Quality Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Enhancing Phenolic Profiles in ‘Cabernet Franc’ Grapes Through Chitooligosaccharide Treatments: Impacts on Phenolic Compounds Accumulation Across Developmental Stages

High-quality grape raw materials are fundamental for producing premium wine. Ensuring the quality of grape raw materials, particularly enhancing their phenolic profiles, significantly improves wine flavor. Therefore, this study focused on ‘Cabernet Franc’ grapes, where a 0.1% chitooligosaccharide (COS) solution was foliar sprayed during the green pea stage, the onset of veraison stage, and the mid-ripening stage to investigate the impact of exogenous COS treatment on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in grape berries. The results revealed that COS treatment during the green pea and the onset of veraison stages significantly increased the levels of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin in grapes, with distinct effects on flavanols, phenolic acids, flavonols, and stilbenes, respectively. Eight key compounds most significantly influenced by the treatment were identified through orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and machine learning screening. Specifically, treatment during the green pea stage had a significant impact on total soluble solids, proanthocyanidin B1, catechin, and vanillic acid, while veraison treatment notably affected petunidin-3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaryl)-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaryl)-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and isorhamnetin. This study could provide valuable data references and theoretical support for applying COS in wine grapes and regulating high-quality raw materials.

Progress of highly conductive Graphene-reinforced Copper matrix composites: A review

Enhancing the electrical conductivity of metals remains a critical challenge, as it directly determines the transmission efficiency of power electronic systems. Graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites have garnered widespread attention due to their exceptional electrical conductivity and low-temperature coefficient of resistance. This review thoroughly examines the intrinsic physical properties of Graphene and Cu, identifying specific obstacles in developing highly conductive composite materials. Despite the weak van der waals interactions between Graphene and Cu, the work principle and interaction mechanism between Cu and Graphene are elucidated. The primary focus of this review is to explore methods for enhancing the electrical conductivity of Cu/Graphene composites through different design strategies and processing techniques. The more complex and critical factors encompass the quality of raw materials, processing techniques, dimensional precision, crystallographic orientation, and the interfacial properties between Graphene and Cu. The perspectives on the research gap and further development trends of Cu/Gr composites are also discussed.

The Effect of Raw Materials on The Quality of Hand-Drawn Batik

This research aims to analyze factors that influence the quality of written batik products at CV. Wery Group Gunungsitoli, North Sumatera, Indonesia, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Product quality is an important element that can influence consumer satisfaction and loyalty. This research uses a quantitative approach with survey methods. Data was collectod throught a questionnaire distributed to cosumers of the CV. Wery Group Gunungsitoli, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The variables studied include raw materials, craftsmen’s skills, production techniques, and quality management. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software with multiple linear regression tests to determine the effect of each variable on product quality. The research result show that raw materials, craftsmen’s skills, have asignificant influence on the quality or written batik products. Production techniques and quality management also have a positive influence, althougt not as much as the other two factors. The conclusion of this research is that CV. Wery Group Gunungsitoli, North Sumatera, Indonesia needs to pay attention to the selection of quality raw materials and improve the skills of craftsmen to improve the quality of written batik products. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the development of the written batik industry in Gunungsitoli and become a reference for companies in efforts to improve product quality.

The influence of zootechnical factors on the composition of proteins in raw cow's milk

The scientific review is devoted to the current problem of the quality of raw materials in the production of dairy products. The purpose of the research is to update scientific data on the influence of zootechnical factors on the protein composition of raw cow›s milk. In the context of the development of the specialized nutrition market, an in-depth study of milk proteins is necessary as the most important source of essential amino acids. The authors reviewed the scientific works of domestic and foreign specialists, covering the influence of various factors on the protein composition of raw cattle milk. During the formation of the scientific review, the factors studied were divided into the following groups: selection-genetic, feed, temporal, zoohygienic and technological. This made it possible to determine the degree of influence of factors on milk quality indicators, especially proteins, and to trace their dependence on each other.

