Raw Dairy Research Articles

Toxigenic Genes of Coagulase-Negative/Positive Staphylococcus aureus from Milk and Dairy

This study was performed to determine the prevalence of toxin-related genes and methicillin-resistance genes in coagulase-positive/negative Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk and dairy products. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in tested 260 raw milk and 755 dairy samples was highest with ice cream (15.7%) followed by raw milk (11.2%), cheese (10.1%), and butter (2.7%) samples. The distribution of coagulase-positive and negative Staphylococcus aureus was 3.2% (33 isolates) and 5.3% (54 isolates) respectively. The average counts of Staphylococcus aureus among the dairy, positive samples were 3.46 and 3.16 log CFU/ml-g for coagulase-positive and negative isolates respectively. According to the results of Polymerase Chain Reaction, the enterotoxin gene sea (6.9%) was detected in milk and 5 cheese, seb (2.3%) in 2 cheese, see (1.1%) in a cheese isolate of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus. One coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk possessed both tss and etb genes. None of the isolates had the sec, sed enterotoxin, pvl, eta virulence, and mecA methicillin resistance genes. As a result, enterotoxin genes were determined among coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy products, while toxin genes associated with human infections were assigned in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus strains are not considered in standard food surveillance analysis. These strains carrying toxigenic genes can be ingested with food and colonized in the gastrointestinal tract, and they can transfer their pathogenic genes to other strains and/or bacteria. Thus, it should be considered in terms of public health that staphylococci harboring toxin genes. Our work demonstrated the pathogenic potential of neglected bacteria coagulase-negative staphylococci carrying virulence genes. More research is needed about this bacteria implemented in the food matrix, and clinical isolates. In the future, surveillance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus in foods and human infections may be included food legislation rules.

Analytical Assessment of the System for Confirming Compliance of Milk and Dairy Products with Mandatory Legal Requirements

Introduction: The safety and quality of dairy products produced and in circulation on the territory of the EAEU is ensured by compliance with legislation on technical regulation, sanitary, hygienic and veterinary safety. One of the important sections of technical regulation is the rules for confirming product compliance with mandatory legal requirements.Purpose: The purpose of this review is analysis of the current legislative framework in the Russian Federation in the field of confirming compliance of milk and dairy products with the requirements of regulatory legal acts and systematization of the data obtained on the applicable forms assessing and confirming compliance of products in the Russian Federation. Materials and Methods: As materials for the analytical study were used regulatory legal acts (hereinafter - RLA) in the field of technical regulation, sanitary, hygienic and veterinary safety of food products and raw materials. The documents were obtained on the official legal portals of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Eurasian Economic Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. As a research method, the analysis of the current legislation with the subsequent systematization of expert opinions on the law enforcement practice of the regulated rules for products confirming conformity, generalization and analysis of the most common arbitration situations in the raw milk and finished dairy products turnover at the stage of their compliance with mandatory requirements confirming (assessment) were used. The appeals and documents of the technical regulation and standardization services of dairy industry enterprises on the subject research field were also analyzed.Results: Based on the regulated in RLA requirements for confirming (assessment) compliance of raw milk and dairy products, as well as based on the generalized results of a product manufacturers survey, have been established the conformity assessment schemes most often used by manufacturers. Taking into account the analysis and systematization of material on arbitration issues in confirming (assessment) compliance, recommendations are proposed for optimizing the process of confirming (assessment) compliance of raw milk and dairy products with the requirements of the legislation of the EAEU and the Russian Federation, including the feasibility of its updating.Conclusion: According to the results of the research have been identified a number of problems in the field of confirming (assessment) of milk and dairy products compliance with the requirements of the RLA, which producers and regulatory authorities bodies in their professional activities, and appropriate solutions to these problems have been proposed.

Contamination of Plant Foods with Bacillus cereus in a Province and Analysis of Its Traceability.

