Raw Material Base Research Articles

Методичний підхід до обґрунтування способу газифікації кам’яного вугілля для виробництва синтетичних моторних палив

The aim of the article is to substantiate the most suitable method of gasification of Ukrainian hard coal for further production of synthetic motor fuel. For this substantiation, a methodical approach has been developed, the use of which has allowed to obtain the following results. As a raw material base, the article recommends long-flame coal of the Western Donbass, located on the territory of the Dnepropetrovsk region, where powerful enterprises for the extraction and enrichment of coal operate. The most common methods of coal gasification in the world are analyzed: Lurgi (counter-current steam-oxygen gasification of large-lump coal (or briquettes) in a stationary bed), Siemens (direct-flow steam-oxygen gasification in the pulverized coal stream), Texaco (direct-flow oxygen gasification in the flow of coal-water pulp). For each of these methods, material balances have been developed; the composition and quality of the generated gas, the possibilities of organizing the production of the necessary energy resources, the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and wastewater discharge have been evaluated. A methodology for calculating the composition of generator gas is proposed, which takes into account the composition of the blast (content of oxygen, water vapor or water). All calculations were performed for an enterprise with a coal capacity of 550 thousand tons of working weight per year. Based on the calculations and comparison of their results, the Texaco method is recommended for industrial implementation. The advantages of this method are as follows: the absence of a stage of steam production for gasification, the scarcity of the water cycle, which practically excludes the formation of wastewater, and the possibility of using contaminated water from other sources for gasification; the highest total content of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the resulting synthesis gas; the maximum assimilated capacity of production reactors and the largest number of capacities created in the world using this technology; utilization of the heat of the resulting gas to obtain a large amount of electric and thermal energy.

Техніко-економічна оцінка різних способів газифікації бурого вугілля для виробництва синтетичного моторного палива

The aim of the article is to assess the feasibility of organizing the production of synthesis gas from brown coal, the reserves of which in Ukraine are sufficient. As a raw material base, the article considers the coal of the Novo-Dmytrivske deposit, which is located on the territory of the Kharkiv region. The balance reserves of brown coal in categories A + B amount to 284.4 million tons and in category C1 – to 95.6 million tons, that is, a total of 380 million tons. The average technical analysis data for the deposit are as follows: moisture per working weight is 51.2%; ash content per dry weight is 19.4%; the total sulfur content is 2.45%. The elemental composition of the coal of this deposit is characterized by the following data: carbon – 68.0%, hydrogen – 6.0%, oxygen – 23.0%, sulfur, nitrogen and other elements – 3.0%. To achieve the goal, the properties of coal of this deposit have been examined and the following technologies of coal gasification have been analyzed: Lurgi process (counter-current steam-oxygen gasification of coarse coal (or briquettes) in a stationary bed); Prenflo process (direct-flow steam-oxygen gasification in a pulverized coal stream); Texaco process (direct-flow oxygen gasification in a coal-water pulp stream). For each of these processes, material balances have been developed; the quality of gas synthesis, the possibility of organizing the production of the necessary energy resources, the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and the main technical and economic indicators have been evaluated. The calculations were made for an enterprise with a coal capacity of 9 million tons of actual weight per year. Based on the calculations made, the Lurgi process is recommended for industrial implementation. The advantages of this process are: the lowest temperature and pressure of the gasification process; a wider range of products obtained during gasification; almost optimal syngas composition in terms of H2 : CO ratio; the lowest emissions of carbon dioxide generated during coal gasification and preparation of synthesis gas for further use; the lowest production cost of prepared synthesis gas; the lowest specific capital investments (per 1 thousand m3 of prepared synthesis gas). The inexpediency of using the Texaco process for the gasification of brown coal is substantiated, as well as the directions for improving the Prenflo process for its further use in the gasification of brown coal of the Novo-Dmytrivske deposit are determined.

