Rational Use Of Water Research Articles

Morphophysiology of buffel grass grown under different water supplies in the dry and dry-rainy seasons

ABSTRACT The lack of information on the growth of forage grasses in semi-arid environment, especially from the perspective of irrigation, is one of the obstacles to regular forage supply, as well as to the rational use of irrigation water. The objective with this study was to evaluate the leaf gas exchanges, biomass flow and structural characteristics of buffel grass cultivar Gayndah under different water supplies (30, 60, 90 and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration - ETo) during the dry season and dry-rainy season, in completely randomized design in a split-plot scheme with three repetitions. The experiment was conducted in Sobral, CE, Brazil (3° 45’ 00.77” S and 40° 20’ 38.55” W, altitude of 101 m) from September 2015 to January 2016. A higher photosynthetic rate was verified during the dry season, evidencing the adaptability of buffel grass to environments with water restriction. Overall, the best morphogenic and structural characteristics and the biomass production were observed in the dry season. The 90% ETo regime leads to maximum amount of forage accumulation, whereas the 30% ETo allows the maintenance of the cultivar Gayndah of buffel grass in a state of latency during the dry season.

Раціональне водокористування як чинник національної безпеки України

Раціональне водокористування як чинник національної безпеки України

Digital interface device for field soil hydraulic conductivity measurement

Accurate and reliable measurements of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) are essential for accurate determinations of soil and solution water fluxes. Kfs is a crucial parameter to design drainage, irrigation systems and many other environmental, agricultural and industrial installations Reynolds et al. (1983). There is a high demand for Kfs data. Its evaluation is preferable to be done in situ. A popular device to measure the Kfs is the head well permeameter such as the Guelph Permeameter. However, it is an analog equipment based on a Mariotte’s bottle that requires full attention and training to be manually operated, where the reading of the flux values (Q, in cm3/min) is time-consuming and costly. In this paper, we describe a device, with a digital readout, to measure the steady state rate of water level change Rs, in order to obtain Qs and Kfs. The method is based on the monitoring of the vacuum variation of the Mariotte’s bottle. Our results show no statistical differences between the measurements values of manual and automatic recording using paired t-test. In addition, our device identifies measurement artifacts due to the variation of the ambient temperature during measurements. The necessary accuracy for the digitalization method becomes feasible due to the availability of accurate piezoelectric transducers (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System – MEMS). Automating and digitizing these processes will reduce time, costs and increase the accuracy and availability of data. The device can be directly adapted to commercially available head well permeameters as shown in our experimental results. The more widespread use and understanding of this parameter can improve the rational use of water for irrigation and use in risk models for forecasting available soil water and therefore crop productivity.

ПРИРОДНЫЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ В КИТАЙСКОМ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ

When the term "Health" is gradually reinterpreted, the West proposes a new model: health is the sum of the States of the body, mind, society and the environment, and emphasizes the influence of the environment and society on the body and mind. The protection of the environment is the most comprehensive and all-round enabling factor for human health in human settlements, not only in the immediate period but also in the longer term. The importance of sunlight, microclimate, air quality is indicated. This paper lists methods for the rational use of natural light, air, water, energy and plants. They correspond to modern ecological standards of the environment favorable for the person, especially in design techniques and use of materials respect for the nature is shown, all of them Express care and attention to life. Tip: Chinese traditional construction not only meets the needs of people in the living space, but also from a psychological point of view, also has a beneficial effect. It is also a commitment to health and longevity that fully reflects the hard work and wisdom of the Chinese nation. Today, when environmental health is especially valued, the idea of traditional project philosophy will become the cultural core.

