Rattan Species Research Articles

Anatomical characteristics, fibre morphologies, and densities of six rattan species from Malaysia

Anatomical characteristics, fibre morphologies, and densities of six rattan species from Malaysia

Anatomical Structure and Bending Properties of Calamus zollingeri

The relationship between the structure and mechanical properties of materials has been a hot topic. However, there is a lack of research on the relationship between the structure of rattan and its mechanical properties. This study investigated the anatomical structure and bending properties of Calamus zollingeri, a commercially important rattan species. Samples were collected from different radial positions of the stem and analyzed for their microstructural features and mechanical properties. The distribution and morphology of vascular bundles (VBs), parenchyma cells (PCs), vessels, and fibers were examined using light microscopy. Bending tests were conducted to determine the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). Stepwise linear regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between structural features and mechanical properties. The results showed that the diameters, lengths and distribution densities of the vessel elements were 280.32 μm, 2163.56 μm, and 3.68 pcs/mm2, respectively; the double wall thickness, lumen diameter, diameter, length, length–width ratio were 7.55 μm, 4.30 μm, 11.85 μm, 1569.39 μm, and 134.08, respectively; the tissue ratios of the vessel elements, fibers, sieve elements, and PCs were 22.76%, 20.5%, 4.83%, and 51.87%, respectively. The MOR of C. zollingeri was 55.77 MPa, while the MOE was 2669.11 MPa. The MOR of C. zollingeri was mainly affected by a double wall thickness of fiber and the tissue ratio of PCs, while the MOE was mainly affected by a double arm thickness of fiber and the tissue ratio of the vessel elements. This research provides valuable insights into the structure–property relationships of rattan, which can inform its optimal utilization in various applications.

Morpho-anatomical and physical properties of some Rattan species of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Morpho-anatomical and physical properties of some Rattan species of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Reference-based genome assembly and comparative genomics of Calamus Brandisii Becc. for unveiling sex-specific genes for early gender detection.

Calamus brandisii Becc. is an endangered rattan species indigenous to the Western Ghats of India and used in the furniture and handicraft industries. However, its dioecious nature and longer flowering time pose challenges for conservation efforts. Developing markers for early gender detection in seedlings is crucial for maintaining viable populations for in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Currently, no sex chromosomes or gender-specific genes have been reported in the species. We report the first comprehensive comparative genomics study between the male and female genomes of C. brandisii to identify polymorphisms and potential genes for gender determination. Reference-based assembly was conducted and the male and female genomes were predicted to contain 43,810 and 50,493 protein-coding genes respectively. The haploid genome size was ∼691Mb and ∼884Mb for male and female genomes respectively. Comparative analysis revealed significant genetic variation between the two genomes including 619,776 SNPs, 73,659 InDels, 212,123 Structural variants (SVs) and 305 copy number variations (CNVs). A total of 5 male-specific and 11 female-specific genes linked to the sex determining region was predicted. The genomic variants identified between the two genomes could be used in development of markers for early gender identification in C. brandisii for restoration programs. The gender-specific genes identified in this study also provide new insights into the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in rattans.

Modelling the habitat suitability of rattan (Calamus zollingeri) in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi

Calamus zollingeri is a potential rattan species that is widely used by the community and is found in the Sulawesi region. As one of the potential non-timber forest products, habitat suitability modelling is needed to determine the distribution and prediction of C. zollingeri distribution in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi. This study used a species distribution modelling approach with the Maximum Entrophy method. C. zollingeri encounter data were obtained through data collected in the Lore Lindu Management Information System (SIMRELI) from 2019 to 2023. Environmental variables used in the modelling included NDVI, altitude, slope, land cover and distance from river. The modelling results show that 40% of the total LLNP area is highly suitable for C. zollingeri habitat, 20% of the total LLNP area is suitable for C. zollingeri habitat, and 40% of the total LLNP area is unsuitable/insufficient data. This study is important as a reference material for the management of LLNP, especially in structuring the management zone of LLNP.