Common autumn crocus in the cultural plantings of South Karelia

In 2024, due to sanctions restrictions, the availability of medical raw materials may be seriously limited, which acutely raises the question of the availability of its own, Russian base of medicinal raw materials. The concept of pharmaceutical safety of the country involves expanding the range of cultivated medicinal plants, primarily in the northern regions, where special soil and climatic conditions (long daylight hours, low temperatures of the growing season, soil conditions) allow plants to accumulate a greater amount of biologically active substances compared to plants cultivated in the southern regions. One of the most valuable, but sparsely distributed species of medicinal plants is the common autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), which contains a sparsely distributed alacloid – colchicine. Colchicine is a valuable alkaloid used in medicine and in plant breeding. Previously, it was found that the common autumn crocus containing the alkaloid colchicine tolerates winter in South Karelia and can be used as a local source of colchicine. In this regard, the purpose of our research was to study the features of the introduction of the common autumn crocus on sod-podzolic mineral soils of South Karelia.

Study of the dependence of component composition - degree of wastewater purification by adsorbents based on plant raw materials to control the content of priority pollutants in water bodies

In conditions of intensive development of industrial and agricultural production, measures aimed at protecting the hydrosphere from harmful substances are becoming increasingly important every year. Water purification using the sorption method and water treatment is one of the most common technological processes. Almost unlimited reserves of sorbents of natural origin, their low cost, and fairly high adsorption and ion-exchange properties make their use advisable. Sorbents developed on the basis of available secondary plant raw materials show high efficiency and open up the possibility of their practical use in solving environmental problems. New sorbents based on plant raw materials have been developed, their structure and morphology have been studied in order to identify the absorption capacity and effectiveness of use as oil sorbents. Studies of the kinetics and dynamics sorption of oil pollutants confirm the effectiveness of mentioned sorbents and sorption purification technology can be used for environmental monitoring of water bodies.

Improving and determining the nutritional technology of minor fish products

The work provides basic information about the functional properties of fish culinary products developed on the basis of fresh pike perch and catfish with the addition of powders of plant origin: Jerusalem artichoke flour. Suggestions and recommendations are given for determining the nutritional value of minced fish products by improving the technology for preparing fish cutlets. The effect of herbal supplements from Jerusalem artichoke on the functional and technological characteristics of minced fish cutlets. The nutritional value, amino acid composition of finished products prepared on the basis of fish raw materials with the addition of Jerusalem artichoke powder, flavoring additives and vegetable raw materials were studied. Developments have been developed to introduce new specialized dietary products enriched with high-quality natural food additives. The list of ingredients with immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties and the possibility of their use in the preparation of specialized fish culinary products for rational and specialized nutrition are substantiated.

Metal-free synthesis of 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl substituted quinazolinones via tandem radical cyclization of quinazolin-4(3H)-ones with 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid.

A metal-free (NH4)2S2O8-mediated decarboxylative trifluoromethylation reaction of alkenes with 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid has been proposed. This method offers a novel route for the direct synthesis of a series of CMe2CF3-containing quinazolinones from basic chemical raw materials. The reaction mechanism was studied by a radical trapping test and DFT methods, verifying an oxidation-triggered cascade process promoted by the CMe2CF3 radicals. This strategy provides advantages such as high yield, wide substrate compatibility, and high atom economy.

The Proposal of the Logistics Chain Focused on the Transport of Iron Ore and Its Products by Multimodal Transport for the Slovak Automotive Industry

The aim of this paper is to illustrate a specific case of the circulation process in a logistics chain, which includes multimodal transport with the use of several transshipments and, of course, the active, multiple involvements of railway, inland water, and road transport in the entire logistics process. We will follow the circulation process of one of the basic raw materials in the production of steel, i.e., iron ore, and subsequently the circulation process of the final product, i.e., galvanized steel coils, which are one of the highest qualities, and most expensive steel production products.

A new method for green production of 2-aminomethylpiperidine from bio-renewable 2,5-bis(aminomethyl)furan

A new method for synthesizing 2-aminomethylpiperidine by selective hydrogenolysis of bio-renewable 2,5-bis(aminomethyl)furan was developed. The yield of 2-aminomethylpiperidine can reach 72% under mild conditions at 140 °C and 1 MPa H2 pressure.

