Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Research Articles

The Content and Convergent Validity of Hirebright Cognitive Ability Test (H-CAT) as pre-employment measure in South Africa

INTRODUCTION: Occupational therapists perform assessment of cognitive abilities, including executive functions, in adults in a variety of practice fields. In vocational rehabilitation, these assessments are performed to determine how impairment in cognitive ability impacts on occupational performance. Executive function is understood to be cognitive processes associated with inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, reasoning and problem solving. The Hirebright Cognitive Ability Test (H-CAT), a general cognitive ability measuring instrument developed for pre-employment screening, has not been validated for clinical use in South Africa METHODOLOGY: The aim of this study was two-fold: first, to evaluate the content validity of the H-CAT through content expert rating and item-objective congruency (IOC). Secondly, the researchers evaluated the convergent validity of the H-CAT through correlating scores of the H-CAT with an existing measure, the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), using retrospective data from the Hirebright database RESULTS: Item-objective congruency calculation yielded results indicating acceptable content validity (IOC values from 0.60 to 0.80) in the majority of the items (43/45) in the H-CAT. In a sample of N=20, correlation of the Raven SPM raw scores and the H-CAT raw scores yielded evidence (r = 0.89; p = 0.00) for convergent validity Key words: general cognitive ability, executive function, content validity, convergent validity

MİMARLIK BÖLÜMÜ BİRİNCİ SINIF ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN GÖRSEL-MEKÂNSAL BECERİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Spatial cognition and skills are of critical importance for architecture. During their education, architecture students are expected to use and develop visuospatial skills to generate/construct, retain, rotate, and manipulate space mentally and physically through physical and digital representations. This study was designed and conducted to fill the gap in researches on the first-year architecture students’ spatial skill evaluated by means of neuropsychological tests. The goal of the study was to investigate the potential connections between the visuospatial skills, university entrance exam scores and cognitive development of the first architecture students. 128 students participated to the research voluntarily. For visuospatial skills Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) test was administrated. Logical Thinking Test was used for the assessment of cognitive development level. Participants with art training prior to university performed better in RSPM total, and RSPM subtest E. The findings demonstrated that first year architecture students’ performances on neuropsychological tests assessing visuospatial skills were compatible with the norm scores and their cognitive development level. The results supported the previous studies claiming that art training and/or education have a positive impact on spatial cognition and visuospatial skills.

The Role of Chess in the Intellectual Development of Childrens from Primary School

Chess playing has a significant role in participants’ resources allocation, both at a psychological level, but mostly concerning the cognitive resources. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of chess playing on the intellectual development of primary-class students. 67 children were tested using the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices and were distributed in three different groups according to their experience with chess, namely: the control group (formed by students with no experience with chess playing), the beginners group (students with less than one year in chess playing training) and the advanced group (children with more than two years experience with chess). Results indicated that chess playing had a significant effect on the SPM performance, indicating that those in the advanced group performed significantly better than those in the control or in the beginners group. Conclusions of this study tap into the benefits of playing chess with a focus on the children’s’ cognitive development.

Simple visual, choice and discrimination reaction times of young adults and correlation with intelligence quotient and working memory

Reaction time (RT) is important in learning. Relationship of RT to Intelligent Quotient (IQ) and Working Memory (WM) has not been studied in Sri Lankans. To measure the visual RT(VRT), discrimination RT (DRT) and choice RT (CRT) of young adults and to correlate these reaction times (RTs) to IQ and WM. A cross sectional study was conducted among 200 volunteers (18-28 years). RTs were measured using the “reaction timer software” developed locally. WM was assessed using “digit span backward test (DSBT)”. IQ was assessed using Raven’s standard progressive matrices (RSPM). Mean, SD of VRT, CRT and DRT in males were 292.85±32.88ms, 395.75±75.62ms and 407.45±82.11ms respectively. The respective values in females were 317.85±43.15ms, 452.68±96.47ms and 454.26±93.5ms. RTs were faster (p<0.05) in males. VRT was faster (p<0.05) than CRT and DRT in both sexes. CRT and DRT did not differ significantly in both sexes (p>0.05). Mean IQ scores of males and females were 52.17± 6.2 and 51.74±6.2. Respective DSBT scores were 7.55±1.62 and 7.64±1.33. IQ and DSBT scores were not differed (p>0.05) between sexes. RTs had negative correlations with IQ and DSBT score. Only the correlations of IQ with VRT of males (-0.203) and DRT (-0.225) and CRT (-0.235) of females were significant (p<0.05). Significant negative correlation (-0.293) of DSBT score was observed with DRT of females only. RTs were shorter in males. IQ and WM capacity showed negative correlations with RTs. Further studies are necessary to assess the contribution of the processing speed on the IQ and WMC.