Natural radioactivity and technological properties of kaolinized granite from the Motajica mine, Bosnia and Herzegovina

For the production of ceramic tiles, it is necessary to use high-quality and economical raw materials, which will optimize the properties of the final product and meet the prescribed standards. For this reason, it is necessary to examine the properties of each potential raw material. This paper examines radioactivity and technological properties of kaolinized granite from the Motajica mine, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal analysis (DTA) were carried out. In order to examine the technological (ceramic) properties of this raw material, ignition tests of the composite obtained by introducing kaolinized granite (with a content of 25 %) into the standard factory series of ceramic tiles were conducted at four selected temperatures (1050, 1100, 1120, and 1150 ℃). Total linear shrinkage, flexural strength, and water absorption were determined for the produced biscuit. Using gamma spectrometry, the activity concentrations of radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and, 40K were measured, and then the radiation risk for external exposure of workers in the industry was assessed using hazard indices and doses. The radiation risk from the use of manufactured unglazed ceramic tiles in houses was also assessed. Statistical analysis of radionuclides for 100 samples of kaolinized granite was performed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). It was observed that the average values of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K are above the average for building materials in the world and amount respectively to 122 Bq kg−1, 96 Bq kg−1, and 1068 Bq kg−1. All other obtained values indicate that it is a quality raw material that, despite having an increased content of radioactive elements compared to the world average, does not represent a radiological hazard for workers and people who stay indoors on an annual basis. The tested raw material satisfies all technological criteria for further use and can be considered a desirable ingredient of ceramic composites because it can partially or completely replace feldspar.

Real-time detection of coke particles in blast furnace operations using machine learning: Case of a steel plant in India

The efficiency of blast furnace operations in a steel plant relies on the quality of raw materials, including coke. The particle size distribution (PSD) of coke plays a vital role in ensuring the efficiency of the blast furnace. Conventional methods of measuring average particle size are time-consuming and labour-intensive leading to delayed operations. To address the issue, various studies have used different techniques for real-time measurement of coke particle size, including laser diffraction, acoustic sounding, X-ray computed tomography, and computer vision. While these methods have shown successful applications, there have been limitations in their lower prediction accuracy and detection speed. Therefore, our study proposes a practical approach that leverages the integration of computer vision algorithms to enhance accuracy and detection speed. The proposed methodology is compared with the conventional method of measuring particle size in the lab at a blast furnace. Our results reveal that the YOLOv8 algorithm outperforms the conventional method, providing efficient detection of 5.419 frames per second and with a mean absolute error of [Formula: see text]1.77 mm within the lab results. YOLOv8 can perform object segmentation providing much more precise polygon masks of the coke particles instead of simply providing rectangular dimensions using traditional object detection, as explored in previous studies. This approach enables real-time monitoring of PSD and timely alerts to the onsite team, significantly improving the efficiency of blast furnace operations.

A review on early-age cracking of concrete: Causes and control

The early-age cracking of concrete is one of the most critical parameters affecting the performance of concrete structures. It is attributed to both the internal and external influences such as early age restrained shrinkage, thermal deformation as well as the applied load. In this paper, a detailed review of the causes of early-age cracking is first presented, followed by the factors affecting the concrete cracking including raw materials quality problems, improper construction measures, external environmental influences and structural design flaws. Then the preventive measures for concrete cracking are summarized. The potential for the application and development of structural health monitoring and artificial intelligence techniques for early-age cracking of concrete is also discussed. Through the comprehensive review of the early-age cracking of concrete, the research direction for the subsequent research on early-age cracking of concrete is pointed out. The current problems and concerns of concrete cracking are also prospected.

Safefood4eu: An interdisciplinary approach on education for sustainable agri-food systems in Europe

Foods are complex products consisting of many ingredients of diverse origins. Along the food supply chains, food products are prone to spoilage and safety issues, which could give rise to different health-related concerns and outcomes. Furthermore, the existing highly centralised food systems generate substantial greenhouse gas emissions and food waste. In order to strengthen the sustainable decentralised "farm-to-fork" food chains, a mindset shift supported by relevant education and policy initiatives is highly required. The ERASMUS+ KA220 project SafeFood4EU was conceived with a crucial mission - to develop an interdisciplinary and innovative toolbox of higher education and lifelong learning courses that reflect various aspects of sustainable agri-food systems. The thematic areas discussed within the SafeFood4EU project have covered food safety and supply chain management, sustainable food systems and design, food production and quality of raw materials, food authenticity and analysis, and digital and soft skills. The main objectives have been to develop a distinctive content package and make it available to the students via an e-learning management system. The project's results, aimed at creating a pool of young and capable experts, can significantly impact future food security, thereby increasing awareness about the future challenges regarding food systems transition, dietary shift and the next generation's food security.

Влияние различных рас дрожжей на качество саке из отечественного сырья

Abstract. In the alcoholic beverage market, some attention has recently been paid to new beverages, one such beverage is saké. Along with other imported products, it is also necessary to establish production of this drink for the purpose of import substitution. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of different yeast races on the quality of saké from domestic raw materials and to develop recommendations for their use. The research tasks included the study of the following issues: testing of different yeasts, study of the quality of domestic raw materials – rice from Krasnodar region for saké production, study of biochemical parameters of the obtained products, study of the elemental composition of saké, organoleptic evaluation of products. The research was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Winemaking of the Institute of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at the Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy” and in the Scientific Centre “Low-tonnage chemistry”. Eight yeast strains were included in the study, which were infected with steamed rice grains. Observations, records and analyses were carried out for each of 8 experimental samples: elemental and chemical composition, alcohol content, organoleptic indicators. For the first time in the established zymological features of yeast quality in obtaining products from domestic raw materials, features of microbiological characteristics of the resulting product and gave a conclusion and recommendations for the production of sake. Optimal variants of yeast, regularities of formation of biochemical composition of saké, content of various elements in the finished product, organoleptic indicators are established, recommendations on the studied factors are made. Key words: Yeast strains, saké, Japanese culture, sensory analysis, rice wine

A perspective on alignment between steady‐state design and control for a distillation system in the context of flexibility analysis

AbstractThis perspective paper discusses the alignment between steady‐state design and control (dynamic) simulation in the context of flexibility analysis for distillation systems. Operational variations, such as fluctuations in feed composition or flowrate, can stem from external factors like raw material quality or temperature variations. These disturbances need to be mitigated to ensure optimal industrial performance. Traditionally, these process uncertainties are usually considered in a sequential manner, where the steady‐state flowsheet is established first, and control performance is analyzed afterwards. However, recent studies have started integrating flexibility index into the design phase to account for process uncertainties. While this integration has improved design strategies, aligning steady‐state and dynamic control simulations for comprehensive flexibility analysis remains underexplored. In this paper, we wish to share new perspectives and insights we have observed by analyzing the existing literature. We highlight some points not immediately apparent in our previous studies, hoping these insights will serve as guidelines for future research in this direction. We believe that validating results between steady‐state and control simulations is a long‐term endeavor that cannot be conclusively addressed soon. However, we hope this paper will be valuable to future researchers, contributing to advancing this field and reaching those who will appreciate and build upon these insights. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Направления совершенствования сероочистки, осушки и переработки природного газа

The results of the work of the staff of the Department of “Chemical Technology of Oil and Gas Refining” of Astrakhan State Technical University in the field of separation of three-phase reservoir mixture, increasing the efficiency of desulfurization, improving the process of drying gas and the production of continuous hydrocarbons – raw materials for petrochemistry. The influence of the quality of raw materials entering processing on the formation of deposits in technological equipment has been studied. Reconstruction of the inlet and three-phase separators of high-pressure reservoir mixture separation plants by installing a vibration damper and a depulsor on the reservoir mixture supply line to the installation, as well as reconstruction of the input of raw materials into the separator of the installation. The use of the KPG-200 defoamer and the KPG-200 AV antifoamer made it possible to reduce the consumption rate of defoaming reagents several times in gas purification plants from acidic components. The influence of various impurities on the foaming of working amine solutions (mechanical impurities, coal dust, products of thermal destruction of amine, thermostable salts, corrosion inhibitors) has been determined. It was revealed that the products of thermal degradation of amine have the greatest effect at concentrations above 3% by weight. A method for reducing the content of mechanical impurities in a solution of diethanolamine in a constant magnetic field has been developed and introduced into an industrial desulfurization plant. The filtration efficiency increases 2.6 times, the foam height is halved, and the foam stability is quadrupled. At the same time, the activity of the defoamer increases by 1.7 times. The mathematical dependence of the height of the protective layer of aluminum oxide in an adsorber with zeolite on impurities of diethanolamine has been experimentally found. The effectiveness of the developed improved distribution ring device is shown, the use of which makes it possible to practically eliminate dead zones in the zeolite layer and thereby increase the efficiency of the adsorption process and increase the inter-regeneration period on the drying unit. Studies of the catalytic pyrolysis of the butane fraction using CVM-type pentasils modified with the introduction of chromium can reduce the process temperature compared with the thermal decomposition of raw materials by more than one hundred degrees 100 °C.

