Raw Cow Milk Samples Research Articles

Visual detection of microRNA146a by using RNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles.

Gold nanoparticles of different sizes have been synthesized and surface-functionalized with selected RNA probes in order to develop a rapid, low-cost and sensitive method for detection of microRNA146a (miR146a). The strategy is based on the change of colour that can be observed visually after aggregation of the RNA modified-gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in presence of miR146a. Experimental conditions have been carefully selected in order to obtain a good sensitivity that allows to perform visual detection of microRNA at the nM level, achieving a detection limit of 5nM. Good repeatability and selectivity versus other sequences that only differ from miR146a in 3 bases was achieved. miR146a has been described as one of the main microRNA involved in the immune response of bovine mastitis, being expressed in tissue, blood and milk samples. The method was successfully applied to the detection of miR146a in raw cow milk samples. The present scheme constitutes a rapid and low-cost alternative to perform highly sensitive detection of microRNA without the need of instrumentation and amplification steps for the early detection of bovine mastitis in the agrofood industry. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the assay based on aggregation of RNA-modified gold nanoparticles (blue) in presence of microRNA146a generating a dark blue spot onto a solid support, versus a pink spot observed in absence of miR146a due to dispersed gold nanoparticles (red).

OCCURRENCE OF ENTEROBACTERIACAE IN DAIRY FARM MILK

Raw milk is still consumed by some people especially farm families and farmworkers who believe that it is safe and has benefits over heat treated one. It is always a challenge to produce milk of superior quality , prolonged shelf life safe and wholesome which meet consumer’s expectations by preventing or minimizing the entry of microorganisms from production to consumption, therefore this study aimed to evaluate one of indicator organisms of hygienic and sanitary condition; Enterobacteriacae family , to fulfil that, one hundred cow and buffalo raw milk samples (each of 50) were collected randomly from governmental and private dairy farms at El- Gharbia Governorate, Egypt for enumeration and identification of Enterobacteriacae. The results revealed that the mean values of Enterobacteriacae count in positive samples were 1.05 × 105 ± 3.71 × 104 and 4.21 × 105 ± 9.71 × 104 of examined raw cow milk collected from governmental and private farms, respectively while the respective count in positive samples of raw buffalo milk were 9.71 × 104 ± 4.56 × 104 and 2.95 × 105 ± 5.93 × 104.The major identified Enterobacteriacae was Serratia marscence in positive samples of raw cow milk from governmental and private farms with an incidence of 19.23 and 18.75%,respectively. While, the respective incidence rate of Enterobacter aerogenes which ranked as the most frequent isolates in the positive buffalo milk samples was 14.28 and 17.5%.In addition to, Citrobacter spp, E.coli, Hafnia alveli, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia spp ,salmonella spp and Y.enterocolitica which also identified in different percentages.

A Survey of Raw Milk For Microbiological Quality and Typing of Foodborne Pathogens by MALDI-TOF MS

This study was conducted in order to determine microbiological quality of raw cow milk samples sold in public markets and to investigate foodborne pathogens in Giresun. The samples were examined for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total psychrotroph aerobic bacteria, coliform, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mold, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter spp. according to Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual and International Organization for Standardization methods. Identification of the isolated pathogens was made with Matrix-assisted laser desorption, ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The mean values of microorganism colonies detected in raw cow milk samples were as follows: total mesophilic aerobic bacteria count 5.87 log cfu/ml in 93 samples; total psychrotroph aerobic bacteria count 5.69 log cfu/ml in 95 samples; coliform count 4.85 log cfu/ml in 12 samples; Enterobacteriaceae count 4.84 log cfu/ml in 18 samples; Micrococcus/Staphylococcus count 5.17 log cfu/ml in 94 samples; lactic acid bacteria count 5.54 log cfu/ml in 97 samples, and yeast and mold 5.16 log cfu/ml in 73 samples. Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli were found as 6 (6%) and 34 (34%) in 100 raw cow milk samples respectively. Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Bacillus cereus were not detected. As a result; a statistically significant presence of bacteria threatening human health was detected in the raw cow milk samples examined. In order to resolve this problem, it is thought that further similar studies should be conducted on the basis of procuders, consumers and supervisory institutions.