The Problems in the Process of Modeling of Water Use Systems

The problems of methods of rational water use consideration actual today. Mathematical models of water use systems possess a great number of the features allocating them in an independent class of models of applied character. This specificity is caused, first of all, by features of modeled objects, the importance of water, its dual character. Water is, on the one hand, a natural renewed resource for economic activities, and on the other hand, - one of elements of inhabitancy of the person and life existence on the Earth. Thereof circumstances urged to provide natural-technical systems of water use not only economic requirements of society, but also to realize all necessary ecological (nature protection) functions. Mathematical modeling of water use systems represents multidimensional procedure of construction of the cooperating versatile problems submitting to principle of stage-by-stage detailed elaboration. Thus objects of modeling are difficult organized multi component hierarchical dynamic operated systems functioning in the conditions of stochasticity of natural processes, and also step-type behavior and uncertainty of some parameters. Keywords: Mathematical Modeling, Preservation of Water Resources, Water-economic Systems, Water Use Systems

Rational water use by applying regulated deficit and partial root-zone drying irrigation techniques in tomato under arid conditions

Rational water use by applying regulated deficit and partial root-zone drying irrigation techniques in tomato under arid conditions

Estimation of quantitative spatial and temporal distribution for groundwater storage in agricultural basin of Korea: implications for rational water use

Assessment of spatio-temporal variability in groundwater storage (GWS) is critical for effective water resource planning and management with rational groundwater use. Haean Basin comprising 64 km2 area, mainly depends on groundwater for agricultural, domestic and other water uses. For quantification of GWS variability, sufficient field-based hydrological data of the ongoing decade (2011–2017) were interpolated in ArcGIS, to give reliable results. Despite satellite remote sensing having advantages in the field of hydrology, the limitation of accessibility at larger spatial resolution (~ 200,000 km2) is making it non-applicable for fine-scale observations. From the surface area, saturated thickness and specific yield of aquifer, a decline of 33 million cubic meters in GWS volume was indicated from 230 to 197 during the observed 6 years. An observable drop (4.6 m) in the mean water level due to increased water use (0.49 MCM) during this decade is responsible for the change in the mean groundwater level. A changing water level can change the surface area and saturated thickness of aquifer that have a positive correlation with GWS, and act as main controlling factors for GWS change. An annual recharge of 0.14 m to the total amount of GWS is near negligible, considering the long-term sustainability of groundwater resource. A shift towards more use of surface water, and limited drilling of groundwater wells is recommended for rational water use. The findings of this study will provide basic knowledge for relating studies, specifically which are based on small (local) scale distribution of groundwater resource.

Assessment of urban groundwater: towards integrated hydrogeological and effects-based monitoring

Urban groundwater is a core resource to human health, and well-being, decisive for sustainable development. Extreme weather events and active release of man-made chemicals are increasing groundwater scarcity and loss of quality around the world. Surface and subsurface release of chemical contaminants are among the most compromising activities. Groundwater management thus requires sound monitoring assessment, supporting decision making to control contamination and assist rational water use as well. Integrated monitoring assessment, encompassing chemical and ecotoxicological tools, is nowadays recognised as the most effective to protect and manage water systems. Nevertheless, groundwater assessment is still relying mostly on hydrogeochemical and chemical analyses only. This approach is useful to identify the presence of pollutants and important ionic elements, and groundwater nature for different purposes. However, these analytical techniques are often very expensive, performed at researcher request and give limited or null information about detrimental effects of chemicals on the biota, as well as toxicological interactions of chemicals occurring in complex mixtures of contaminants frequently found in groundwater. Through research development and validation, a series of effect-based tools are now available for use in integrated chemical and biological evaluations. Cost effective in vitro and/or in vivo bioassays, as well as biomarkers, addressing different modes of action can be selected for suitable surveillance, operational or investigative monitoring. This work provides a synthesis of valuable effect-based tools suitable for integrated quality evaluation and presents an example of integrated assessment (hydrogeological, effects-based assays, GIS-based mapping) of an urban groundwater system in a fissured bedrock medium (Porto, NW Portugal) and its management advantages tackling water scarcity.