Study on Supply Chain Rearrangement to Improve Supply Chain Performance of Sambal Sauce in Company X Case Study using the Enterprise Architecture Design method that utilizes Industrial Revolution 4.0 Technology based on Hybrid Technology

Company X is a large enough producer of Sambal Sauce to supply Meatball traders in Indonesia. Many problems in this supply chain include the occurrence of unhealthy competition between internal networks, both between agents and other networks that intersect between supply regions, market prices are not uniform, the availability of field products is not maintained, the uncertainty of delivery from the previous supply from the Supply Chain, high Debts and Receivables from Distributors, the certainty of product delivery to the Supply Chain from Producers, The certainty and stability of the delivery of Sambal Sauce Raw Materials to the Factory, unstable quality of raw materials, and many other problems. Of course, this needs to be fixed immediately, considering that it will be a turning point for product returns if this problem continues. The following is a deeper study of what and why this happens, how to solve the problem, and concrete efforts to solve the problem analytically using the Enterprise Architecture Design method by utilizing Hybrid Technology-based Industrial Revolution 4.0 Technology.

Assessing research needs for informing pet food industry decisions

Abstract The global pet food industry continues to grow being fueled by increased pet ownership, higher disposable income of pet owners, and a growing demand for premium products. While this growth has attracted increased interest of researchers in animal nutrition and product formulation, the overall body of management and economic literature to guide product innovation and marketing strategies in the pet food industry is still limited. This study aims to identify and highlight the most important, relevant, and current research needs for informing product and marketing decisions in pet food. The methods include a quantitative analysis of primary data from a survey of 76 pet food decision makers involved in the procurement of raw material, production, and marketing. The findings suggest the need for extensive research in various areas pertaining to the quality and availability of raw materials, processing methods, and forecasting consumer preferences. The findings also emphasize high value research areas such as identifying alternative protein sources, enhancing nutrient retention during the extrusion process, identifying opportunities for product innovation that align with customer preferences, and accurately predicting consumer demand.

A RELEVÂNCIA DOS PROGRAMAS DE AUTOCONTROLE NA SAÚDE PÚBLICA EM INDÚSTRIAS DE PRODUTOS DE ORIGEM ANIMAL

Self-Control Programs (PACs) are fundamental for the agroindustry, aiming at food safety and reducing risks to public health. Along with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Standard Operational Hygiene Procedures (PPHO) and the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points Program (HACCP). The research aims to demonstrate the importance of PAC as a tool capable of minimizing and controlling levels of contamination, infection and/or food poisoning in the food industry, discussing the regulations issued by supervisory authorities on the quality, health and safety of food, as well as good practices in the production of products of animal origin. The importance of studying this topic is that it has great relevance due to the fact that it addresses the importance of the hygienic-sanitary and technological quality of raw materials, animal health and public health. The study was carried out using articles, books and academic sources through electronic searches in SciELO, Google Scholar, PUBMED, PubVet of relevance in addition to Laws and books, bibliographical research and insights into the need to highlight and demonstrate the importance of programs in the food industry. It was concluded that PACs are essential to reduce risks to public health and enhance food quality and safety for consumers.

Crop Improvement of Moringa oleifera L. through Genotype Screening for the Development of Clonal Propagation Techniques of High-Yielding Clones in Malaysia.

Moringa oleifera L. is a valuable multipurpose tree species widely planted for centuries due to its high medicinal value and antifungal, antiviral, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties in the food industry. However, its cultivation is hindered by production constraints such as the unavailability of planting material and the inadequate number of high-yielding clones. Thus, a study was initiated to select high-yielding clones in terms of growth and chemical content for the mass propagation of superior moringa trees. Screening on high-yielding clones with high astragalin content was conducted through the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of moringa leaf extract. Selected genotypes were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential through in vitro bioactivity assays of leaf methanol extract. The effects of the rooting hormone, rooting substrates, and size of the cutting on the rooting response of branch cuttings of moringa were investigated. Results found that samples collected from different ecological zones of Peninsular Malaysia show significant variation in terms of astragalin content. The extracts were observed to show considerable variation in biological activity against the pro-inflammatory enzymes. The size of the cuttings had significant effects on the rooting of the cuttings as longer cuttings with bigger diameters rooted better than shorter cuttings with smaller diameters. Several genotypes of M. oleifera with superior phenotypic characteristics and bioactive compounds have been identified. Factors affecting the rooting efficiency and optimal conditions of rooting are suggested, which provides valuable information for the propagation of the superior planting material of moringa. This effort will ensure the sustainable production and supply of good quality raw materials for the production of quality end-products for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Effects of Corm Treatment with Cold Plasma and Electromagnetic Field on Growth and Production of Saffron Metabolites in Crocus sativus.