Microbial and Chemical Adulterants Assessment of Raw Cow Milk Collected from Dairy Farms of Hlabisa Villages, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa

Background: Milk is one of the most nutritious foods providing a variety of proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins needed to maintain, grow, and develop the body. The aim of this study was to assess microbial and chemical adulterants of raw cow milk collected from dairy farms of Hlabisa villages, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Methods: A total of 68 raw cow milk samples were obtained from teats sampling points, milking buckets, and communal pooling buckets. The bacteriological analysis was conducted for the detection of various bacteria in milk samples. Biochemical tests were also done to detect some chemical adulterants in milk samples. Results: Total bacterial count of teats, milking buckets, and communal milk pooling buckets were 6.91, 6.06, and 6.06 log Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/ml, respectively. The most found chemical adulterant was urea detected in 23 out of 68 (33.8%) samples, followed by hydrogen peroxide showed in 22 out of 68 (32.3%) samples. However, none of the samples were contaminated with formalin, starch, and neutralizer. Conclusion: The present study revealed high microbial contamination of raw cow milk produced by rural small-scale dairy farmers of Hlabisa villages, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, indicating the lack of standard operating sanitation. It was also stated that raw milk samples contained various types of chemical adulterants that may lead to severe health problems. Good hygiene practices must be adopted by small-scale dairy farmers at every stage of their milk handling and processing.

Longitudinal Analysis of the Microbiological Quality of Raw Cow's Milk Samples Collected from Three Small Family Dairy Farms in Mexico Over a 2-Year Period

In Mexico, the total milk production that family dairy farms (FDF) contribute is ca. 35%, but this milk is not evaluated for microbiological quality. Forty percent of the milk and dairy products consumed by Mexicans is unpasteurized. In total, 24 raw cow's milk samples from three FDF (one sample per each season from each FDF for two sequent years) were characterized for the presence of food quality indicator organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium spp., by standard procedures. Escherichia coli presence was also evaluated by a direct count method and diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) by molecular methods. On the basis of Mexican guidelines for raw milk entering production, 42% of samples exceeded the aerobic mesophilic bacteria limits. A total of 83% raw milk samples were positive for total coliforms, 54% for fecal coliforms, and 46% for E. coli. Forty-three E. coli isolates were selected and characterized for the presence of 11 DEC loci; of theses, 40 isolates were negative for all DEC loci, and 3 isolates, all collected from the same sample, were Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) positive and O157 antigen negative, and one stx2 isolate was resistant to 6 of the 16 antibiotics tested. None of the 24 raw milk samples were positive for Salmonella enterica, L. monocytogenes, or staphylococcal enterotoxin. S. aureus was isolated from nine samples, of which only three samples harbored resistant isolates. From three samples, four nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates were recovered (Mycobacteroides chelonae, Mycobacteroides porcinum, and two Mycobacteroides abscessus). All four isolates produced biofilm and had sliding motility, and three isolates (M. porcinum and two M. abscessus) were resistant to the two antibiotics tested (clarithromycin and linezolid). FDF provide raw milk to a large proportion of the Mexican population, but its consumption could be harmful to health, emphasizing the need to implement national microbiological quality guidelines for raw milk intended for direct human consumption.