Fermentation and its effect on the physicochemical and sensory attributes of cocoa beans in the Colombian Amazon.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is the basic raw material to produce chocolate and other derivatives such as cocoa butter, cocoa powder and cocoa liquor (cocoa paste), which requires a fermentation process that affects its chemical composition and sensory profile. The objective of this study was to monitor the biochemical, physical and sensory changes during fermentation of cocoa beans in cocoa bean processing plants in the department of Caquetá, Colombia. During fermentation, the temperature of the mass and the pH of the pulp and beans were monitored at the different cocoa bean processing plants (Sites ASOACASAN ASA, COMICACAO CMI, COMCAP COC). Also, at two points during fermentation (days 4 and 7), physical properties of the bean were determined, such as variables related to bromatological composition, polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity as sensory attributes at the different sites. An increase in dough temperature was found, however the pH of the cotyledon decreased during the fermentation process and the fat and moisture content varied with fermentation time. At the site level, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) contents were statistically different, with COC being different from the other sites. The TPC was higher at the COC site (507 mg gallic acid equivalent GAE/g Cocoa) with respect to the other sites (< 360 mg GAE/g Cocoa). The TF content followed a similar behavior to TPC, with significant differences between sites and differences between fermentation times for ASA. The TF was higher in COC (309.1 mg catechin/g cocoa) with respect to CMI (215.6 mg catechin/g cocoa) and ASA (185.7 mg catechin/g cocoa). Values in DPPH ranged from 5869.3 to 7781.8 μmol Trolox/g cocoa and for the FRAP assay ranged from 369.8 to 606.7 mg ascorbic acid AA/g cocoa among the sites. It was found that the time and management of the fermentation process has a significant impact on the parameters (biochemical, physical and sensory) of cocoa beans. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize the fermentation process to achieve a quality product that meets the needs of the market.

СИСТЕМА ТРАДИЦИОННОГО ПИТАНИЯ НАГАЙБАКОВ: СТРУКТУРНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ

The ethnic processes that took place in the Southern Urals since the mid-18th century had been accompanied by Slavic-Turkic contacts and the emergence of new identities. One of these was the Nagaybaks, baptized Tatars who were transferred to the Cossacks. Their ethno-cultural image was formed during contacts with unbaptized groups — the Chuvash people, the Transkama Udmurts and the Eastern Mari. From the mid-19th century, Russian influences increased, and relations with the Kazakhs appeared. As a result, by the beginning of the 20th century, the Nagaybaks had developed their own original complex of economy and culture, which allowed them to be considered as a new ethnic phenomenon. Despite numerous innovations, the Nagaybaks culture retains archaic features, obviously reflecting deep historical ties with the Tatars and the Turkic world as a whole. In this regard, nutrition system seems to be a convenient material for studying. The article offers its structural-chronological and structural-functional analysis. Three chronologically consecutive layers in the genesis are distinguished — substrate, main and adstrate-superstrate. Each of them reflects the stages of the Nagaybaks’ ethnic history and their ancestors, the Tatars and other Turks. A significant part of the vocabulary related to agriculture, cattle breeding and the raw material base of the nutrition system reveals similarities with such phenomena among most Turkic peoples and defines its substrate. The main one reflects the Kazan-Tatar period. The later superstrate phenomena are Russian, Kazakh and other influences.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІ ПРОЦЕСИ ТА ЇХ ЗНАЧЕННЯ ДЛЯ РОЗВИТКУ МАЛИХ ФОРМ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА В АГРАРНОМУ БІЗНЕСІ