Bacillus cereus is an important zoonotic foodborne conditional pathogen. It is found in vegetables, dairy products, rice, and other foods, thereby greatly endangering human health. Investigations on B. cereus contamination in China primarily focus on raw milk, dairy products, meat, and others, and limited research has been conducted on plant-based foodstuffs. The rapid development of sequencing technology and the application of bioinformatics-related techniques means that analysis based on whole-genome sequencing has become an important tool for the molecular-epidemiology investigation of B. cereus. In this study, we investigated the contamination of B. cereus in six types of commercially available plant foods from eight regions of a province. The molecular epidemiology of the isolated B. cereus was analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. We aimed to provide fundamental data for the surveillance and epidemiology analysis of B. cereus in food products in China. The rapid traceability system of B. cereus established in this study can provide a basis for rapid molecular epidemiology analysis of B. cereus, as well as for the prevention and surveillance of B. cereus. Moreover, it can also be expanded to monitoring and rapid tracing of more foodborne pathogens.

Progressive pollution abatement in raw dairy wastewater induced by the algae Poterioochromonas malhamensis with a high-value biomass yield

This work aimed to systematically abate in batch mode organic pollutants from raw dairy wastewater (DW) with high values of chemical oxygen demand (COD, ∼10.3 g L−1), total organic carbon (TOC, ∼2.4 g L−1), and total nitrogen (TN, ∼0.28 g L−1) by using the Poterioochromonas malhamensis algae strains. In this regard, variables such as fractions of DW (40–100%, v/v), mineral nutritional inoculum addition (0–100%, w/v) and CO2-enriched air (2–8%) were proposed to address a study in optimizing conditions with new insights on algae production. As controlled photobioreactors (PBR), a set of tubular PBRs and a pair of flat-plate PBRs (FP-PBR) surrounded by fluorescent lamps and pumped by CO2-enriched air at a flow rate of 1.4 L min− 1 per litre were used. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) for algal growing was applied using the set of tubular PBRs to get a better reduction in TOC, TN and COD, defining an optimized condition. On the best tubular PBRs-based outcome and including a holed baffles system for hydrodynamically providing a flashing light state, 9-day kinetic experiments based on a pair of FP-PBRs were performed to provide more insights on how to enhance the algal yield and COD, TN and TOC reduction. A biomass yield rate of 1.1 g L−1 per day was attained using FP-PBRs, being comparatively 10% better than tubular PBRs. Additionally, the organic pollution abatement in DW was highly significant, with a decrease of about 98%, 95%, and 92% in COD, TN and TOC, respectively, besides changing the initial bacteria diversity to another less harmful one.

Lead and Cadmium Concentrations in Raw Milk and Dairy Products in Zanjan, Iran: A Study on Winter and Summer Variations

Lead and Cadmium Concentrations in Raw Milk and Dairy Products in Zanjan, Iran: A Study on Winter and Summer Variations

Sensory properties and consumer acceptance of plant-based meat, dairy, fish and eggs analogs: a systematic review

IntroductionOver the past years, several efforts have been made to formulate and develop plant-based substitutes of animal-based products in response to environmental changes, health issues and animal welfare. However, plant-based protein poses several challenges to product sensory characteristics, especially appearance, flavor, and texture. Despite this, current literature data have mainly reviewed nutritional, technological, and sustainability aspects of plant-based products with limited concerns on perceived sensory properties and perceptive barriers to consumption related to each specific substitute. To fill this literature gap, this systematic review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the perceptive determinants of consumers' acceptance of plant-based substitutes of animal-origin products, including meat, dairy, fish and eggs analogs, with emphasis on product's intrinsic properties: appearance, smell, taste, and texture. Moreover, age-, gender-, and cultural-related differences in the appreciation/rejection of plant-based substitutes of animal-origin products were investigated.MethodsThe systematic analysis of the literature consulting Web of Science (Core Collection) and Scopus databases retrieved 13 research articles on meat, 26 on dairy, and two on fish and eggs analogs.Results and discussionResults showed that all sensory dimensions are influenced by the replacement of animal proteins with those of vegetable origin. However, the relative importance of appearance, odor, taste, and texture varied according to plant-based analogs category and mitigatory processing strategies to mask unpleasant sensory properties have been suggested for each category. Dairy analogs mainly suffer of aromas and flavors imparted by the raw materials, while both meat and dairy analogs have texture challenges. Meat analogs lack of juiciness, elasticity and firmness, while dairy analogs require uniform, creamy and thick texture. Moreover, very few studies analyzed the product's perception, considering age- and gender-related differences or cross-national/cultural differences. Future research should be addressed to specific product categories such as fish and eggs analogs as well as specific population targets including children and the elderly and consumers from developing countries.