The Investigation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by Serological and Cultural Methods In Raw Milks Retailed in Kayseri

Bu çalışmada Kayseri ilinde satışa
 sunulan sokak sütlerinde Mycobacterium
 avium subsp. paratuberculosis
 (MAP)'in varlığı konvansiyonel ve serolojik yöntemlerle araştırılması amaçlandı.
 Araştırmada Mayıs 2010 – Ekim 2011 yılları arasında Kayseri’nin ilçelerinden
 farklı satıcılardan 200 çiğ inek süt örneği toplandı. Her bir süt numunesi
 direkt mikroskopi, kültür ve serolojik yöntem olmak üzere üç aşamada
 değerlendirdi. Direkt mikroskopide süt örneklerinden hazırlanan preparatlar
 Ziehl-Neelsen boyama metodu ile boyandı. Ayrıca besiyerlerinden izole edilen
 şüpheli kolonilerin boyamasında da aynı yöntem kullanıldı. Etken izolasyonu
 amacıyla süt numunelerinin bakteriyolojik ekimleri gliserinli ve gliserinsiz
 Löwenstein-Jensen ve Watson-Reid agara yapıldı. İdentifikasyon için katalaz,
 niasin, nitrat redüksiyon, pirazinamidaz ve üreaz testleri kullanıldı. Sütteki
 antikorların araştırılmasında Mycobacterium
 paratuberculosis Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) kitinden
 yararlanıldı. İncelenen örneklerde üç yönteminin kullanılması sonucu sadece 1
 numunede (% 0.5) MAP tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak, Kayseri ilinde satışa sunulan
 sokak sütlerinde paratüberkülozun yüksek oranda bulunmadığı belirlendi. Ancak
 bir örnekte etkenin tespiti infeksiyonun önemi göz önünde bulundurulduğunda
 halk sağlığı açısından önemli risk oluşturabileceği kanaatini ortaya koymuştur.

Determination of trace elements, heavy metals, and antimony in polyethylene terephthalate-bottled local raw cow milk of Iğdır region in Turkey.

The presence of several trace elements, heavy metals, and antimony in polyethylene terephthalate-bottled local raw cow milk samples of Iğdır region in Turkey was investigated. The milk samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave-assisted digestion. Milk samples were categorized into three groups according to the element level intensity in the sample. While 70% of samples showed 2.5 times the maximum Turkish and European permissible level of lead, the lowest lead-contaminated sample exhibited 1.25 times this level. All the examined samples exceeded the maximum permissible limit administrated for arsenic and 35% of samples exhibited 5 times this limit. Results showed 40% of samples contain an antimony level higher than the Turkish maximum allowable concentration. The high antimony content of raw milk samples may be related to the release of antimony from the PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles. This study showed high contamination levels of the most toxic trace elements, i.e., lead andarsenic in milk and possible antimony contamination from PET bottles which may cause many health hazards for the consumers.

Short-wave near infrared spectroscopy for the quality control of milk

The present study aims to demonstrate the potential use of short-wave near infrared spectroscopy for the quality control of raw cow milk samples, collected from high mountain areas. The sampling plan comprised three farms, all located within the same Alpine region (South Tyrol, Italy), but located at different altitudes (1900 m, 1050 m and 950 m a.s.l). Each farm used a similar extensive grassland-based farming system. For comparison, raw milk samples were also collected from a farm located in the valley (Milan, Italy), at 200 m a.s.l. and subjected to an intensive farming system. From each location, the samples were collected 10 times within one month of production. All the milk samples were analysed by diffuse trans-reflectance in the wavelength range from 850 to 1350 nm. Principal component analysis of the spectra revealed that the short-wave near infrared bands, respectively, 847, 1084, and 1095 nm, were the most important to distinguish milk between farms. The signal intensities of these wavelengths were used to build a multivariate control chart based on the Hotelling T2 statistic. The results showed that short-wave near infrared spectroscopy can be successfully used to monitor milk products in a fast, simple and on-line way.