Crocus sativus L. is a widely cultivated traditional plant for obtaining dried red stigmas known as "saffron," the most expensive spice in the world. The response of C. sativus to pre-sowing processing of corms with cold plasma (CP, 3 and 5 min), vacuum (3 min), and electromagnetic field (EMF, 5 min) was assessed to verify how such treatments affect plant performance and the quality and yield of herbal raw materials. The results show that applied physical stressors did not affect the viability of corms but caused stressor-dependent changes in the kinetics of sprouting, growth parameters, leaf trichome density, and secondary metabolite content in stigmas. The effect of CP treatment on plant growth and metabolite content was negative, but all stressors significantly (by 42-74%) increased the number of leaf trichomes. CP3 treatment significantly decreased the length and dry weight of flowers by 43% and 60%, respectively, while EMF treatment increased the length of flowers by 27%. However, longer CP treatment (5 min) delayed germination. Vacuum treatment improved the uniformity of germination by 28% but caused smaller changes in the content of stigma compounds compared with CP and EMF. Twenty-six compounds were identified in total in Crocus stigma samples by the HPLC-DAD method, including 23 crocins, rutin, picrocrocin, and safranal. Processing of Crocus corms with EMF showed the greatest efficiency in increasing the production of secondary metabolites in saffron. EMF increased the content of marker compounds in stigmas (crocin 4: from 8.95 to 431.17 mg/g; crocin 3: from 6.27 to 164.86 mg/g; picrocrocin: from 0.4 to 1.0 mg/g), although the observed effects on growth were neutral or slightly positive. The obtained findings indicate that treatment of C. sativus corms with EMF has the potential application for increasing the quality of saffron by enhancing the amounts of biologically active compounds.

Effects of pre‐deacidification on 3‐MCPDE and GE contents of high‐acid oils during refining

SummaryCrude fats and oils may have high free fatty acid (FFA) content depending on raw material quality and processing conditions. Their refining is always a challenge due to refining loss and the formation of some process contaminants such as 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol esters (3‐MCPDE), and glycidyl esters (GE). In this study, crude hazelnut oil having 12.10% FFA was degummed, bleached, and pre‐deacidified by a molecular distillation (MD) unit before neutralisation and deodorisation. Changes in FFA, diglyceride(DG), 3‐MCPDE, GE, and tocopherol contents were monitored. Almost no changes were detected in FFA and DG contents during degumming and bleaching while the latter resulted in the 3‐MCPDE formation and GE reduction. Some tocopherol losses were also observed after these steps. On the other hand, a huge amount of FFA was distilled (from 12.10% to 1.71%) by the MD process performed at 200 °C, 0.25 mbar, as well as with a 53.6% loss of tocopherol. The samples were then subjected to deodorisation before (MD‐PHY) and after neutralisation (MD‐CHE) at 230 °C under 2 mbar absolute pressure for 2, 4, and 8 h. While some 3‐MCPDE and GE formations were detected during MD‐CHE, there were almost no formations in these contaminants after MD‐PHY. When the bleached oil having 12.10% FFA was also directly deodorised at given conditions, no formations but some reductions in 3‐MCPDE and GE contents of the oils were determined, possibly because of esterification of FFA with DGs that are an important precursor of these contaminants.

Performance and Evaluation of Hanski 227 Oriental Tobacco in Dak Lak Region, Vietnam from 2022 - 2024