Public health risks of raw milk consumption: Lessons from a case of paediatric hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Pasteurization of raw milk is mandatory before sale in Canada and has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of food-borne illness associated with milk consumption. Consumption of raw milk sparks urgent concern from a public health perspective since it has been linked to numerous outbreaks by enteric organisms, particularly Escherichia coli-related illnesses and complications in pediatric populations. The sale and distribution of raw milk is illegal in Canada, based on these significant health risks, but growing popular interest and trends in consuming raw dairy products reflect changes in consumer preferences. Although the consumption of raw milk has been an ongoing issue, this new trend is alarming and action is needed to prevent serious consequences as seen in children and other populations with reduced immunity such as the elderly and pregnant people. This commentary explores key issues identified by a local public health unit during the investigation of a recent paediatric case of hemolytic uremic syndrome related to an E. coli O157:H7 infection that occurred within the context of consumption of raw milk. The main objective of this article is to highlight that the health risks and sequelae associated with consumption of raw milk far outweigh any potential benefits, with severe consequences particularly among children. Data and health impacts, distribution, regulation, pasteurization and proposed practice recommendations are also identified and discussed.

Molecular characterization of Vibrio species isolated from dairy and water samples

Vibrio species can cause foodborne infections and lead to serious gastrointestinal illnesses. The purpose of this research was to detect the Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw milk, dairy products, and water samples. Also, it investigated the virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in isolated bacteria. Conventional and molecular approaches were used to identify the isolates in this study. Vibrio species were detected in 5% of the samples. Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from 1.25 and 1.5%, respectively, of the total samples. Penicillin resistance was detected in all strains of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, with a MAR index ranging from 0.16 to 0.5. Four isolates were moderate biofilm producer and three of them were MDR. When Vibrio cholerae was screened for virulence genes, ctxAB, hlyA, and tcpA were found in 80, 60, and 80% of isolates, respectively. However, tdh + /trh + associated-virulence genes were found in 33.3% of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.

Eradication of Bovine Mastitis Caused by the Pathogenic Microalga Prototheca bovis on a Dairy Cattle Farm: A Case Report

The achlorophyllous unicellular microalga of the genus Prototheca, a causative agent of bovine mammary gland infection, is receiving increasing attention in the field of veterinary medicine. Mastitis caused by these algae leads to significant economic losses for farmers worldwide and represents a source of threat to raw milk quality and dairy food-chain safety. This case report describes an outbreak of bovine mastitis in dairy cattle caused by Prototheca bovis and the on-farm practices that resulted in the recovery of the affected herd and elimination of the presence of Prototheca spp. in the farm environment. Effective management strategies that played a crucial role in protothecosis eradication included regular screening, timely identification, strict separation of Prototheca-positive cows, a change of housing regime associated with the utilisation of straw mattresses and removal of deep bedding and, finally, the introduction of intermediate disinfection of teat cups with peracetic acid to prevent the spread of infection to other healthy individuals. The eradication process lasted approximately three years and required the removal of 139 cows from the farm. The corrective and preventive measures described in this case report provide guidance to farmers on how to successfully deal with protothecal mastitis on farms.

Microalgae-bacteria consortia for the treatment of raw dairy manure wastewater using a novel two-stage process: Process optimization and bacterial community analysis