Comparative genomics and functional analysis of a highly adhesive dairy Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei IBB3423 strain

Various Lactobacillus paracasei strains are found in diverse environments, including dairy and plant materials and the intestinal tract of humans and animals, and are also used in the food industry or as probiotics. In this study, we have isolated a new strain L. paracasei subsp. paracasei IBB3423 from samples of raw cow milk collected in a citizen science project. IBB3423 showed some desired probiotic features such as high adhesion capacity and ability to metabolize inulin. Its complete genome sequence comprising the chromosome of 3,183,386 bp and two plasmids of 5986 bp and 51,211 bp was determined. In silico analysis revealed numerous genes encoding proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and of extracellular localization likely supporting interaction with host tissues. In vitro tests confirmed the high adhesion capacity of IBB3423 and showed that it even exceeds that of the highly adhesive L. rhamnosus GG. Curing of the larger plasmid indicated that the adhesive properties depend on the plasmid and thus could be determined by its pilus-encoding spaCBA genes.

Survey of the microbiological count of the milk collected from livestock ancient city of Garmsar, Semnan Province, Iran.

Milk has a high nutritional value and can affect human health. Therefore, it is important to know the factors affecting its quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the raw milk microbial quality and factors affecting it. A total of 4260 raw cow milk samples, which were collected from villages around Garmsar city, Iran, and their microbial load were registered at Garmsar Dairy Cow Association between 2013 and 2014, was used in the present study. The total average ± SD of microbial load concentration was 3.02 × 105 ± 2.75 × 105 (CFU/ml). The average concentration of total bacteria in 2013 was 2.73 × 105 ± 1.58 × 105 (CFU/ml) and in 2014 it was 3.32 × 105 ± 3.93 × 105(CFU/ml). Seasonally, it was 2.94 × 105 ± 1.72 × 105 (CFU/ml), 3.69 × 105 ± 4.55 × 105 (CFU/ml), 2.91 × 105 ± 1.62 × 105 (CFU/ml), and 2.63 × 105 ± 1.67 × 105 (CFU/ml) for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. There was a significant difference in seasonal average microbial concentration of milk samples (p < 0.05). The present study concludes that microbial load of milk can be affected by environmental and hygienic conditions. Ranchers need to pay more attention to hygiene especially in warm seasons. Because in case of high microbial load in raw milk, even after milk pasteurization, it is not possible to have a high-quality and desirable product. Milk producers and distributors need also awareness in order to reduce the incidence of secondary contamination. But, the main correction is to establish direct supervision of the Ministry of Health onto the health of dairy cow farmers by structural integrity of Veterinary Medical Organization as the global one health.

Risk from Staphylococcus aureus in informally marketed raw cow milk

This study aimed to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in raw cow milk samples taken from peddlers of five regions in Bulgaria. The results showed that all 44 samples tested were positive for Staphylococcus spp. All isolates were tested for coagulase production and subjected to PCR analysis. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA and nuc genes found the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in 23 (52.3%) of a total of 44 raw milk samples. The number of Staphylococcus spp. ranged from 3x102 to 1.08x106 cfu/ml, and that of Staphylococcus aureus from 1.5x102 to 3.19x105 cfu/ml. It is concluded that control over the hygiene of handling and processing raw milk is essential for its safety.

Prevalence of Some Dangerous Heavy Metal Residues and Aflatoxins in Milk and Some Dairy Products

Heavy metal residues and aflatoxins production in milk and dairy products cause public health hazards on human health. Therefore, One hundred and twenty samples of raw cow milk and some dairy products including (Cream, Cooking butter, Kareish cheese, Damietta cheese, and yoghurt) 20 of each type, were collected from different supermarkets and groceries, in Alexandria city, Egypt. The obtained results showed that the mean values of lead, Cadmium and Aluminum were (0.33±0.049, 0.18±0.037, 0.28±0.071, 0.27±0.021, 0.26±0.032 and 0.29±0.043); (0.039±0.007, 0.041±0.007, 0.042±0.011, 0.030±0.004, 0.075±0.013 and 0.044±0.008), and (0.031±0.003, 0.413±0.101, 0.274±0.054, 0.334±0.118, 0.21±0.091 and 0.131±0.027) ppm in the examined raw cow’s milk, cream, cooking butter, Kareish cheese, Damietta cheese and yoghurt, respectively, copper and zinc values were determined in all examined samples. Regarding aflatoxins, AFM1 were detected in raw cow milk, cream, cooking butter, Kareish cheese and Damietta cheese with mean values of 0.078±0.05, 0.42±0.27, 0.33±0.09, 0.29±0.09, and 0.46±0.16 ppb, respectively and failed to be detected in examined yoghurt samples. AFM2 failed to be detected in examined raw cow’s milk and yoghurt samples. The public health significances of existing metals and aflatoxins as well as the suggested measures to minimize the hazardous effect of these pollutants were discussed.