The emergence and development of large integrated formations in the domestic agro-industrial complex is a natural reflection of world trends. In the conditions of fierce competition on the market of agricultural goods and food, large integrated structures, using the advantages of specialization, concentration and cooperation, are able to achieve a high level of marketability and profitability of production in a short period of time. In conditions of weak state support, agro-industrial formations became the main investors of agricultural organizations and received comprehensive support and assistance in certain regions. The rate of development of the agricultural sector in such regions shows that large agro-industrial formations contribute to the growth of agricultural production, employment and incomes of the rural population. They are able to ensure a certain price parity between the agricultural sector and other sectors of the economy, reduce prices and make products more accessible to the population by eliminating intermediary structures. The development and improvement of the economic efficiency of various integrated formations and their prospects is a complex and contradictory process, since the current situation largely depends on the political, legal, socio-economic and other conditions in the country. The development of agro-industrial integration is a complex objective economic process. Agricultural enterprises enter into integration ties, seeking to mitigate the risk caused by the specifics of agricultural production. Agricultural enterprises also strive to ensure stable incomes thanks to the availability of a reliable raw material base and sales markets for their products. These prerequisites created the conditions and gave impetus to the revival, formation and development of integrated associations in agriculture and explored their significance for small forms of entrepreneurship. Therefore, the development of integration processes in the field of agro-industrial complex may be the most important condition for revitalizing the activity of agro-industrial complex organizations and stabilizing the region's economy. In this article, we conducted a theoretical review of the classification of integration processes. Scientific works and publications of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists in the field of integration processes on the investigated problem served as the theoretical basis of the research.

FEATURES OF IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF ASTRAGALUS DASYANTHUS PALL PLANTS

The research is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of in vitro cultivation of the medicinal plant Astragalus dasyanthus Pall, which is listed in the Red Book of Ukraine and has the status of an endangered species. The cultivation of woolly-flowered astragalus in Ukraine is currently difficult due to the inaccessibility of the raw material base in the temporarily occupied southern part of Ukraine, as well as due to the low seed productivity of the crop. The use of in vitro plant tissue cultivation methods to restore natural communities of A. dasyanthus and expand possible sources of raw materials for the synthesis of medicinal substances is promising. In this work, we investigated the conditions for obtaining aseptic Astragalus dasyanthus plants from seeds and evaluated the effect of preliminary mechanical scarification on its germination energy, taking into account the percentage of sterile seedlings obtained. In addition, the efficiency of microclonal propagation of A. dasyanthus was determined depending on the composition of the culture medium, in particular the concentration of macronutrients and the presence and concentration of growth regulators. It has been shown that aseptic plants of Astragalus dasyanthus can be obtained by surface sterilization of seeds that have been previously subjected to mechanical scarification or by germination on Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium with the addition of 0.1 mg/l benzylaminopurine. It was determined that the type and concentration of cytokinin affects the efficiency of microclonal propagation of A. dasyanthus plants, while halving the content of macronutrients in the nutrient medium does not significantly affect this item. It was found that the addition of benzylaminopurine to the culture medium stimulates the formation of more additional shoots of A. dasyanthus in vitro compared to the culture medium containing kinetin. Thus, Murashige and Skoog medium with the addition of 0.5 mg/l of benzylaminopurine is optimal for in vitro cultivation of woolly-flowered Astragalus plants.

НОВЫЙ НЕОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ПАМЯТНИК В СРЕДНЕМ ЗАУРАЛЬЕ

The authors of the article present materials from a newly discovered site on the shore of Verkhnesaldinsky Pond (Sverdlovsk oblast). The dating of the site varies, but 97% of the finds date back to the Neolithic era. The ceramic complex contains five types of Neolithic ceramics, among which the Koksharovo-Yuryinsky type of ceramics predominates (64,6%). A rare find is the corolla of a vessel with a relief zoomorphic image. Similar relief images were found at the settlements of Yuryinskoye, Poludenka I, Chashiha, as well as at the sanctuaries of the Koksharovsky, Ust-Vagilsky and Makhtylsky hills. The total number of fragments with relief images does not exceed 120 specimens, of which 107 specimens originate from the site complex of the Yuryinskoye settlement – Koksharovsky hill. The stone inventory fully corresponds to the Neolithic materialsof the Middle Trans-Urals. Its features include a small number of plates and products made from them, the absolute predominance of scrapers on flakes and the complete absence of grinding plates. The presence of primary crust on half of the stone products indicates the use of local raw material base.