Are General Intelligence and Implicit Memory Related?: The Effect of Age

This study investigated the relationship between general intelligence and implicit memory performance in conjunction with aging. Data have been collected from 95 volunteers (49 young-46 older adults). General intelligence was measured by the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) test. Participants’ implicit memory performance was measured by the Word Stem Completion (WSC) task, in which the participants were presented with first three letters of a word and asked to complete this stem with the first word that comes to their mind. Explicit memory performance was also measured to be able to make a comparison with implicit memory performance and to document the differentiation between implicit and explicit memory. Although the same WSC task was used to measure implicit and explicit memory performance separately, the different instructions were used to deduce the different memory types. According to the results of factorial ANOVA, the main effect of age on general intelligence score was found to be statistically significant. After running further analyses by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, results indicated that RSPM test total correct score had a tendency to decrease with increasing age and RSPM test completion time had a tendency to increase with aging. Results also showed that implicit WSC task score and RSPM test total correct score were positively correlated. Similarly, explicit WSC task score and RSPM test total correct score were positively correlated, too. However, RSPM test completion time did not differ depending on implicit and explicit memory performances which were measured by WSC task. The present study indicated the relation between implicit WSC task and general intelligence. Within this context, this study is important to draw attention to the contribution of implicit memory measurement which is in the shadow of traditional explicit memory measurements to general intelligence, especially in older population.

The Relationship Between Non-symbolic and Symbolic Numerosity Representations in Elementary School: The Role of Intelligence.

This study aimed to estimate the extent to which the development of symbolic numerosity representations relies on pre-existing non-symbolic numerosity representations that refer to the Approximate Number System. To achieve this aim, we estimated the longitudinal relationships between accuracy in the Number Line (NL) test and “blue–yellow dots” test across elementary school children. Data from a four-wave longitudinal study involving schoolchildren in grades 1–4 in Russia and Kyrgyzstan (N = 490, mean age 7.65 years in grade 1) were analyzed. We applied structural equation modeling and tested several competing models. The results revealed that at the start of schooling, the accuracy in the NL test predicted subsequent accuracy in the “blue–yellow dots” test, whereas subsequently, non-symbolic representation in grades 2 and 3 predicted subsequent symbolic representation. These results indicate that the effect of non-symbolic representation on symbolic representation emerges after a child masters the basics of symbolic number knowledge, such as counting in the range of twenty and simple arithmetic. We also examined the extent to which the relationships between non-symbolic and symbolic representations might be explained by fluid intelligence, which was measured by Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices test. The results revealed that the effect of symbolic representation on non-symbolic representation was explained by fluid intelligence, whereas at the end of elementary school, non-symbolic representation predicted subsequent symbolic representation independently of fluid intelligence.

C-28 Raven’s Progressive Matrices: Validation of a Short Form

Abstract Objective The Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) is a 60-item measure of non-verbal abstract reasoning. The length of the RSPM presents a potential barrier to its use. Consequently, Bilker et al. (2012) identified a 9-item short form (RSPM-SF). The purpose of this study is to (a) provide descriptive statistics for the RSPM-SF from a non-patient sample, and (b) validate the RSPM-SF by exploring correlations with congruent and divergent cognitive measures. Method Twenty men and 23 women, aged 55 to 83 (M = 67.79), completed a test battery that included the SPM-SF and global, memory, verbal, and executive measures. Results The mean score for the RSPM-SF was 4.40 (median = 4, mode = 4, SD = 1.92). RSPM-SF correlated best with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (r = .548, CI: .297 to .729) and poorest with letter fluency (r = .065, CI: -.456 to .127). Correlations with executive measures ranged from a low of .308 (Tower Test; CI: .019 to .549) to a high of .470 (Trail Making Test Part-B; CI: .197 to .675). The average correlation with executive scores was .412. Average correlation with learning (both verbal and non-verbal) was .435, and with recall was .296. Conclusions RSPM historically was viewed as a non-verbal global estimate of cognitive ability. Present findings support using the RSPM-SF as a global measure, as it correlated well with both verbal and nonverbal, and executive and memory tests. Descriptive data suggested that the RSPM-SF items ranged from easy to difficult.

Structural neuroimaging differentiates vulnerability from disease manifestation in colombian families with Huntington's disease.

IntroductionThe volume of the striatal structures has been associated with disease progression in individuals with Huntington's disease (HD) from North America, Europe, and Australia. However, it is not known whether the gray matter (GM) volume in the striatum is also sensitive in differentiating vulnerability from disease manifestation in HD families from a South‐American region known to have high incidence of the disease. In addition, the association of enlarged brain perivascular spaces (PVS) with cognitive, behavioral, and motor symptoms of HD is unknown.Materials and MethodsWe have analyzed neuroimaging indicators of global atrophy, PVS burden, and GM tissue volume in the basal ganglia and thalami, in relation to behavioral, motor, and cognitive scores, in 15 HD patients with overt disease manifestation and 14 first‐degree relatives not genetically tested, which represent a vulnerable group, from the region of Magdalena, Colombia.ResultsPoor fluid intelligence as per the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices was associated with global brain atrophy (p = 0.002) and PVS burden (p ≤ 0.02) in HD patients, where the GM volume in all subcortical structures, with the exception of the right globus pallidus, was associated with motor or cognitive scores. Only the GM volume in the right putamen was associated with envy and MOCA scores (p = 0.008 and 0.015 respectively) in first‐degree relatives.ConclusionStriatal GM volume, global brain atrophy and PVS burden may serve as differential indicators of disease manifestation in HD. The Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices could be a cognitive test worth to consider in the differentiation of vulnerability versus overt disease in HD.

Relationship between Rare Earth Elements, Lead and Intelligence of Children Aged 6 to 16 years: A Bayesian Structural Equation Modelling Method

Exposure to REEs and lead was assessed by analysing the scalp hair samples of children aged 6-16 years who lived in a rare earth mining area, by atomic absorption spectrometry. Intelligence was assessed using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. Bayesian Structural Equations were built to explore different patterns of associations between REEs and lead explore and children's intelligence, and the best-fitted one was selected for the most reasonable explanation according to DIC and BIC.

Why are smarter individuals more prosocial? A study on the mediating roles of empathy and moral identity

The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is an association between intelligence and prosocial behavior (PSB), and whether this association is mediated by empathy and moral identity. Chinese version of the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices, the Self-Report Altruism Scale Distinguished by the Recipient, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Internalization subscale of the Self-Importance of Moral Identity Scale were administered to 518 (N female = 254, M age = 19.79) undergraduate students. The results showed that fluid intelligence was significantly correlated with self-reported PSB; moral identity, perspective taking, and empathic concern could account for the positive association between intelligence and PSB; the mediation effects of moral identity and empathy were consistent across gender.

The predictive value of psychological variables in drivers in forecasting accidents in road traffic

The main objective of the study is to determine which variables comprise the psychological portrait of the perpetrators of road accidents, and on what basis the tendency to be involved in these accidents is most accurately predictable. The article is based on empirical studies conducted on 100 men (preliminary and periodic studies in the field of transport psychology and occupational medicine). The age of the surveyed drivers ranged from 19 to 70 years (average age 40). The tests included: Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices, EPQR, Device Piórkowski Type, and a Computerized Test Battery System – Polipsychograph. In comparison to „safe” drivers, participants of a road traffic collision were more extrovert and conscientious, less inclined to lie, showed greater motor speed (with increased impulsiveness) and higher level of general intelligence. They were characterized by better coordination. The results show that there are positive psychophysical features prevalent with drivers participating in road accidents, which suggests that as intermediary variables they have an influence on the level of self-esteem that is „responsible” for the propensity to risky behavior with its consequences.

Confusion State Induction and EEG-based Detection in Learning.

Confusion, as an affective state, has been proved beneficial for learning, although this emotion is always mentioned as negative affect. Confusion causes the learner to solve the problem and overcome difficulties in order to restore the cognitive equilibrium. Once the confusion is successfully resolved, a deeper learning is generated. Therefore, quantifying and visualizing the confusion that occurs in learning as well as intervening has gained great interest by researchers. Among these researches, triggering confusion precisely and detecting it is the critical step and underlies other studies. In this paper, we explored the induction of confusion states and the feasibility of detecting confusion using EEG as a first step towards an EEG-based Brain Computer Interface for monitoring the confusion and intervening in the learning. 16 participants EEG data were recorded and used. Our experiment design to induce confusion was based on tests of Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. Each confusing and not-confusing test item was presented during 15 seconds and the raw EEG data was collected via Emotiv headset. To detect the confusion emotion in learning, we propose an end-to-end EEG analysis method. End-to-end classification of Deep Learning in Machine Learning has revolutionized computer vision, which has gained interest to adopt this method to EEG analysis. The result of this preliminary study was promising, which showed a 71.36% accuracy in classifying users' confused and unconfused states when they are inferring the rules in the tests.

The Dark Triad traits and intelligence: Machiavellians are bright, and narcissists and psychopaths are ordinary

Extant empirical research, despite some theoretical descriptions, has consistently demonstrated that the Dark Triad is not related to general mental ability. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the Dark Triad of personality (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) and fluid intelligence. A sample of 128 Polish high school students (Mage = 16.89 years; SDage = 0.31; 28.1% of the sample were boys) completed the Polish translation of the Short Dark Triad and the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. Hypotheses were tested using a structural equation model, which fit the data well. As predicted, we found that of the three Dark Triad traits, only Machiavellianism was significantly predicted by fluid intelligence. Our findings are discussed in light of previous research and theory.

Cognition, mood and quality-of-life outcomes among low literacy adults living with epilepsy in rural Kenya: A preliminary study

Epilepsy is frequently associated with neurocognitive impairments, mental health, and psychosocial problems but these are rarely documented in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to examine the neurocognitive outcomes, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial adjustments of people with epilepsy (PWE) in Kilifi, Kenya. We evaluated the impact of these outcomes on health-related quality of life. Self-report, interviewer-administered measures of depression (Major Depression Inventory) and quality of life (RAND SF-36) were administered to 63 PWE and 83 community controls. Neurocognitive functioning was assessed using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices, Digit Span, and Contingency Naming Test. The results show that PWE have poorer scores for executive function, working memory, intelligence quotient (IQ), depression, and quality of life than controls. Twenty-seven (27%) of PWE had depressive symptoms, which was significantly greater than in controls (6%); P < 0.001. Quality-of-life scores were significantly lower in PWE with depressive symptoms than in those without depressive symptoms (Mean QoL scores (standard deviation (SD)): 46.43 (13.27) versus 64.18 (17.69); P = 0.01. On adjusted linear regression models, depression affected total quality-of-life scores (P = 0.07) as well as individual health indicator domains touching on pain (P = 0.04), lethargy/fatigue (P = 0.01), and emotional well-being (P = 0.02). Our results show that epilepsy is associated with a significant burden of mental health and neurocognitive impairments in the community; however, community-based studies are needed to provide precise estimates of these disorders.

Sex differences on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices within Saudi Arabia and across the Arab world: Females' advantage decreases from childhood to adolescence

Sex differences in intelligence are of great importance with regard to understanding intelligence's underlying evolutionary forces. Previous research in this area has had a strong focus on Western countries and data across developmental stages are fragmented. Here, we present new data on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices from three samples in Saudi Arabia, and combine these with nine previously published studies from other Arab countries, which also provide data for each year of age. We specifically consider Lynn's developmental theory of sex differences in intelligence, whereby a female advantage becomes pronounced due to earlier average puberty and then decreases as males enter puberty. The estimates for each age do not differ significantly from zero, and very few from each other, apparently due to large heterogeneity across studies. Nevertheless, the age trend is largely consistent with Lynn's model. Moreover, its specific predictions are seemingly borne out in many individual countries. Plausible explanations for incongruities in Sudan, Libya, Yemen and Saudi Arabia are also examined.

Validation of the Italian Remote Associate Test.

The scientific approach to the study of creative problem solving has shifted from using classic insight problems (e.g., the Nine-dots problem), towards sets of problems that have more robust psychometric properties, such as the Remote Associate Test (RAT). Because it is homogeneous, compact, quickly solvable, and easy to score, the RAT has been used more frequently in recent creativity studies. We applied the Item Response Theory (IRT) to develop an Italian version of this task. The final 51-item test was reliable (α = .89) and provided information over a wide range of ability levels, as revealed by the IRT analysis. The RAT correlated with five measures of creative performance: The Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), three classic insight problems, a set of anagrams purposefully developed, the fluency and flexibility scores of the Alternative Uses Task (AUT), and the Creative Achievements Questionnaire (CAQ). The new measure provided is meant to encourage the study of creativity and problem solving in the Italian language.

The Structural Affinity Method for Solving the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test for Intelligence

Graphical models offer techniques for capturing the structure of many problems in real-world domains and provide means for representation, interpretation, and inference. The modeling framework provides tools for discovering rules for solving problems by exploring structural relationships. We present the Structural Affinity method that uses graphical models for first learning and subsequently recognizing the pattern for solving problems on the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test of general human intelligence. Recently there has been considerable work on computational models of addressing the Raven's test using various representations ranging from fractals to symbolic structures. In contrast, our method uses Markov Random Fields parameterized by affinity factors to discover the structure in the geometric analogy problems and induce the rules of Carpenter et al.'s cognitive model of problem-solving on the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test. We provide a computational account that first learns the structure of a Raven's problem and then predicts the solution by computing the probability of the correct answer by recognizing patterns corresponding to Carpenter et al.'s rules. We demonstrate that the performance of our model on the Standard Raven Progressive Matrices is comparable with existing state of the art models.

Effects of adjunctive eslicarbazepine acetate on neurocognitive functioning in children with refractory focal-onset seizures

PurposeThis was a phase-II, randomized, double-blind (DB), placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate neurocognitive effects of eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) as adjunctive therapy in pediatric patients with refractory focal-onset seizures (FOS). MethodsChildren (6–16years old) with FOS were randomized (2:1) to ESL or placebo. Treatment started at 10mg/kg/day, was up-titrated up to 30mg/kg/day (target dose), and maintained for 8weeks, followed by one-year open-label follow-up. The primary endpoint was change from baseline to the end of maintenance period in the composite Power of Attention assessed with the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) system. Behavioral and emotional functioning and quality of life (QOL), secondary endpoints, were assessed with Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF50), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM). Efficacy was evaluated through changes in standardized seizure frequency (SF), responder rate, and proportion of seizure-free patients. Safety was evaluated by the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). ResultsOne hundred and twenty-three patients were randomized. A noninferiority analysis failed to reject the null hypothesis that the change from baseline in the Power of Attention score in the ESL group was at least 121ms inferior to the placebo group for all age groups. The CDR scores showed no differences between placebo and ESL in Power of Attention (1868.0 vs 1759.5), Continuity of Attention (1.136 vs −1.786), Quality of Working Memory (−0.023 vs −0.024), and Speed of Memory (−263.4 vs −249.6). Nonsignificant differences between placebo and ESL were seen for CHQ-PF50, CBCL scores, and Raven's SPM. Episodic Memory Index showed significant negative effect on ESL. Efficacy results favored the ESL group (SF least square [LS] means 1.98 vs 4.29). The TEAEs had a similar incidence between treatment groups (41.0% vs 47.5%). ConclusionsOverall ESL did not produce statistically significant effects on neurocognitive and behavioral functioning in patients with epilepsy aged 6 to 16years. Additionally, ESL was effective in reducing seizure frequency and was well-tolerated.

Comparison of Brain Atrophy, Cognition and Optical Coherence Tomography Results Between Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Controls.

Cognitive impairment is also an important cause of disability in MS in addition to motor, sensory, visual, and cerebellar affections. The aim of this study is to show the relation between the cognitive disability in MS with brain atrophy and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Forty-three multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and 15 healthy individuals as controls were included in the study. MS patients were divided into three groups as relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), relapsing-remitting with optic neuritis (RRMS+ON), and secondary-progressive MS (SPMS). An experienced psychologist performed modified Wechsler Memory Scale Revised form (WMS-R), Lines Orientation test, Stroop Color Word Interference test (STROOP), Standard Raven Progressive Matrices (SRPM), Benton Facial Recognition Test, verbal fluency test, and Paced Auditory Serial Addition tests in all cases. Optic coherence tomographies (OCT) were done. Cranial subcortical volumes of all subjects were measured using 3-dimensonal T1A imagines obtained by the cranial subcortical 1.5 tesla MR device (fully automatic Freesurfer program). Brain parenchymal fractions were calculated by proportioning the obtained volume measurements to the total intracranial volume. Fifty-eight subjects (65.5% female, 34.5% male) were enrolled in the study. There were significant differences among the groups in terms of parenchymal thickness, volumes of third ventricle, and white matter. There was a significant correlation between the volumes of the deep gray matter, mesial temporal structures and lateral ventricular volumes, and the test results of the WMS-R. OCT scores of all MS patients, whether or not they experienced optic neuritis, had increased, being worse especially in the SPMS group. Correlation between RNFL and the brain parenchymal fractions of the patients were statistically significant. Manual methods instead of automatic segmentation method are being more commonly used in the studies with brain atrophy and MS in our country. A significant correlation between OCT scores and brain atrophy is shown with our present study, and this is followed as a reflection of decrease in cognitive tests that provides valuable and reliable knowledge for the literature.

Somut İşlemsel Dönemdeki Üstün ve Normal Zekâlı Çocukların Somut Düşünme Yeteneklerinin İncelenmesi

Somut İşlemsel Dönemdeki Üstün ve Normal Zekâlı Çocukların Somut Düşünme Yeteneklerinin İncelenmesi