Molecular Pathotyping of Escherichia Coli Isolates and Detection of Residual Antibiotics in Raw Cow Milk in Iran

Escherichia coli is an important species within the Enterobacteriaceae including at least six pathogenic classes of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC). Therefore, the aims of the current study were molecular characterization of E. coli pathotypes in raw cow milk samples in Borujerd, Iran, and detection of antibiotic residues in those samples due to the importance for the public health. Totally, 150 raw cow milk samples were collected from Borujerd, Iran, 2015. Eleven genes of bfpA, eaeA, east1, flicH7, hlyA, ial, lt, st, stx1, stx2 and O157 were detected in isolates using PCR to molecularly typing the E. coli isolates. Of 150 samples, 31 E. coli strains (totally 20.6%) were isolated, including 16 ETEC (51.6%), nine EPEC (29%) and six EHEC (19.4%). No EIEC (0%) or EAEC (0%) was isolated. In PCR, 13 eaeA (29.5%), eight lt (18.18%), eight st (18.18%), four stx1 (9.09%), three stx2 (6.81%), three hlyA (6.81%), two bfpA (4.54%), two O157 (4.54%) and one flicH7 (2.27%) encoding genes were found in E. coli isolates. Furthermore, 30 samples (20%) included antibiotic residues. In General, pathotyping of the bacterial isolates can better reveal possible correlations between these pathotypes and foodborne outbreaks.

Impact of Cow Milk Manufacturing Processes on the Degradation of Malathion Pesticide Residues

The main objective of the current research aimed at evaluating the impact of the manufacturing processes of cow milk such as pasteurization, boiling, ultra-heat treatment, yoghurt fermentation, milk skimming, cream, butter, and ghee production on the degradation of an organophosphate pesticide, Malathion. For that purpose, samples of raw cow milk spiked with Malathion at level 0.5 mg/kg were used. QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method was used to extract the malathion-spiked milk samples and HPLC-Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA) was used as an analytical tool. The precision of the analytical method was ranged between 90.5-97.8 %. The obtained findings demonstrated that sterilization, and boiling were more effective than pasteurization in Malathion degradation (the degradation efficiency were 91.2, 82.2 and 45.2 %, respectively). Regarding the impact of fermentation, it was found that Malathion degradation increased with the progress of cold storage. It was 56, 80, and 97 % at 1, 7, and 14 days of yoghurt storage. Moreover, a cheese manufacturing also had a positive effect on Malathion degradation where it was 53 and 60.8 % in cheese after 1 and 7 days. The data also displayed that Malathion retained in fatty milk products such as cream (91 %), butter (88 %), and ghee (12.3 %). In view of this, it could be concluded that manufacturing processes such as sterilization, boiling, fermentation and curd coagulation processes had positive impact on Malathion degradation in spiked samples of cow milk.

Dielectric properties of raw milk as influenced by frequency, salts, and salt contents