The major objective of this study was to develop a functional microalgae-bacteria consortium for the treatment of dairy manure wastewater (DMW). Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 was selected as the proficient microalgal strain for treating unsterilized DMW. AK-1 was directly grown in 50% raw DMW, and the addition of an acclimated mixed bacterial culture enriched from dairy manure improved treatment efficiency. Culture conditions for DMW treatment using the AK-1 mixed bacterial consortium were optimized as follows: 50% raw DMW, 0.4 g/L mixed bacterial inoculum on day 1, followed by 0.1 g/L AK-1 inoculum on day 3, and further incubation for 3 days. The achieved removal efficiencies for COD, BOD, TN, NH3-N, and TP were 84.3%, 97.8%, 90.2%, 99.1%, and 100%, respectively. Bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing was conducted to analyze the shift in the bacterial community during wastewater treatment. In DMW, Firmicutes emerged as the dominant phylum, whereas Proteobacteria took over after microalgal inoculation. Additionally, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were consistently present in all samples. Interestingly, Patescibacteria and Planctomycetes were found in varying proportions. At the species level, the predominant bacteria identified during the treatment process were Rhizobiaceae, Sericytochromatia_unclassified, Pirellula_sp, Owenweeksia, Devosia_unclassified, Acinetobacter_towneri, and Acinetobacter_unclassified. Despite the significant diversity of the microbial community among the different processes, optimal microalgal biomass production and maximum nutrient removal efficiencies were achieved using this designer microalgae-bacteria consortium.

Antioxidant and polyphenol content of different milk and dairy products

The aim of the present study was to determine the antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content of raw milk, dairy products (ricotta and cottage cheese), and by-products (sweet and acid whey) from different animal breeds (cow, goat).Overall, the total polyphenol content of raw milk ranged from 420.34 to 490.72 mg GAE/100 mL, while the total antioxidant content changed between 8.95 and 28.72 mg AAE/100 mL. These values in the case of cottage cheeses were 32.29–124.29 mg GAE/100 mL for polyphenols and 14.12–16.38 mg AAE/100 g for antioxidants. Significant differences were observed between the total polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of sweet- (10.85–197.55 mg AAE/100 g antioxidant; 32.29–124.29 mg GAE/100 g polyphenol) and acid whey (13.28–158.69 mg AAE/100 g antioxidant; 43.50–98.03 mg GAE/100 g polyphenol). In addition, slight differences in total polyphenol content (10.55–19.01 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant capacity (10.84–15.93 mg AAE/100 g) were observed for ricotta cheeses made from milk of different animal breeds. The results show that milk and dairy products are excellent sources of antioxidants and polyphenols.

Development of the Scores for Traditional and Modified Japanese Diets.

Increasing attention is being paid to the role of diet quality in the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases. We developed a scoring system for the traditional Japanese diet and its modified version considering the dietary culture in Japan, dietary guidelines for the Japanese, and updated evidence for disease prevention. The traditional Japanese diet comprises white rice, miso soup, soybean products, vegetables, mushrooms, seaweeds, fish and shellfish, high-sodium foods, and green tea. In the modified Japanese diet, unprocessed or minimally refined rice and raw vegetables, milk and dairy products, and fruits were additionally considered, while salty food was reverse-scored. The cutoff for the intake frequency of each food/food group was determined with reference to a health survey of >12,000 workers. Among the participants in the validation study, we confirmed the nutritional gradient with increasing scores in the expected direction. The scores were closely correlated with the respondents' backgrounds, including occupational factors. This simple scoring system can be used for diet quality assessments and epidemiological research.

Application of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for the Assessment of Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Milk, Dairy Products and Freshwater Fishes

Background: Foodborne infections like Listeriosis cover several disorders and are a worldwide public health emergency. Listeria monocytogenes has been isolated from various foodstuffs, including milk and fishes. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technique is known for its rapid and accurate identification of bacterial organisms. Methods: In the current research, a total of 360 samples comprising raw milk (130), milk products (125) and freshwater fishes (105) were screened for the detection of pathogenic Listeria species by using the USDA method. The recovered Listeria isolates were characterized using conventional set of biochemical analysis along with sugar fermentation tests and further confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. The virulent nature of pathogenic Listeria isolates was also assessed by in vitro tests like hemolysis on blood agar, CAMP and PI-PLC assay. Result: In current study, on screening 360 animal origin food samples, three isolates were recovered from raw milk samples and identified as Listeria monocytogenes indicating an overall prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes to the tune of 0.83%. Excellent correlation was observed with identification of Listeria species using conventional phenotypic tests and advanced molecular tool Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique. The results depict dependability of advanced technique for rapid and reliable identification of Listeria species.