Regional forest management in the Volga Federal District: trends and prospects

In the 21st century, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of forest resources. Every year the role of forests as the ecosystem is growing due to the settlement of the technogenic impact of domestic industry on the environment. Today, in regions where the forest is the raw material base of the forestry complex, a place of employment of the local population and a source of replenishment of the budget at various levels, it is important to conduct a comprehensive analysis of forest management in Russia and develop a strategy for socio-economic development of the use of forest resource potential to improve the well-being of the local population and ensure the ecological and economic balance of the territory on this basis. The article reveals the trends of regional nature management on the example of the Volga Federal District. It is shown that especially negative trends are manifested in the fight against forest damage and fires, protection of forests from pests and diseases, preservation of forest biodiversity, their social and ecosystem functions. The issues of changing the structure of reforestation and the resulting problems of forest management are disclosed. Measures are proposed for the effective implementation of an intensive model of forestry management

«Золотой век» геологии и организация морских геологоразведочных работ в СССР

The features of the organization of geological exploration (GE) in the USSR at government and legislative levels in the “Golden Age of Geology” 1955-1985 are considered. The main achievements of the USSR are noted, including the discovery of the giant West Siberian oil and gas province and a large raw material base for the oil and gas industry on the shelf of the Western Arctic. The graphical dependences of the shares of Russia, the USSR-CIS and the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District in the world volume of oil and gas production for the period 1900-2022 are presented. The necessity for a radical increase in the volume of GE from state budget funds is substantiated. It is recommended to revive the fund for the reproduction of the country's mineral resource base.

Using Alternative Raw Materials in Sugar Confectionery Production

A novel recipe and production technology for sugar confectionery, specifically marmalade, has been developed through scientific and experimental research. The findings affirm that pumpkin and sea buckthorn purees can effectively substitute traditional plum and apple purees, eliminating the need for various coloring agents. The suggested product represents a domestically-produced marmalade, particularly in the food market, and this endeavor will play a crucial role in advancing both marmalade production and the development of the raw material base.

Геоархеология и археологическая минералогия «во всем пространстве сего слова»

The paper presents the information about the Annual All-Russian Conference with international participation named after Professor Victor V. Zaykov “Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy”, which has been held since 2014 at the South Ural Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology UB RAS in Miass, Chelyabinsk Region. The main topic of the Conference is devoted to the analysis of technologies and raw material base of ancient and medieval societies. The scientific reports consider the topical problems of geoarchaeology and archaeometry, the practice of applying mineralogical and geochemical research methods to study archaeological monuments and artifacts, GIS, analysis of the use of rocks and stone material processing techniques in ancient societies, key issues of analysis of ancient ceramics, archaeometallurgy and metal production. In recent years, one of the key areas of the Conference has been the study of migrations, individual mobility and the food system of ancient communities by analyzing the isotopic composition of C, N and Sr.

ФОРТЕЦІ ЛІВОБЕРЕЖНОЇ УКРАЇНИ ЯК СИРОВИННА БАЗА ДЛЯ СЕЛІТРОВАРІННЯ У 18 СТОЛІТТІ

The article is devoted to the study of the history of saltpeter mining on the territory of the Left Bank of Ukraine and the fate of the earth defense structures of the Cossack fortresses in this process. Nitrate production in the territory of the Left Bank of Ukraine was a fairly widespread industry. The development of artillery and firearms in early modern armies was one of the reasons for the increase in saltpeter production. In the 17th century, mounds of barrows and ramparts of ancient fortifications were used for its extraction, where saltpeter was naturally concentrated. But this method depended on the coincidence of many factors. From the second half of the 17th century on the territory of the Hetman Oblast and the Slobozhan Oblast, the on-board method of saltpeter mining is increasingly spreading. The appearance of saltpeter plants, which worked with artificial edges, greatly simplified the process of saltpeter production, but also required finding places for their location. At this time, saltpeter workers paid attention to the abandoned fortresses built in the 17th century, which had a convenient location and soil reserves for the construction of artificial banks. During the 18th century, the role of fortresses in the defense of Left Bank Ukraine is gradually changing. At the beginning of the century, they were an important component of defense, but over time their influence gradually decreases. Some of them are falling into disrepair, and the rest are turning into rural settlements. The territory of the abandoned fortresses was a convenient location for saltpeter workshops, and the defensive structures served as a raw material base for saltpeter mining. If in the first half of the 18th century the hetman's administration followed the preservation of fortresses, then in the second half of the century this process became widespread even without the restoration of the ramparts. The final destruction of defensive structures by saltpeter’s took place at the end of the century and was connected with the re-planning of cities.