AbstractTo understand the effect of salts and salt contents on dielectric properties (dielectric constant ε′ and dielectric loss factor ε″) of milk, dielectric properties of raw cow's milk samples at the total salt content (in mass) of 0.75–0.87%, 0.75–0.93%, and 0.75–0.90% by adding NaCl, MgCl2, and KCl, respectively, were obtained from 19 to 3,000 MHz at 25 °C using an impedance analyzer. The results showed that ε′ decreased with increasing frequency, and ε″ changed with “V” shape and had minimums at about 1,500 MHz. At a given frequency and the same salt addition level in molar, the milk added with NaCl and MgCl2 had the smallest and the biggest ε″, respectively. At about 40 MHz, ε′ had a very good positive linear relationship with the total salt content of milk, whose coefficients of determination were 0.96, 0.98, and 0.95 for NaCl, MgCl2, and KCl, respectively. ε″ increased linearly with increasing total salt contents with the coefficients of determination higher than 0.99 below about 900 MHz and higher than 0.86 above 900 MHz no matter for which salt.Practical applicationsThis work shows that there were linear relationships between dielectric properties and total salt contents. The study is helpful to understand the influence of salts and salt content on dielectric properties of raw cow's milk, and it offers useful information for developing portable salt detector based on dielectric properties in the future.

Risk Assessment of Certain Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Milk and Milk Products Consumed in Aswan Province.

Considering that pollutants transformed to human body through food consumption, food safety is of great concern to consumers. Because consumption of milk contaminated with heavy metals poses serious threats to consumer's health. This study was conducted to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and its risk with the consumption of milk and milk products in Aswan Province . A total of 20 samples of raw fresh buffalo, cow, sheep and goat milk and 16 samples of milk products of Kareish cheese, Domiati cheese, Mish and Samna were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) and trace elements of Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) via Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the concentration of total heavy metals differed between different areas, it was the highest in Edfu but the least in Toshka. With the analysis of metals concentration in milk of different species, the results showed higher concentration of total metals in sheep and goat milk combined with low content of Cd and high content of Zn and Cu than that of cow and buffalo milk. Comparing the Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations in locally manufactured milk products with the permissible upper limit of EOS (1993), the results are within the permissible limit. The health risk assessment of metals was assessed on the basis of determining of EDI and THQ for inhabitants through the consumption of contaminated milk and milk products. The EDI of Cd and Pb contributed to 59.7% and 20.48% of PTDI, while Zn contributed to 0.0345 to 2.582% and 0.0475 to 3.55% of RDA for male and female, respectively, but the Cu contributed to 0.0555 to 7.466 % of RDA. The results also showed that THQ of all metals under studies are less than one via the consumption of milk and milk products which means that inhabitants in Aswan Governorate will not exposed to health risk from the consumption of raw milk and milk product.

Some Virulence Genes of Pathogenic Enterococci Isolated from Raw Milk and Some Milk Products

A total of 150 random samples of raw cow milk and some locally manufactured dairy products including yoghurt,Kareish cheese and ice cream were collected from various dairy shops, and supermarkets in Qena city, Egypt. Samples were examined for the presence of Enterococcus spp. The investigation revealed that 64, 28, 76, 72 and 16 %of the examined raw milk samples, large and small-scale yoghurt, Kareish cheese and ice cream were contaminated with Enterococcus spp., respectively. Isolates were identified as E. faecalis and E. faecium in percentages of (8 &32), (16 &0), (8 &28), (8 &36), and (4 &0) in the examined raw milk samples, large and small-scale yoghurt, Kareish cheese and ice cream, respectively. The obtained isolates were screened for presence of some virulence genes gelE, asa1, esp and cylA using multiplex PCR. The results indicated that gelE, asa1, esp and cylA were located in 53.9, 76.9, 69.2,and 30.8% of the total E. faecalis isolates and in 46.9, 71.9, 53.1,and 34.3 % of the total E. faecium isolates, respectively. The asa1 and esp genes were the predominant virulence traits among all investigated enterococci isolates followed by gelE and cylA genes. Therefore, the results of this study showed that milk and dairy products can play an important role in the spread of Enterococci with virulence potential through the food chain to the human population

English

This study was conducted to evaluate drug resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk, fresh fruit juice and dairy farms settings of Mekelle, Tigray. A cross-sectional study was conducted on the total 258 samples of raw cow milk and fresh fruit juice. Antimicrobial resistance status was also checked for identified S. aureus using various commonly used antimicrobial discs. The overall viable staphylococcal count mean and standard deviation of samples from milk shop, fruit juice and dairy milk were found to be 8.86±107, 7.2 × 107, 8.65±107 cfu/ml, 33.87±106, 6.68±106 and 22.0±106, respectively. Among the total 258 samples, 75 (29.07%) samples were found positive for S. aureus. Proportion of the isolation from milk shop, fruit juice and dairy milk samples were 20 (23.26%), 32 (37.21%) and 23 (26.74%), respectively. Antimicrobial test of the high resistance revealed vancomycin (100%), ampicillin (90.9%). ciprofloxacin (90.9%), ceftaroline (63.6%), penicillin-G (81.8%) and clindamycin (72.7%) whereas they are highly susceptible to some antibiotics like gentamicin (100%), streptomycin (81.8%), norfloxacin (63.6%), chloramphenicol (81.8%), sulfamethoxazole (96%), kanamycin (72.7%), polymixin B (72.7%), erythromycin (72.7%) and tetracycline (81.8); also, some S. aureus also showed multi-drug resistance pattern. The present study, we isolated and determined the drug Resistance profile of S. aruesu in Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia alarmingly, the S. aureus isolates circulating in the raw cow milk, fresh fruit juice and dairy milk. High level of S. aureus isolation from personnel and equipment besides food samples reveals that the hygiene practice is substandard. Prudent drug use and improved hygienic practice is recommended in the raw cow milk of dairy farms and fresh fruit juice to safeguard the public from the risk of acquiring infections and multiple drug resistance (MDR) pathogenic S. aureus. Key words: Antibiogram, bacterial load, multiple drug resistance (MDR), Mekelle, Milk, Staphylococcus aureus.

Determining the Fat Concentration of Fresh Raw Cow Milk Using Dielectric Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics

Dielectric spectroscopy is usually used to obtain dielectric properties of materials. It not only has the advantages of high speed and little or no sample preparation but can also be used in in-line or in situ quality monitoring. To provide a quick and convenient method for milk fat concentration determination using dielectric spectroscopy, the dielectric spectra of 143 fresh raw cow milk samples were obtained from 20 to 4500 MHz. All samples were divided into calibration set and prediction set by using joint x-y distances sample set partitioning method. One hundred twenty-three, 9, and 40 dielectric variables were selected as effective variables (EVs) by applying uninformative variable elimination, successive projection algorithm, and stability competitive adaptive reweighted sampling methods, respectively. The models of partial least squares regression (PLSR), extreme learning machine (ELM), and least squares-supporting vector machine (LS-SVM) were built when the full dielectric spectra and selected EVs were used as inputs. The results showed that the PLSR model developed with full dielectric spectra was the best model on fat concentration determination with the root-mean-squares error of prediction set of 0.168%. The study tells that dielectric spectra have potential in exploring a milk fat concentration sensor used for in-line or in situ detection.

Prevalence of Brucella in raw milk: An example from Turkey.

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic infection affecting livestock and human beings. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Brucella in raw milk collected from a provincial center and central villages in the Central Anatolian region. This cross-sectional study was completed between March and September of 2016. The sample size for research was calculated as 263 milk samples with the Epi Info 2000 program. Samples were tested with the milk ring test, Rose Bengal test, and standard Brucella tube agglutination test. Suspicious samples according to these tests were seeded on medium for observation. In this study, 202 cow's milk samples collected from 14 central villages were researched for the presence of Brucella abortus, a Brucella species bacterium. According to the medium seeding results, 35 of 202 raw cow's milk samples (17.32%) were identified as suspicious. The research investigated the prevalence of Brucella in milk samples collected from bovine farms used for consumption and production of raw milk products. The most significant infection route in our region is considered to be consumption of milk and milk products such as raw milk and fresh cheese. Especially in rural areas, households consuming their own produced milk are common. In regions with family-style milk and milk product production and consumption, interventional studies with the aim of improving knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to zoonotic diseases should not be neglected.