Increased Vaccination Diversity Leads to Higher and Less-Variable Neutralization of TBE Viruses of the European Subtype.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infectious disease of the central nervous system. The causative agent is the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which is most commonly transmitted by tick bites, but which may also be transmitted through the consumption of raw dairy products or, in rare instances, via infected transfusions, transplants, or the slaughter of infected animals. The only effective preventive option is active immunization. Currently, two vaccines are available in Europe-Encepur® and FSME-IMMUN®. In Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe, isolated TBEV genotypes belong mainly to the European subtype (TBEV-EU). In this study, we investigated the ability of these two vaccines to induce neutralizing antibodies against a panel of diverse natural TBEV-EU isolates from TBE-endemic areas in southern Germany and in regions of neighboring countries. Sera of 33 donors vaccinated with either FSME-IMMUN®, Encepur®, or a mixture of both were tested against 16 TBEV-EU strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the TBEV-EU genomes revealed substantial genetic diversity and ancestry of the identified 13 genotypic clades. Although all sera were able to neutralize the TBEV-EU strains, there were significant differences among the various vaccination groups. The neutralization assays revealed that the vaccination using the two different vaccine brands significantly increased neutralization titers, decreased intra-serum variance, and reduced the inter-virus variation.

Actual problems of the quality and safety of milk and dairy products

Milk and dairy products have a high nutritional and biological value, which causes a great demand for them. The quality and safety of raw milk and dairy products on the way to their production due to potential risks are of great concern. Milk is a good environment for the reproduction of many microorganisms, including dangerous ones: Salmonella Escherichia coli O157^H7, Listeriamono cytogenes, Staphilococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Micobacterium bovi, Brucellaa bortus and Brucellamelitensis Yersiniaentero colitica. The safety and quality of raw milk in Ukraine remains the biggest problem of dairy enterprises reequipped with the latest equipment, technological lines and modern quality control systems. An urgent problem is the quality and safety of milk from cows that are kept in auxiliary farms of the population. According to the results of bacteriological studies in raw milk and dairy products (fermented milk cheese, sour cream) from the auxiliary farms of the population, which are sold in food markets, St. aureusvar. bovis and St. aureusvar. hominis. A low level of sanitary culture causes an increased rate of MAFAnM and psychrophilic microflora in raw milk. In order to increase competitiveness, it is additionally necessary to introduce regulations on the content of psychrophilic microflora. Mastitis is a significant problem in reducing the productivity and quality and safety of milk. Somatic cells are the criterion for determining the quality and safety of raw milk and the state of health of the mammary gland of animals. In pursuit of profit, in order to increase sales of their goods and reduce their cost, many Ukrainian enterprises that produce butter resort to falsifying it with margarine, which includes 80% vegetable oil, emulsifiers, flavorings, vitamins and preservatives. In addition to a significant number of biological pollutants, chemical, physical and inadequate (foreign bodies, allergens, mycotoxins, industrial pollution) pose a danger. Therefore, the prevention of the impact of dangerous substances on the health of the population should be based on the management of the quality and safety of milk and dairy products throughout the food chain "from the farm to the table". Key words: raw milk, dairy products, falsification, quality and safety indicators, biological, physical and chemical risks.

Influence of the storage temperature of raw sheep milk on the spoilage potential of Pseudomonas spp.