CFD MODELING OF THE COMBUSTION OF UKRAINIAN AND BIOMASS IN A FLARE BOILER UNIT TPP-210a

To increase the amount of energy produced with the bioresources use is the most important step in environmentally friendly electricity production. An analysis of the computer modeling results of pellet and biomass burning processes in the furnace chamber of the TPP-210a steam boiler was carried out. The scientific novelty of the work consists of determining the possibility and perspective of using non-design types of fuel, such as gas coal of domestic production and solid biomass (instead of anthracite), as a raw material base of existing boiler units. On the basis of this analysis, it was determined that the model allows to quite accurately assess the aerodynamic structure of the flow in the burners and the boiler furnace. Such a precise assessment is possible if the thermophysical properties of the burning fuel are accurately specified. The average integral temperature of the combustion products in the fuel during the gas coal burning is higher than while burning other fuels in the form of pellets from the sunflower husk and from biomass of spring wheat and winter wheat. The biomass used in the modeling has a similar chemical composition; therefore, the temperature distributions in the case of their burning are also similar. Subsequently, the results of the research can be used to increase the efficiency of the combustion process when burning biofuel and to modernize fuel-burning systems of low-power boilers of industrial and municipal thermal engineering, the housing-and-utilities sector, etc.

Раціональні технологічні засади отримання коксу із заданими показниками питомого електричного опору

DOI: 10.31081/1681-309X-2024-0-1-8-15 Specialty 161. U.D.C. 661.66.2:537.311/.312 RATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL BASES OF PRODUCTION OF COKE WITH SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY © I.V. Shulga, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, O.V. Sytnyk, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences (State Enterprise “Ukrainian State Research Institute for Carbochemistry (UKHIN)”, 7 Vesnina str., Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine), O.I. Zelenskii, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, V.V. Vladymirenko (National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 2, Kyrpychova str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine) The article is devoted to the practically important issue of obtaining coke with a specific electrical resistance of no more than 0.1 Ohm∙cm for the needs of blast furnace production. Achievement of this indicator should occur simultaneously with the improvement of the entire range of properties of blast furnace coke. It is noted that the concept of production of blast furnace coke of improved quality consists of the formation of a rational raw material base, ensuring proper coking technology and post-furnace coke treatment. It has been shown that the production of high-quality blast furnace coke with low resistivity requires: high sinterability and coking capacity of the charge based on highly sinterable coals; coking pressure of the coal charge not exceeding 7 kPa; coking speed not exceeding 24 mm/hour; final coking temperature of 1050-1100 °C; maximum temperature level in the heating system not exceeding 1410 °C. It is confirmed that in order to obtain a low electrical resistivity, it is necessary to produce coke with the most ordered anisotropic structure. It is shown that the resistivity of coke naturally changes when used in blast furnace production: the destruction of lumps leads to the formation of fragments of different sizes. At the same time, coarser fragments have lower resistivity values, and smaller ones, characterized by an increased concentration of structural defects that are the centers of crack formation, have a higher resistivity. After gasification with carbon dioxide, the number of structural defects increases in grains of any size due to the weakening of the surface due to chemical interaction, so the resistivity of coke increases and becomes almost equal for both coarser and finer grains. Keywords: hard coal coke, blast furnace production, resistivity, vertical temperature, final coking temperature, coke gasification. Corresponding author I.V. Shulga, e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua