllment of contractual obligations, risks and the like. Review of the negative factors of organizational and economic relations in the dairy product chain and their impact on the effectiveness of each of its participants. As a tool to increase the production of raw milk, it is proposed to optimize the raw material zones of dairy processing enterprises, develop strategic programs for the development of the industry and stimulate consumer demand, as well as create industry clusters. The calculations for the distribution of costs and income between participants in the supply chain of milk and milk products prove the need to ensure the equivalence of exchange. In order to improve the efciency of the researcher, it was proposed to increase the volume of milk production and processing, as well as to establish mutually benefcial relations between its participants, connected by a single production cycle. The directions of innovation and investment development of the participants in the dairy products chain, especially the link of dairy cattle breeding, are highlighted. It is highlighted that the innovative renewal of the activities of the chain participants is a process of cyclical activities focused on the production of competitive dairy products of a new generation, which will contribute to an increase in turnover in order to obtain the highest proft of the chain participants and satisfy the demand of consumers with different income levels. Key words: dairy products chain, chain participants, exchange equivalence, organizational and economic relations.

Marketing and Progress of Dairy Development in Uttar Pradesh: A Comparative Study of Two Regions

Marketing refers the process of creating demand, value addition, transportation and distribution for performing the function of place, time and form utility of any product on the space. The improvement in dairy product market through an efficient marketing chains with refrigerated transport and storage as well as with expansion in number and size and scale of economy created a revolution in dairy sector in the country and in the state of Uttar Pradesh .AMUL, PARAG, MOTHER DAIRY , NANDINI from cooperative sector and several private companies played significant role in marketing and processing of dairy products but still their shares do not exceed one third of marketed surplus of raw milk and milk products. Unorganised sector showed domination due to small size of marketable, perishability of products, need for cash payment and tendency of dairy farmers for selling adulterated milk .Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer and largest markets for dairy products in response to increasing urbanization, enhancing disposable income, domination of vegetarian food choices and increasing awareness for nutrition rich food for good health. Regional variation in milk production, processing and marketing infrastructure development is common. The comparison of two districts from developed and non-developed areas are testimonial to such inter district / regional imbalance in dairy development despite continuous effort of both central and state government since independence. Dairy farm production systems are treasure of tremendous opportunities for farmers and area development. Development of fodder production farms, outlet establishment for supply of concentrates, production and supply of feed grains, new development of credit and insurance institutes and investment in local dairy processing industries are some valuable opportunities in dairy farm production .The plan of doubling farmer’s income and strengthen the level of economic self-reliance in rural area could be achieved successfully. Keywords: Dairy, Cold Chain, Milk Processing, marketing DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-22-08 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Aflatoxins in Milk and Dairy Products: Occurrence and Exposure Assessment for the Serbian Population

The main objective of this study was to assess the exposure associated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) of the adult population in Serbia from consumption of milk and dairy products. This assessment was performed using concentration values of AFM1 in raw milk (385 samples) and dairy products (556 samples) based on the analyses conducted in the period between 2015 and 2018. In parallel, a dairy products consumption survey was completed during 2018 based on ‘one-day’ and ‘seven-day’ recall methods. In order to estimate the intake of AFM1 from the consumption of dairy products for both recall methods, a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted. The study revealed that pasteurized milk and yogurt are dairy products mostly consumed by the Serbian adult population. Estimated daily intake of AFM1 was in the range of 62–74 × 10−3 ng/kg bw/day, depending on the recall methods and scenarios employed. Although the results show moderate exposure risks compared to similar studies worldwide, climatic conditions and weather extremes that have occurred recently may have negatively influenced the contamination of feed and, consequently, AFM1 contamination of milk. As a result, it is justifiable to promote continuous monitoring in feed and dairy supply chains in Serbia and provide an update of exposure assessment.

In vitro screening of probiotic properties of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from fermented milk product

Abstract Objectives The screening of traditional fermented products is essential for the assessment of safety, security, and further development of functional foods for the well-being of human health. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify bacteria from fermented raw milk samples that exhibit health benefits upon consumption. Methods In order to confirm the isolates as probiotics, several in vitro assays were conducted to assess the probiotic properties of isolated bacteria. The initial screening includes tolerance to acid, bile, pancreatin, and NaCl. The cell surface properties demonstrate their interaction with mucosal epithelium, which includes hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation assay. Safety assessment was done by performing haemolytic test and antibiotic susceptibility test. The antagonistic activity of probiotic strain was further evaluated against some pathogenic bacteria. Results Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) isolated from fermented raw milk was preliminarily identified by biochemical tests and further confirmed using 16S rRNA identification. The isolate designated as L. plantarum strain GCC_19M1 demonstrated significant tolerance to low pH, 0.3% bile, 0.5% pancreatin, and 5% NaCl. In the presence of simulated gastric juice (at pH 3), the isolate exhibited a survival rate of 93.48–96.97%. Furthermore, the development of ecological niches in the human gut and their successful accumulation have been revealed by auto-aggregation and hydrophobicity properties. Absence of haemolytic activity ensures the non-virulent nature of the strain. Lactobacillus plantarum strain GCC_19M1 showed susceptibility towards gentamicin, tetracycline, kanamycin, meropenem, and ceftriaxone and exhibited an antagonistic effect on pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion The obtained results conveyed that L. plantarum strain GCC_19M1 has strong probiotic potential, and its presence in the fermented raw milk products may serve as a potent functional probiotic food.