Due to their quality, high yield and nutritional value, sheep dairy products have been gaining market space and attracting new producers. Pseudomonas spp. is the most common psychrotrophic genus present in bovine refrigerated raw milk and is characterized by intense lipoproteolytic activity. Metalloprotease aprX is one of the enzymes produced by Pseudomonas spp. which has great industrial importance, since it has specific activity in the deterioration of casein, resulting in significant changes in physicochemical properties and sensorial characteristics of raw milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to observe the occurrence of Pseudomonas spp. in raw sheep milk and evaluate the influence of storage temperature on the spoilage potential of the strains. Raw sheep milk samples were stored at 4 °C or 9 °C (72 h) and plated in Pseudomonas Agar Base supplemented with CFC (25 ºC / 48 h). The isolates characteristic of Pseudomonas had their genus, species (P. putida, P. fluorescens and P. aeruginosa), and presence of gene aprX confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The lipoproteolytic capacity and the spoilage potential of the isolates were evaluated in Milk Agar (10%) and Tributyrin Agar Base (1%) (21 °C / 72 h). Initial (2 h) populations of Pseudomonas spp. ranged from 1.0 to 4.2 log CFU/mL; after 72 h, the values observed in milk samples stored at 9 °C (3.0–7.0 log CFU/mL) were higher than those obtained in samples at 4 °C (1.6–6.0 log CFU/mL). A total of 255 strains of Pseudomonas spp. were isolated: 30.2% (77) from milk stored at 4 °C and 69.8% (178) from milk at 9 °C. At both temperatures, P. fluorescens was predominant, followed by P. putida. P. aeruginosa strains, isolated only from samples stored at 9 °C, showed high lipoproteolytic capacity and were characterized by higher proteolytic potential than lipolytic. P. fluorescens was the only species to present high proteolytic (halos > 2 cm) potential. Considering a single storage temperature (4 °C and 9 °C), only P. fluorescens showed higher proteolytic potential than lipolytic. The aprX gene was predominant in P. fluorescens and P. putida isolates (4 °C and 9 °C); strains obtained from milk stored at 4 °C showed higher proteolytic potential than those isolated from milk at 9 °C. All strains of P. fluorescens and only 46.42% of P. putida presented proteolytic capacity at 9 °C. The aprX gene was observed in all P. aeruginosa strains, but only 95.65% of them showed proteolytic capacity. The lipolytic potentials of P. fluorescens and P. putida were not influenced by milk storage temperature. P. fluorescens was the only species to present high lipolytic potential. P. putida isolated from milk at 9 °C was the only species to present higher lipolytic potential than proteolytic. According to the microbiota and the storage temperature, there may be a predominance of proteolytic or lipolytic enzymes in milk and consequently, defects in sheep dairy products. It should also be considered that most of the isolates of Pseudomonas spp. presented lipoproteolytic capacity, which emphasizes the importance of low initial populations of this microorganism in raw sheep-chilled milk, mainly when used in the production of dairy products.

Impact of Sandy Soil Amendment with Dairy Slurry Treated through pH Adjustment on Nutrient and Coliform Leaching

Livestock farming produces high volumes of animal slurry that can be sanitized using low-cost treatments by pH adjustment, reducing pathogen contamination, and promoting slurry valorization as a safe fertilizer. This work aims to evaluate the impact of sandy soil amendment with dairy slurry treated by pH adjustment on the potential release of nutrients and coliforms into groundwater. A laboratory soil column leaching experiment was conducted and the surface application of six treatments was tested: raw dairy slurry, dairy slurry acidified with H2SO4, dairy slurry alkalinized with KOH, alkalinized/neutralized dairy slurry, mineral fertilizer, and a control. The fertilizer application rate was 0.08 g N kg−1 dry soil. Leachates were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, N-NH4+ and N-NO3−, macro- and micronutrients, and fecal coliforms. Results showed that amendment with dairy slurry led to significantly lower nitrate leaching potential than mineral fertilizer (maximum 16.1 vs. 50.4%). The use of hygienized slurry by alkalinization decreased the potential leaching of coliforms relative to raw slurry. However, incomplete sanitization by acidification strongly promoted coliform leaching and the risk of groundwater contamination. It can be concluded that the use of alkalinized dairy slurry is a safer solution than raw slurry with regard to the risk of groundwater pollution.

Effective production of bacterial cellulose using acidic dairy industry by-products and agro wastes

The study aimed to evaluate the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) by specialized bacteria using raw acidic dairy wastewater and milk whey as well as evaluating the bioremediation ability of the tested bacteria for the purification of polluted wastewater. Raw dairy wastewater samples were collected from Milk Factory in Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Three bacterial isolates were isolated from spoiled Tomato (T0) and Pomegranate (R01 &R02), and investigated as free-living and fixed individual and mixed cultures in batch mode bioassays. BC was extracted, determined and characterized. T0, R01 &R02 were molecularly identified as Bacillus velezensis strain FZB42 (T0), Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae strain 07A044 (R01 and R02). T0 achieved the maximum BC yield of 31.9 g/L compared to 13.18 g/L produced by the standard synthetic Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium. It also showed the highest growth stimulation (7.78-fold higher density than its initial density). All strains showed the highest removals of the TSS, TDS, COD and BOD reaching residual concentrations (RCs) of 12, 2050, 75 and 25 mg/L, respectively, all of which were much lower levels than their limits stated by environmental laws (60, 5000, 80 and 60 mg/L, respectively). BC production by the tested bacteria grown in the raw dairy wastewater is considered an excellent achievement, feasible and value-added technology. The tested bacteria are remarkably efficient for the treatment of dairy effluents in a very short time. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use the proposed bacterial system for feasible BC production and purification of highly polluted dairy wastewater.

Hydroponic rhizofiltration of dairy wastewater by Coleus Scutellarioides &Portulaca Oleracea

Rhizofiltration through floating hydroponic process (FHP) is a cost effective and prospective technique for the treatment of liquid effluents. Coleus scutellarioides and Portulaca oleracea are effective macrophyte for phytoaccumulation because of their morphological and physiological properties. A limited study has been performed with macrophyte in treating dairy wastewater. An initiative has been taken with a table scale experimental study to evolve a bio-raft based Portulaca oleracea and Coleus scutellarioides for treatment of dairy effluent with non-aerated and aerated on raw dairy effluent. First time in research the Coleus scutellarioides and Portulaca oleracea have been grown hydroponically in combination with aeration. Amidst the treatment system, aerated Portulaca oleracea floating hydroponic process shows maximum removal efficiency in phytoaccumulation of raw dairy wastewater. The study outcomes exhibited a remarkable reduction in TSS (79.43 %), TDS (64.36 %), BOD (82.36 %), and COD (81.86 %) from aerated system. Study found that the nutrient contents such as total phosphorous (75.55 %), phosphate (74.24 %) and total nitrogen (74.67 %) are also accumulated by Portulaca oleracea efficiently. Nutrients accumulation attributed to the growth of Coleus scutellarioides and Portulaca oleracea. The study presents a low cost promising future for fostering a sustainable technology for treatment of dairy effluent.

Brucellosis Surveillance and Control: A One Health Case Study

Abstract Brucellosis is one of the world’s major zoonoses ( Dean et al ., 2012a ). Human infection results mainly from direct contact with infected animals (often occupational exposure) or from the consumption of contaminated raw milk or dairy products (consumer exposure). Human brucellosis exposure can ultimately only be prevented by its elimination in animals. Control and elimination in the animal host are most effectively achieved by mass vaccination and, if possible, subsequent test-and-slaughter programmes ( Zinsstag et al ., 2011 ). Economic studies show that it is highly profitable for pastoral societies to eliminate brucellosis. The societal benefits are three times higher than the investment in the mass vaccination of livestock ( Roth et al ., 2003 ). Hence, brucellosis control is a landmark example of the benefits of a One Health approach to zoonoses control, when compared to focusing solely on public health. The most important causative agents are Brucella melitensis (sheep and goats), Brucella abortus (cattle), B. suis (pigs) and B. canis (dogs). Brucella are gram-negative coccobacillary bacteria with an intracellular predilection in the host. The main clinical feature in livestock is late-stage abortion (Figure 1 ), at which time bacteria are excreted in high numbers. Brucella may be shed during prolonged periods in milk after the cessation of clinical signs. Brucellosis causes mainly a loss of fertility and a reduction of milk production in sheep, goats and cattle. Symptoms of the disease in people are highly variable. In general, B. melitensis causes a more severe illness, with less severe forms caused by B. suis and B. abortus . The main symptoms are fever, sweats, malaise, anorexia, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, backache and weight loss ( Dean et al ., 2012b ). The bacteria can localize anywhere in the body. Two-thirds of the cases become chronic and the illness can continue for years if patients do not receive appropriate treatment ( Roth et al ., 2003 ). There is no or very rare human-to-human transmission of brucellosis. Acute human brucellosis without complications should be treated with a combination therapy of doxycycline-streptomycin or doxycycline-gentamicin. Focal forms often require prolonged treatment. Swiss TPH logo Information This case study is extracted from Chapter 14 of Zinsstag et al. 2015 (OH Book) and the Policy brief on the elimination of brucellosis in Central Asia. © The Authors 2023