Floristic composition of the local family forest in Panarung Village, a subdistrict of Bentian Besar, West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri T et B.) is a unique tree species in Kalimantan because its most durable wood and only grows in mixed lowland dipterocarp forest habitat. The purpose of this study is to examine the floristic composition, variety, and structure of the mixed ulin forest in Penarung village, subdistrict of Bentian Besar, West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan. Each sample plot was rectangular and was 125 m by 20 m in size. For the tree stage, each sample plot was divided into subplots that measured 25 m by 20 m. Each subplot measured 2 m by 2 m for seedlings, thickets, and herbs and 5 m by 5 m for saplings The Result showed the species richness was 196 species, which consisted of 147 tree species, 16 species of lianas, 13 species of herbs, 12 species of shrubs, 5 species of ferns, 2 species of rattan and 1 species of palm. The tree stage consisted of 97 species, 70 genera, and 36 families. Species diversity (H’), showed that tree and sapling stages were high 3.82 for tree and 3.92 for sapling stages, while seedlings in moderate, with H’= 2.49. Evenness (E) in the tree stage was 0.83, while sapling and seedling were 0.87 and 0.55 respectively. This forest contained 28 species of endemic, 2 species of critically endangered (CR), 2 species endangered (EN), and 10 species of vulnerable (Vu).

Ecological diversity, structure and exploitation of rattan stands according to a disturbance gradient around the Nkoltang forest, Estuary province of Gabon

This study was carried out in three areas of the peri-urban forest of the locality of Nkoltang, located 30 km from Libreville in Gabon. The purpose was to assess abundance; the species distribution, regeneration and exploitation status of the different rattan species in three areas of the Nkoltang forest. The diversity and floristic abundance of rattan stands were determined from the botanical identification of the individuals. The enumeration of the different stages of development and the mortality rates made it possible to know the structure of the stands and the state of regeneration of the resource. The abundance of cut stems made it possible to characterize the operating pressure. The results reveal that 683 rattan stems belonging to 7 species and 3 genera of rattan were inventoried in the study area. The distribution of specific abundances does not vary across forest areas. The structure of the stands shows a widespread abundance of green and vigorous stems, a low presence of mature stems. The moderately disturbed forest area supports the most diverse and abundant regeneration of rattan stands. Mining intensity is higher in the low-disturbance environment and lower in the high-disturbance environment. However, the results obtained reveal that artisanal exploitation of peri-urban forests does not seem to have any adverse effects on the abundance, structuring and regeneration of rattan stands. Local populations seem to have a low impact on the resource.

Species richness and phytogeographic affinities of rattan genus Korthalsia in Malaysia

Abstract. Shahimi S, Jamaludin AA, Ahmad A. 2023. Species richness and phytogeographic affinities of rattan genus Korthalsia in Malaysia. Biodiversitas 24: 5764-5778. The clustering climbing palm genus Korthalsia Blume (Arecaceae: Calamoideae: Calameae) is widespread in the Malesian region with 28 documented species. However, as many as 18 species are available in Malaysian rainforests. An inquiry was carried out in 2019 throughout Malaysia that included species richness and phytogeographic affinities for Korthalsia. Currently, Korthalsia is highly diverse in Sabah and Sarawak, with 15 species documented in this region, whereas 9 species are present in the Malay Peninsula. Species of Korthalsia were dominated by Korthalsia echinometra Becc., Korthalsia flagellaris Miq., Korthalsia hispida Becc., Korthalsia rigida Blume, and Korthalsia rostrata Blume, which suggests their prevalence in richness compared to being diverse; only 5 species found in all regions. The species accumulation curve indicates that this region's rattan community is moderately rich. There is an east-west separation for the distribution of rattan species in Peninsular Malaysia. This work's novelty reflects a new record for the distribution of K. hispida in Penang that indicates reductions in occurrence for known distributions. Perhaps underscores on significance and inadequacies related to continuous monitoring were responsible for efforts to develop a comprehensive understanding of the diversity, distribution, and potential discoveries for Korthalsia. This indicates risks from development because accessibility is improved and allows researchers to reach further terrain that previously could not be explored. However, despite this weakness, a correct checklist should be constructed for existing rainforests so Korthalsia dispersal, diversity, and richness can be correctly archived.

Rattan Species Inventory in Rawa Singkil Region of Conservation Forest Management Unit Area

Rawa Singkil region of Conservation Forest Management Area (KPHK) is a sanctuary for fauna teeming with an abundance of plant species. The species diversity is predominantly constituted of rattan and other non-timber forest products. This investigation seeks to compile a list of the various species of rattan found in the Rawa Singkil KPHK region. Therefore, this study was carried out in the Rawa Singkil region of KPHK were located in the Aceh Singkil Regency of Aceh Province, Indonesia. Spanning an area of 82,374 ha, this territory comprises nearly fifty percent peat ecosystem. A survey is utilized as the research strategy, with data acquisition conducted via sampling techniques. Moreover, the acquired data were subjected to descriptive analysis on the basis of morphological attributes, encompassing the following morphological characteristics: 1) the stem (including characteristics such as height, diameter, color, internode length, and thorn shape); 2) the leaf, including its length, ocrea, leaf count, leaf color, and leaf surface; 3) knee (color and outline of the knee); 4) thorn; (spine color, length of longest spines, position of spines, and length of shortest spines). Eight species of rattan were discovered in this region, i.e Plectocomia elongata Mart., Daemonorops mattanensis Becc, Daemonorops melanochaetes, Korthalsia echinometra Becc, and Calamus ornatus Blume

The indigenous art of orchid noken making by the Mee Tribe in the highland of Central Mountains, Indonesian Papua

Abstract. Runtuboi YY, Padang DA, Peday MH, Arobaya AYS, Ungirwalu A, Auri A, Dimara PA, Susanti CME, Panambe N, Benu NMH. 2023. The indigenous art of orchid noken making by the Mee Tribe in the highland of Central Mountains, Indonesian Papua. Biodiversitas 24: 3881-3890. The eastern Indonesian Papua boasts remarkable biodiversity and valuable natural resources. Despite this, there has been a lack of scientific investigation into the sustainable utilization of these resources by the diverse ethnic groups residing in Papua. This paper discusses the traditional practice of the men of the Mee Tribe, who specialize in crafting a traditional bag called orchid noken. The study aims to document and preserve the local knowledge and expertise of the Mee Tribe regarding the use of plants in their craftwork. The field study was conducted in August 2014 in the village of Bomomani, located in the Dogiyai District of Papua Province. Qualitative methods, such as interviews and participatory observation, were employed to collect data from 18 key informants selected for their knowledge of the Mee Tribe's traditional practices of orchid noken making. The study uncovered that the Mee Tribe relies on nine species of wild plants, including orchids, ferns, and rattans, as the primary raw materials for crafting noken. Specific parts of these plants are carefully selected and incorporated into the crafting process, employing different processing techniques to achieve the desired colors and textures in the final product. The findings highlight the immense significance of the orchid noken in the daily lives of the Mee Tribe. This study demonstrates that noken is a product closely associated with the local knowledge and culture of the Mee Tribe. Additionally, by documenting and understanding the Mee Tribe's traditional practices, the research contributes to the conservation of plant diversity and the preservation of Papuan cultural heritage. This study ensures the continued transmission of traditional knowledge and practices to future generations, safeguarding the invaluable cultural heritage of Papuans.

Water Absorption Characteristics of Two Rattan Species (Laccosperma Secundiflorum and Eremospatha Macrocarpa) from Fresh Water Swamp, Lagos State and Rain Forest, Edo State, Nigeria

Water Absorption is one of the properties that determine the suitability of rattan canes as structural material especially for outdoor use. This study therefore evaluated the water absorption characteristics of two rattan species (laccosperma secundiflorum and eremospatha macrocarpa) from a fresh water swamp, Arapagi village, Lagos state and rain forest-Nicholas village, Edo state in Nigeria by collecting three matured wild rattan species from each ecological location and the water absorption carried out after 24 hours and 48 hours respectively. The results show that, water absorption after 24 hours ranged from 39.63 % to 82.51%. However, water absorption after 48hours increased from 44.53 % to 93.74 %. It was also observed that water absorption after 24 hours and 48 hours increased along the axial direction from base to top. Meanwhile, the samples of the two rattan species sourced from Rain forest had lower water absorption values than Fresh water swamp. In conclusion, the two rattan species had different levels of water affinity, however, samples obtained at the base from Rain forest absorbed less water.

Analyzing lignin biosynthesis pathways in rattan using improved co-expression networks of NACs and MYBs

BackgroundThe rattan is a valuable plant resource with multiple applications in tropical forests. Calamus simplicifolius and Daemonorops jenkinsiana are the two most representative rattan species, supplying over 95% of the raw materials for the rattan industry. Hence, the wood properties of both rattans have always attracted researchers’ attention.ResultsWe re-annotated the genomes, obtained 81 RNA-Seq datasets, and developed an improved pipeline to increase the reliability of co-expression networks of both rattans. Based on the data and pipeline, co-expression relationships were detected in 11 NACs, 49 MYBs, and 86 lignin biosynthesis genes in C. simplicifolius and four NACs, 59 MYBs, and 76 lignin biosynthesis genes in D. jenkinsiana, respectively. Among these co-expression pairs, several genes had a close relationship to the development of wood properties. Additionally, we detected the enzyme gene on the lignin biosynthesis pathway was regulated by either NAC or MYB, while LACCASES was regulated by both NAC and MYB. For D. jenkinsiana, the lignin biosynthesis regulatory network was characterized by positive regulation, and MYB possible negatively regulate non-expressed lignin biosynthesis genes in stem tissues. For C. simplicifolius, NAC may positively regulate highly expressed genes and negatively regulate non-expressed lignin biosynthesis genes in stem tissues. Furthermore, we established core regulatory networks of NAC and MYB for both rattans.ConclusionsThis work improved the accuracy of rattan gene annotation by integrating an efficient co-expression network analysis pipeline, enhancing gene coverage and accuracy of the constructed network, and facilitating an understanding of co-expression relationships among NAC, MYB, and lignin biosynthesis genes in rattan and other plants.

Anatomical, Physical, Chemical, and Biological Durability Properties of Two Rattan Species of Different Diameter Classes

Rattan cane is an important forest product with economic value. Its anatomical, physical, and biological properties vary with the cane height. This makes it difficult to select the appropriate cane diameter for harvesting. Understanding the material properties of rattan cane with different diameter sizes is important to enhance its utilization and performance for different end uses. Thus, the present study was performed on two rattan species, Calamus zollingeri and Calamus ornatus, at two different cane heights (bottom/mature and top/juvenile). Calamus zollingeri was studied at diameter classes of 20 mm and 30 mm, while Calamus ornatus was analyzed at a diameter class of 15 mm. The anatomical properties, basic density, volumetric swelling, dynamic moisture sorption, and biological durability of rattan samples were studied. The results showed that C. zollingeri with a 20 mm diameter exhibited the highest basic density, hydrophobicity, dimensional stability, and durability against mold and white-rot (Trametes versicolor) fungi. As confirmed by anatomical studies, this could be due to the higher vascular bundle frequency and longer thick-walled fibers that led to a denser structure than in the other categories. In addition, the lignin content might have a positive effect on the mass loss of different rattan canes caused by white-rot decay.

Spatial distribution of rattan and indigenous perspectives vis-à-vis the growth rate of economically important rattan species in Cameroon: Sustainability and policy implications

Rattan is an important Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) with huge potential to boost socio-economic development in indigenous communities of Cameroon in particular and the entire country in general. Rattan is mainly harvested from the wild, with no involvement of stakeholders in renewing the resource, leading to resource scarcity. Insufficient knowledge on rattan distribution and growth rate in Cameroon jeopardizes the sustainable management of its resource base. It was in this context that this study was initiated to (i) determine economically important rattan species and their distribution; (ii) identify their habitats and conservation status; (iii) examine harvester's perceptions/observations on annual growth rate and age of maturity. Findings revealed that Eremospatha macrocarpa exists in all AEZs, Calamus deerratus was found in AEZ 2 & 5, Laccosperma secundiflorum, L. Robustum, was found in AEZ 3, 4, and 5 and Eremospatha wendlandiana was found only in AEZ4. They grow in diverse habitat/environments with some habitats/environments specifically suitable for some rattan species. The current conservation status of commercial rattan species identified shows Least Concern (LC), but resource scarcity is high. Most harvesters observed that rattan takes either 2–3 years (51%) or 4–5 years (35%) to attain maturity. The harvesters' observation on the annual growth rate of economic rattan species varied in relation to the species and AEZs. However, overall 25% and 23% of the respondents observed a growth rate of 2–3 m and 3–4 m respectively. Kruskal-Wallis test shows a significant variation in harvesters' observations in the different AEZs for all growth and maturity parameters of different rattan species (p < 0.05) except for the number of years it takes for rattan to attain maturity (p > 0.05)”. All five economically important rattan species are widely distributed in the Southern part of Cameroon. The availability of E. macrocarpa in all zones indicates its great adaptation to different climatic and ecological conditions. Increasing the rattan resource base will involve its domestication, especially in the southern part of Cameroon where all rattan species thrive. The findings of this study are important for policymakers and development planners who seek to ensure the sustainable harvesting and management of the rattan resource base in Cameroon.

Effect of Boiling Times on Polyphenol, Flavonoid, Tannin, Vitamin C and β-carotene contents of African Asparagus (Laccosperma secundiflorum): Their Contribution to Overall Antioxidant Activity

Aims: Laccosperma secundiflorum is a very important rattan species for certain populations in the Ivory Coast. They use the apical meristem in their food and the stems to make various items such as furniture, carpets and baskets etc. However, there is a gap in the study of its nutritional value and its nutritional potential before and after boiling.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Science and Technology (UFR-STA), University nangui abrogoua, between December 2019 and November 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: African asparagus was boiled for 5, 10 and 15 minutes respectively. The effect of boiling on the total polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, vitamin C and β-carotene contents, and further on the antioxidant activity of the heart of rattan palm (African asparagus) was studied quantitatively at this different times. Standardized methods were adopted for phytochemical, antioxidant activity of this samples.&#x0D; Results: Vitamin C content, which was estimated initially at 37.04 g/100 dry matter, decreased as the cooking time in water increased. Indeed, it is noted 40, 72, and 81% of loss respectively for the cooking times of 5, 10, and 15 min in the water. Also, these different heat treatments affected the β- carotene content of African asparagus with losses ranging from 76.80 to 84%. Polyphenols were also affected by cooking. The values obtained were 5104.80 mg GAE/100g for fresh African asparagus, 5284.09 mg GAE/100g for 5 min cooking (CE5), 5233.31 mg GAE/100g for 10 min cooking (CE10), and 3536.44 mg GAE/100g for 15 min cooking (CE15). On the other hand, the tannin content of fresh African asparagus was 1954.84 mg/100g DM. However, this rate decreased continuously with heating and was estimated at 1699.93 mg/100g DM, 1429.977548 mg/100g DM, and 1035.42 mg/100g DM respectively for CE5, CE10, and CE15 samples with losses of 13.04, 26.85 and 47.03% respectively. For flavonoids, the losses were varied from 7.41 and 19.92%. In our study, the scavenging activity was found to be highest in the fresh sample, followed by CE15 and CE5.&#x0D; Conclusion: Finally, boiling reduces the levels of the different parameters studied, but the antioxidant activity of African asparagus increased at the end of the 15 min heat treatment. However, a cooking time of less than or equal to 5 min in water can be advantageous for the consumer.

Diversity of Rattan Species in Production Forest in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

This study aims to explain the diversity of rattan species from production forests in Central Sulawesi. Data collection was carried out with a strip random sampling scheme, in which the sampled strips were 20 x 100 m. Our observation revealed that in the production forest area in Parigi Moutong and Sigi Regencies about 17 species of rattan were identified, which were divided into two genera, each with 14 species of Calamus and 3 species of Daemonorops. The distribution of eleven species was uniform, the distribution of four species was not uniform, and three species had a clumped distribution. The importance of each species varies. There are 8 species with a relatively high mean importance value: Calamus zollingerii (36.62), Calamus ornatus var. celebicus Becc. (24.62), Calamus oodersianus Becc. (23.56), Calamus ornatus var. celebicus Becc. (lambang) (23.49), Calamus didymocarpus (Mart) Becc. (22.99), Calamus inops Becc. (22.25), Calamus sp. (sambuta) (18.00), and Calamus lejocaulis Becc. (15.82), while C. minahassae (dato) has the lowest importance value (6.05). It disclosed, the number of species and distribution of rattan in the production forest of the Central Sulawesi are relatively high and varies.

Kemungkinan Pemanfaatan Beberapa Jenis Rotan Non Komersial Ditinjau Dari Sifat-Sifat Fisik Mekanik

This research was conducted to determine the basic properties of rattan which are related to the possibility of its use, which are physical-mechanical properties consisting of moisture content, density, parallel tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. There were 12 species of non-commercial rattan studied, 11 species included in the small diameter rattan category (&lt;18 mm diameter) and 1 species belonging to the large diameter rattan category (&gt; 18 mm diameter), namely Daemonorops korthlasii Blume. Based on the results of the tests carried out, there are three species of non-commercial rattan that have similar or similar basic properties to commercial rattan, namely Calamus conirostris Becc., Korthalsia ferox Becc., and Calamus muricatus Becc.

Studi Variasi Morfologi Jenis Rotan Penghasil Jernang (Daemonorops spp.) Di Kecamatan Kuta Panang Kabupaten Aceh Tengah

Kuta Panang is a sub-district in Central Aceh Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Weh Nongkal Toa Village is one of the villages in Kuta Panang District with an area of ± 19,000 ha of Weh Nongkal Toa village. This study aims to identify the morphological characters of the rattan species that produces Daemonorops spp. and analyzing and comparing the significant differences in the morphological characters of Daemonorops spp. The object of the research was the rattan producing jernang ( Daemonorops spp.) Which consisted of three types, namely Daemonorops draco (Wild.) Blume, Daemonorops mattanensis Becc,Daemonorops didymophylla Becc. The method used in this research is to use qualitative and quantitative data research variables in which there are morphological characters in, 1). stem; (upright, plant height, stem diameter, number of stems, the length of the stem, stem color, segment length ( Internode ). 2). leaf; (leaf length, number of leaves, leaf color). 3). fruit; (fruit color, fruit diameter, number of fruits). 4). thorns; (thorn position, shortest thorn length, longest thorn, thorn color). ANOVA analysis was used as an analytical tool to test the research hypothesis whether there was an average difference between groups and the Bnt test to obtain the smallest significant difference. The results of quantitative data on stem height: D. draco 4 - 6 m, D. mattanensis 2 - 4 m,D. didymophylla 1 - 3 m, the length of the bunch, namely D. draco 3 - 4 m, D. mattanensis 1 - 3 m, and D. didymophylla 1 - 2 m. Stem diameter: D. draco 6-8 cm, D. mattanensis 3-6 cm, and D. didymophylla 1-3 cm. Internodes length: D. draco 15 - 40 cm, D. mattanensis 10 - 35 cm and D. didymophylla 8 - 30 cm. Leaf length: D. draco 30-45 cm, D. mattanensis 30-38 cm, and D. didymophylla 26-30 cm. Fruit diameter: D. draco 4 - 6 cm, D. mattanensis 2 - 4 cm, andD. didymophylla 2 - 3 cm. Long spines: D. draco 2 - 4 cm, D. mattanensis 2 - 3 cm, and D. didymophylla 1 - 2 cm. ANOVA test that was significantly different, namely the quantitative morphological characters of stem height, stem diameter length, bunch length, internode length, leaf length, and fruit diameter showed significantly different results between the three types of rattan producing jernang ( Daemonorops spp.), Whereas Morphological characters on the number of stems, number of leaves, number of fruit, length of the shortest thorn, and length of the longest thorn showed no significant difference between the three types of Daemonorops.spp. The very significant LSD test was the quantitative morphological characters of stem height, stem diameter, bunch length, internode length, leaf length, and fruit diameter.

KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN POTENSI ROTAN DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM BULUH CINA DESA BULUH CINA KABUPATEN KAMPAR

Rattan is a non-timber forest product that had very high economic value. This study aims to identify the diversity of rattan species and determine the pattern of rattan distribution found in Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park, Buluh Cina Village, Kampar District. The benefits of this research were as a source of knowledge and information about the diversity of rattan species in Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park. The types of data collected in this study were primary data and secondary data. The stages of this research was the position of the track or transect in the field determined using the Purposive Sampling Method. Data analysis in this study was descriptive. The diversity of rattan species in the Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park, includes six types of rattan, namely Rattan Getah (Daemonorops angistofolia), Rattan Water Sago (Calamus axillaris), Rattan Sago Air (Calamus caesius), Rattan Cacing (Calamus cilliaris), Rattan Cimoti (Calamus sp) and Rattan Tunggal (Calamus sp), with the value of diversity index 1.03 was clasified as low. The pattern of distribution of rattan was grouped (aggregate), this is because the value of Id on each observation line more than 1 species.

Population of Potential Rattan in Bukit Tiban Protection Forest, Batam, Indonesia

Rattan is one of the promising non-timber forest products which grow widely in Indonesia. The occurrence of rattan species, especially the commercial species, is threatened due to illegal over-exploitation. The study has been done in the Bukit Tiban Protection Forest (BTPF) to investigate the occurrence of rattan species and observe the characteristic of morphology properties and their utilization. In this study, a descriptive exploration method was applied and we performed an interview with local people in the field regarding the utilization. Morphological characteristics observed including habitus, leaves (such as color, leaflets, leaf arrangement, knee, ocrea, and climbing organ/cirrus/flagellum), and fruit. The identification key, illustrations, as well as the diagnostic character of each species were presented. Ten species of rattans were found in the BTPF, namely Calamus sp.1 ( Daemonorops verticillaris (Griff.) Martius), Calamus sp.2 ( Calamus rugosus Beccari), rotan sabut ( Daemonorops sabut Beccari), rotan buah kecil ( Daemonorops didymophylla Beccari), Plectocomia sp. ( Plectocomia elongate Martius ex Blume), rotan bukit ( Daemonorops sepal Beccari), rotan dahan ( Korthalsia rostrata Blume), Calamus sp.5 ( Calamus spectatissimus Furtado), Calamus sp. ( Daemonorops longipes (Griff.) Martius), and Calamus sp.6 ( Calamus tanakadatei Furtado). Those ten species of rattan are potentially used for handicrafts, basketry, and ropes. Only five of ten species of rattan have been used commercially.