With the results of selecting Oriental tobacco varieties suitable for natural conditions in Vietnam, with potential for raw material quality and raw material production capacity in Vietnam, from 6 oriental tobacco varieties originating from Bulgaria, the Tobacco Institute has been testing in Ninh Thuan province from 2019 to 2021, and Dak Lak from 2021 to 2022. The results of the trial planting show that oriental tobacco varieties are good growth, and are quite suitable for the soil and climate conditions in Ninh Thuan and Dak Lak provinces, and have selected 2 the best oriental tobacco varieties as Basma 16 and Hanski 227. In which, Hanski 227 variety is evaluated to have outstanding prospects due to its good growth ability, high yield, characteristic aroma and good smoking properties. The Hanski 227 variety has less harvested leaves, larger leaf size and mass than Basma 16 variety, so the labor costs for cultivation, harvesting and preliminary processing are lower. To evaluate the ability to expand the oriental area in Vietnam, we continue to trial planting the Hanski 227 oriental variety in Dak Lak in 2023 - 2024, with a fertilizer level and a planting density corresponding to 50N + 30P2O5 + 80K2O (N: NH4NO3, P: (Ca(H2PO4)2 and K: K2SO4) and 110,000 plants/ha. The experimental trial results show the Hanski 227 variety has good growth, high yield, and good quality, with yield fluctuating 1.52 - 1.66 tons/ha, nicotine content: 0.81 - 1.38%, and reducing sugar content: 8.9 - 12.1%, and the oriental material has a characteristic aroma and good smoking properties. Based on the trial results shows that the quality of Hanski 227 grown in Dak Lak are the same the oriental tobacco importing from Bulgaria, Türkiye and Greece. Therefore, the Dak Lak province is the most suitbale region for producing good quality oriental tobacco in Vietnam compared to Ninh Thuan region. Because materials in Ninh Thuan has the high clorua content reducing material quality. In 2025, we continue to grow the Hanski 227 oriental tobacco variety in Dak Lak region on a large area and complete the preliminary processing process, with the goal of producing Oriental tobacco raw materials domestically, with appropriate production costs.

Electrophoretic analysis of proteins from raw materials and commercial diets used in animal feed

In aquaculture, balanced feed accounts for 50% to 70% of the operational costs of cultivating aquatic organisms. This feed is made from various raw materials that serve as protein sources, which significantly influence the final cost of the feed. Therefore, an electrophoretic study was conducted to compare the protein content in different raw materials and commercial diets used in animal feed. Electrophoretic profiles with standard concentration gels (SDS-PAGE) were used to separate protein fractions from animal-origin raw materials, including Earthworm Meals of Eisenia andrei (HLF) and Eisenia fetida (HLT), meat-bone meal (MBM), and fish meal (FM), as well as plant-origin meals, such as Leucaena leaf meal (LLM), corn meal (YCM), and wheat bran (WBM). Commercial diets (A, B, and C) were also evaluated. The protein content of the samples was determined. For electrophoretic analysis, a protease inhibitor cocktail was used, along with a molecular weight standard with a range from 250 to 4 kDa. The molecular weights of the diets ranged between 31.1 and 234.1 kDa, 36.3 and 190.4 kDa, and 4.281 and 95.685 kDa. Some of the protein bands in the analyzed samples (HLF, HLT, FM, YCM, and WBM) were very close to the reference protein bands at 148, 98, 64, 50, and 36 kDa, corresponding to the molecular weight standard used. Electrophoretic characterization provided insight into the different protein fractions, offering valuable information about their potential functional and nutritional properties. Electrophoresis is an essential analytical tool for assessing both the quality and safety of raw materials and foods.

Development, Validation, and Greenness Assessment of HPLC and ATR-FTIR for Mangiferin Quantitative Analysis in Raw Material

Due to the benefits of mangiferin, including antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, it is a natural raw material used in botanical health and cosmetic products. This research aims to develop and validate analytical methods for the quantification of mangiferin in raw material, isolated from Mangifera indica L. leaves, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The greenness assessment of both analytical methods was performed. The results indicated that both methods were validated in terms of specificity, linearity, range, detection limit, quantitation limit, accuracy, and precision. The ranges of mangiferin used in HPLC and ATR-FTIR were 30 to 360 µg/mL and 5.00 to 27.27% w/w, respectively. The mangiferin content in five batches, analyzed by using the validated HPLC and ATR-FTIR, ranged from 88.35 to 109.4% w/w and 90.7 to 111.8% w/w, respectively. Statistical analysis using a paired t-test revealed no significant difference in the mangiferin quantity between the two techniques at a 95% confidence level. The greenness scores of the HPLC and ATR-FTIR determined according to AGREE metric were 0.49 and 0.81, respectively. Both methods can be applied to quantify mangiferin content and control the quality of mangiferin raw material. Additionally, the validated ATR-FTIR, which proposed excellent environmental friendliness, was suggested as an alternative analytical method for routine assay of mangiferin raw material.