Rattan Species Research Articles

RASIO SEKS JERNANG ( Daemonorops draco (Willd.)Blume) PADA POPULASI ALAMI DAN BUDIDAYA: IMPLIKASI UNTUK PRODUKSI BIJI

Jernang ( Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume) is a dioecious rattan species that produces resin on female individuals. The sex of jernang can only be identified from its inflorescences morphology. Sex survey was conducted in 5 populations of jernang, 3 populations of which in the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park (BTNP), 1 population in the secondary forest in Jambi province and 1 population in the area of rubber plantation in Jambi province. Chi-Squared test on the sex ratio of jernang showed that the ratio of the male to female in their natural habitat (Bengayoan and Tebo, 2 parts of the BTNP ecosystem and the Sepintun secondary forest) was distorted from the normal ratio of 1:1, while the cultivated jernang in Nunusan population (BTNPT) and Mandiangin were not significantly different from the normal sex ratio of 1:1. Female individuals from the cultivated population in the Mandiangin (planted in 1997) has an average number of stems per clump more on individual males (27.12) than females (26.92). The result of this study indicated that the D. draco has a good reproductive strategy and thus suitable for cultivation.

PENGGUNAAN BAHAN FINISHING PADA ROTAN NON KOMERSIAL SEBAGAI BAHAN KERAJINAN

Development of the rattan furniture industry today is quite fast although the amount of raw materials are decreasing, especially in commersial rattan commodities such as Manau, Irit, Taman, Sega, etc. Their price is quite expensive too five species of rattan were used as research materials. There are Manau (Calamus mettanensis Becc), Toho (Calamus sp), Galang (Daemonorops verticilaris Griff Mart), Hijau (Calamus sp) and simpurut (Calamus panajuga Becc). For finishing materials, clear glass melamine (ML 131 and NC 141) were used in this research with three different immersion timer for 24 hours, 36 hours and 48 hours long. An immersion method without using any finishing materials was done as control materials. Result show that the average of volume expansion of rattan speseis using NC 141 are 1,56-3,16% in Marau; 1,36-2,91%; in Toho; 2,01-3,05% in Galang; 2,12-3,20% in Hijau and 1,90-2,14 in Simpurut. In the other hand, the average of volume expansion of rattan species using melamin ML 131 are 1,27-2,58% in Marau; 1,46-2,51% in Toho; 2,30-3,23% in galang; 1,10-2,79% in Hijau and 1,45-2,55% in Simpurut. In control materials the average of expantion volume in 5 species rattans is 2,53-3,99%. From those results, the best method was shown in using NC 141 which can prevent the volume expansion and give great influence in volume expansion value.Keywords: rattan, finishing material, melamine ML 131, melamine NC 141, volume expantion.

Production, Economics, Employment Generation and Marketing Pattern of Rattan-Based Cottage Enterprises: A Case Study from an Urban Area of North-Eastern Bangladesh

Rattan, an important non-timber forest product, is a flexible palm used in weaving baskets or furniture. Rattan is light yet sturdy, making it suitable for furniture that can be moved often. Bangladesh has a large number of rattan-based enterprises. This paper reports a case study carried out in Sylhet City Corporation of north-eastern Bangladesh, exploring the production, financial profitability and marketing of rattan-based products, and the problems and priorities of rattan-based enterprises as well as their potential contribution to employment opportunity. A sample survey was conducted of 58 randomly selected rattan-based enterprises with entrepreneurs personally interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Based on the total investment, the enterprises were divided into large, medium and small categories. Three origins of rattan (Local, Myanmar and Indonesia) and five species were used by the enterprises to produce 29 rattan-based product types. Rattan products were divided into three basic categories, viz. domestic utensils, domestic decorative articles and others for which uses are not specific. Among the three rattan origins, processing cost of local and Myanmar rattan species products was less and more articles were sold than for Indonesia rattan species. Financial analysis indicated that rattan-based enterprises are a profitable and attractive option for local socio-economic development. Entrepreneurs’ views on major problems and issues in rattan-based product trading and suggested measures to improve the condition of rattan-based enterprises also collected. Rattan-based enterprises will generate more domestic revenue, foreign exchange and employment if policies are adopted to provide the enterprises with a reliable source of raw materials and technical and financial assistance from Government to NGOs to sell the products, and expand market facilities in both local and international markets.

Estimation of nuclear DNA content of various bamboo and rattan species

We determined the nuclear DNA content (genome size) of over 35 accessions each of bamboo and rattan species from Southeast Asia. The 2C DNA per nucleus was quantified by flow cytometry. The fluorescence of nuclei isolated from the leaves and stained with propidium iodide was measured. The genome size of the bamboo species examined was between 2.5 and 5.9 pg DNA per 2C nucleus. The genome size of the rattan species examined ranged from 1.8 to 10.5 pg DNA per 2C nucleus. This information will be useful for scientists working in diverse areas of plant biology such as biotechnology, biodiversity, genome analysis, plant breeding, physiology and molecular biology. Such data may be utilized to attempt to correlate the genome size with the ploidy status of bamboo species in cases where ploidy status has been reported.

PEMANFAATAN ROTAN NON KOMERSIAL SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU MEBEL DITINJAU DARI SIFAT FISIS DAN MEKANIS

Rattan in good quality is curently difficult to obtain and it price is quite expensive. So, it is needed to utilize non commercial rattan as substitute material. By identification of basic characteristics , such as phisical, mechanical, chemical and anatomy structure, every species of non commercial rattan can be used appropriately. The objectives of this research is to optimize utilization non commercial rattan as subtitute material and develop rattan manufacturing industry especially by identivication of the physical and mechanical characteristics. Five (5) rattan species studied here are marau (Calamus mettanensis Becc), toho (Calamus spp), galang (Daemonorops verticilaris Griff Mart), hijau (Calamus spp. and simpurut (Calamus panajuga Becc) whic derived from central Kalimantan. The research result based on physical characteristic rang for diameter is between 6,2 – 27,2 mm, inter-segment length 10 – 28 cm, moisture content 12,50 – 16,48 % and density 1,03 – 1,61 gr/cm3. While mechanical characteristics range for modulus of elasticity is between 364,03 – 1934,29 kg/cm2, compression strenth 127,55 – 441,04 kg/cm2 and tensile strength 197,34 – 394,20 kg/cm2. Those rattan species can be optimized as craft industry raw material especialy for furniture and rattan matting.Keywords: rattans, physical, mechanical, craft.

Elevational patterns of species richness and density of rattan palms (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

We studied species richness and density of rattan palms in 50 plots of 10 × 100 m2 each between 250 m and 2420 m in eight sites in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi. Rattans were observed in all sample sites, representing three genera and 34 species. The elevational patterns for species richness and density were humped-shaped with maxima around 1000 m. Polynomial models of second order explained 59 and 32% of species richness and density with the factor elevation, respectively. A majority of rattan species (65%) overlapped between 1000 and 1100 m elevation, while a pronounced change in the rattan flora occurred above 1100 m. Commercially important rattan species (Calamus zollingeri, C. ornatus var. celebicus, Daemonorops macroptera) were not observed above 1250 m. The change of species assemblage was significantly related to elevation (56%), followed by geographical distance (47%) and precipitation (40%). Less than 10% of LLNP is lowland forests, much of which is threatened by agricultural intensification. In contrast, montane forests are well represented in the park and high elevation forests are not subject to agricultural conversion or intensive harvesting of rattan and other forest products.

Status of some species of rattans in the forests of the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India

The rattans of Peninsular India belong to only one genus namely Calamus and of the 21 species reported here, 20 are from the western Ghats Forests. Of these, the status of Calamus delessertianus and Calamus rheedei is uncertain and of the remaining 18 species 15 are endemic to the Western Ghats. Among the five states falling within the jurisdiction of the Western Ghats, Karnataka has the maximum number of Calamus species (13), of which 11 are endemic to the Western Ghats. Of these, three species namely, Calamus lacciferus, Calamus lakshmanae andCalamus prasinus are restricted only to Karnataka Region of the Western Ghats. Of the 13 species of Calamus occurring in Karnataka, 12 are found in Kodagu District. Studies undertaken to determine the status of rattans in some cane rich forests of Kodagu, Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada Districts of Karnataka by belt transect method have revealed that Sampaje, Karike and Makut in Kodagu District, Subramanya and Charmadi in Dakshina Kannada District and Anantavadi (Honnavar) in Uttara Kannada District are rich in some species of rattans including those endemic to the Western Ghats. The population of C. lakshmanae (restricted only to Karnataka) is high in Sampaje Forest, C. prasinus (restricted only to Karnataka) is high in Karike Forest and Calamus stoloniferus (restricted to Karnataka and Maharashtra) is very high in Makut Forest of Kodagu District. In Dakshina Kannada District, Calamus nagabettai is well distributed in about 25 km radius around Subramanya, while Charmadi area possesses a rich population ofCalamus thwaitesii and fairly good representations of C. prasinus, C. pseudotenuisand C. nagabettai. The density of population of Calamus karnatakensis (restricted to Karnataka and Goa) is very high in Anantavadi Forests near Honnavar. Key words: Western Ghats, Karnataka, Calamus sp., Daemonorops sp., Plectocomia sp., Korthalsia.

Identification of a DNA marker linked to sex determination in Calamus tenuis Roxb., an economically important rattan species in northeast India

Calamus tenuis (Roxb.), a versatile, dioecious rattan species predominant in northeast India, has emerged as an economical material for light furniture and cottage industries. For the genetic improvement of the species, it is essential to be able to recognize male and female plants at the seedling stage. Screening of genomic DNA with inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers was used to discover sex-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products. Thirty ISSR primers were screened on female and male C. tenuis plants from five different provinces of Assam, India. A putative female-specific marker was identified. The applicability of ISSR-PCR analysis for development of sex-linked molecular markers in Calamus is discussed.

A male-specific SCAR marker in Calamus simplicifolius, a dioecious rattan species endemic to China

A male-specific SCAR marker (CsMale1) was developed in the dioecious rattan species Calamus simplicifolius. The marker was 509 bp in size and had a GC content of 50.1%. The sequence contained two open reading frames, indicating that CsMale1 represented probably a coding genome region. No highly similar sequence was found within the GenBank database. The SCAR marker could be used for precise and quick identification of plant sex types in C. simplicifolius, especially at very early developmental stages.

Some Common Non-Timber Forest Products Traded by Indigenous Community in Sabah, Malaysia

The survey showed that a total number of 109 species of NTFPs were traded locally in the t amu (open market), comprising 35 species of wild edible plants, 32 species of medicinal plants, 8 species of orchids, 4 species of bamboos, 6 species of rattans, 8 species of fish, 8 species of wild fruit trees and 8 species of other products. This survey covered ten most common tamu and major ethnic groups in Sabah, mainly Kadazandusun, Rungus and Murut.

Compatibility of Calamus deerratus and Lacosperma secundiflorum Rattan Particles with Ordinary Portland Cement

An investigation was conducted to determine the optimum water to cement ratio for a locally manufactured Portland cement for use in wood composites. The effects of pre-processing and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the compatibility of two rattan canes (Calamus deerratus and Lacosperma secundiflorum) with cement were also assessed using the compatibility factor (CA) approach. An optimum water: cement ratio of 0.45 was obtained. Generally the two rattan species were compatible with cement. The CA factors increased with increasing levels of CaCl2 concentration (65.2% to 101.5% for C. deerratus and 71.2% to 103.5% for L. secundiflorum at 0 to 3% concentrations). Removal of the silified epidermis (pre-processing) had more significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on the compatibility of C. deerratus with cement than in the L. secundiflorum species. Also, the particles of the Lacosperma species were more compatible with cement than those of the Calamus species probably due to the anatomy and other variations in the two species.Keywords: Rattan, Calcium chloride, cement compatibility

Demography of Calamus brandisii Becc. Ex Becc. & Hook.f., an endangered rattan species at Agasthyamalai and its conservation

Calamus brandisii Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f. is an endangered Rattan species of the Agasthyamalai region in Kerala. This species is extracted in large scale for the furniture as well as the handicraft industries and the population is decreasing very rapidly. Hence conservation strategies and management practices should be developed to protect this species and for its sustainable use. Demographic studies were carried out to find out which life stage of the population is adversely affected. Results show that there is an annual decrease of 61 per cent in the population. Sensitivity and elasticity analyses reveal that sub adult stage is more important in the conservation point of view. The adult survival rate is very low. The number of flowering plants and the number of fruits produced by each plant are very low which affects the seedling generation. The germination percentage of seeds under natural condition also is very low. Seedlings contribute only 4.65 per cent of the population. Since Agasthyamalai is a famous pilgrimage center, human interference also may be a major factor acting adversely in the population. Hence, in the conservation strategies for this species importance should be given to seedlings, sub adult and adult plants. It is better to collect the fruits at maturity, germinate and transplant them in a protected area since natural regeneration is scanty. In situ and ex situ conservations are equally important for this endangered species.

Local knowledge and management of simpukng (forest gardens) among the Dayak people in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Among the Dayak people in East Kalimantan, simpukng (“forest gardens”) are an important component of their traditional farming systems. Simpukng is managed secondary forests in which selected species of fruits, rattan, bamboo, timber and other plants are planted. While most are owned by families and passed down from one generation to the next, some are managed on a communal basis. Complex customary Dayak rules exist that control the use and inheritance of these forests that help to avoid over-exploitation of resources. There is clear gender division of labour among Dayak in the management of simpukng that provide a range of products – for household consumption and sale and for customary rituals – fruits, vegetables, medicines, fire wood, honey, rattan, bamboos, and timber. Local knowledge about the more highly valued species are discussed. These indigenous forest garden systems are currently under threat from large-scale mining and logging activities; conflicts between local and external agencies are unfortunately frequent. This paper examines the development and management of simpukng in four Dayak villages in East Kalimantan and their implications on sustainable management of natural resources, with particular emphasis on the role of local knowledge of some of the more highly valued species and the current challenges faced by these communities in maintaining their traditional agroforest management practices.

Chemical properties of different rattan species traded in Central Sulawesi Province

The aim of this study was to undstand chemical properties of different rattan species traded in Central Sulawesi Province. The chemical of rattan were tested according to SII.1657-85 for wich character of holoselulosa, SII.0443-81 for wich character of -selulosa, SII.0528-81 for wich character of lignin, and SII.1292.85 for wich character of silica. The study indicated that chemical properties of rattan varied amongst the species. The differences are supposed to have important criteria in identifying different species of rattan species traded in Central Sulawesi. Based on the result the highest quality of rattan is Calamus inops and the lowest is Calamus ornatus var. celebicus (lambang).© 2008 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: chemical, rattan, traded.

Mechanical role of the leaf sheath in rattans

Leaf sheaths of rattans are long, tubular and persistent and unlike many self-supporting palms, extend far from the apex of the plant. The mechanical role of the leaf sheath was investigated in eight rattan species of the subfamily Calamoideae. The main objective was to analyse its influence on the mechanical architecture and contribution to the climbing habit. Bending mechanical properties were measured along climbing axes before and after removal of leaf sheaths. Results were related to stem and leaf sheath geometry and mechanical properties. Contribution of the leaf sheath to axial flexural rigidity was high (c. 90%) in the early stages of growth and towards the apex of older climbing axes for all climbing palms tested. Senescence and loss of the leaf sheath strongly influenced axial stiffness. A nonclimbing species, Calamus erectus, showed a different mechanical architecture. Although lacking secondary growth, palms have been able to develop successful climbers with a mechanical architecture broadly analogous to, although developmentally different from, dicotyledonous lianas. The role of the leaf sheath in modulating mechanical properties during ontogeny ought not to be neglected in studies on monocotyledons, as it possibly contributed significantly to the ways in which different growth forms have evolved in the group.

Species diversity, abundance, and vertical size structure of rattans in Borneo and Java

We studied rattan communities in four forest types in Borneo and Java to clarify the pattern of species diversity and vegetation structure. Within six plots of 4.82 ha in total, we found 42 rattan species in six genera with 4,736 stems (≥20 cm long). There was a significant positive correlation between rattans and trees in species diversity, decreasing in the order mixed dipterocarp (for rattans: Shannon–Wiener diversity index, H′ = 2.87–3.34) > alluvial (1.96) > lower montane (1.43) > peat swamp forests (1.34). This pattern coincided with the diversity of the regional flora. The density of rattan stems (ha–1) decreased in the order lower montane (5,997) > mixed dipterocarp (598–992) > alluvial (592) > peat swamp forests (162). The maximum height of rattans would be determined by the canopy height, rather than by the maximum tree height. The rattan stem volume ranged from 0.25 to 1.88 m3 ha−1 and was not correlated with the stem density. The cool montane climate seemed to decrease the maximum height of rattans, and a few small rattans made denser colonies. Swampy environments apparently suppressed the survival of non-climbing rattans strongly, but that of tall climbing rattans less so.

Ontogenetic development in architecture and biomass allocation of 13 rattan species in Indonesia

Rattans are climbing, nonbranching palms with diverse growth forms ranging from stems that remain at the forest floor to stems that reach the canopy. We analyzed changes in architecture and biomass allocation during ontogenetic development of 13 Indonesian species in the genera Calamus, Ceratolobus, Daemonorops, Korthalsia, and Plectocomiopsis. Species included both nonclimbers (<5 m tall maximum) and climbers (10 to 50 m tall). Nonclimbers retain a rosette form--that is, thick, short internodes with length/internode diameter ratio <10 but with long petioles--throughout their lives. Leaf and internode shapes of climbers at the early stage resemble those of nonclimbers, but internodes later become longer (internode length/diameter ratio > or =10) and petioles become shorter and developed one of two kinds of climbing organs at the adult stage. These developmental changes reduce self-shading within the crown. Some climbers have dwarf blades at the early stage and skip the rosette form. Principal component analysis of biomass allocation indicated that growth strategies to attain the adult stage are diverse. These results suggest that rattans reach maturity at different phases along a series of ontogenetic development stages and generate diverse growth forms.

Rattan sector in Hainan Island, China: a case study

Hainan Island is the biggest supplier of domestic rattan canes in China and is considered the best area to develop rattan plantation in large-scale. This paper discusses the rattan production in Hainan Island on the basis of comprehensively collected information on rattan through interviewing with farmers, middle man, manufacture and official, on-site observation and literatures. The stock of available rattan is more than 25×106kg, but the real production annually is 4×105 kg. The area of rattan plantation established during 2000–2005 was about 10 000 hm2, however, they don not produce yet. Four indigenous rattan species (C. Simplicifolius, C. Faberii, C. Tetradactylus, D. margaritae) and three kinds of exotic canes are mainly utilized in Hainan island. Large quality of canes is treated as timber regulated by government, tax should be paid and a license should be applied from the government if canes are transport out of Hainan Island. The production-to-consumption flow of rattan in Hainan Island was drawn out based on the investigation. Constraints and advantages of the rattan sector in Hainan are identified and recommendations are proposed finally.

The Rattan Trade of Northern Myanmar: Species, Supplies, and Sustainability

Abstract Although Myanmar exports millions of dollars of rattan cane each year, the last systematic treatment of rattans in this country was done over 100 years ago, and virtually nothing has been written about the collection and trade of this important forest resource. Here we report the results from a study of rattans in the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve in northern Myanmar. A total of 15 species of rattan were encountered; seven species are new records for Myanmar and two species are new to science. Inventory transects revealed that the density of commercial rattans in local forests averages 40.5 canes ≥4 m long/hectare. Populations of all species appear to be actively regenerating. The current pattern of rattan exploitation, however, is largely uncontrolled and will eventually lead to resource depletion unless some form of management is implemented.

Bond strenght in concrete of canes from three rattan species

No Abstract. Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 4(2) 2004: 1-5