Hyperspectral remote sensing of grapevine drought stress

In karst landscapes stony soils have little water holding capacity; the rational use of water for irrigation therefore plays an important management role. Because the water holding capacity is not homogenous, precision agriculture approaches would enable better management decisions. This research was carried out in an experimental vineyard grown in an artificially transformed karst terrain in Dalmatia, Croatia. The experimental design included four water treatments in three replicates: (1) fully irrigated, based on 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc) application (N100); (2 and (3) deficit irrigation, based on 75% and 50% ETc applications (N75 and N50, respectively); and (4) non-irrigated (N0). Hyperspectral images of grapevines were taken in the summer of 2016 using two spectral-radiance (W sr−1 m−2) calibrated cameras, covering wavelengths from 409 to 988 nm and 950 to 2509 nm. The four treatments were grouped into a new set consisting of: (1) drought (N0); and (2) irrigated (the remaining three treatments: N100, N75, and N50). The images were analyzed using Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), and treatments were classified using PLS-Single Vector Machines (PLS-SVM). PLS-SVM demonstrated the capability to determine levels of grapevine drought or irrigated treatments with an accuracy of more than 97%. PLS-DA identified relevant wavelengths, which were linked to O–H, C–H, and N–H stretches in water, carbohydrates and proteins. The study presents the applicability of hyperspectral imaging for drought stress assessment in grapevines, even though temporal variability needs to be taken into account for early detection.

К вопросу рационального использования водных и земельных ресурсов в орошаемом земледелии на Кубани

К вопросу рационального использования водных и земельных ресурсов в орошаемом земледелии на Кубани

Tehnički i eksploatacioni aspekti navodnjavanja subirigacijom

Proper selection of irrigation methods and rational use of water using the principles of precision agriculture and precision irrigation results in environmentally sustainable agricultural development. Subirigation is a method of irrigation with less water consumption, provides the possibility of automation and remote control of the system, allows for the smooth movement of agricultural mechanization along the irrigated parcel and has an extremely flexible irrigation schedule. The utilization of the subirrigation system complicates and limits drip clogging, soil salinization, and damage caused by rodents. In the case of regular flushing of pipelines and laterals, herbicides and acids are used to prevent root ingrowth and the plot is treated against rodents, the guaranteed exploitation lifetime of the system is 20 years. Subirrigation systems implemented in the Republic of Serbia are 1-130 ha in size and the total irrigated area is 1500-2000 ha.

Territorial features of the water-resource potential of Kyiv region

Territorial features of the water-resource potential of Kyiv region

Self-starting of pump units when extinguishing voltage in the energy saving mode

The article discusses the main processes that occur during the self-start of pumping units of pumping stations of systems of machine lifting for irrigation, ensuring the rational use of electricity, pumping equipment and irrigation water.

Оценка влияния антропогенных факторов на годовой сток рек Азербайджана

The article applies a water resources use coefficient and a map of its distribution to assess comprehensively the anthropogenic factors’ impact upon annual runoff of the rivers of Azerbaijan. We used the observation data for 27 rivers. By comparison we have assessed changes of many-year average annual water flows up to 1972 and for the 1973 - 2011/2016 period. We found that anthropogenic decrease of transboundary and national Azerbaijan rivers annual runoff resulted in different degree water stress. At that the number of rivers with high level of water stress (Кисп = 20–40 %) is significantly greater. The annual runoff decrease of many local rivers caused by water withdrawal for irrigation purposes is accompanied with the water content decrease during the summer/fall low water periods up to the rivers’ drying up. We noted that the volume of the permissible water abstraction should be normalized to secure permissible values of ecological river runoff in order to provide rational use of national river water.

ОЦІНКА СТАНУ ВОДОПРОВІДНО-КАНАЛІЗАЦІЙНОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА УКРАЇНИ

The article analyzes the condition of the water supply and sewerage system of Ukraine (WSS). The WSS is a water supply and sanitation system, including water treatment facilities and sewage systems, pumping stations, water supply sources, water body sites used for diluting and treating sewage, and other real estate. It is emphasized that at the current moment in the industry a considerable number of problems have accumulated. The critical condition of the fixed assets of WSS enterprises - the depreciation of funds exceeds 65%. High energy consumption of water production - energy intensity of production of 1 m3 of water in Ukraine is in the range 0.44 - 1.82 kWh; at the same time in Berlin - 0.27 kWh; Shanghai - 0.28 kWh). The growth of accidents at the water supply and sewerage systems. Loss of water during transportation - the indicator of water losses in urban networks remains too high and lies within the limits of 0.4-3.0 m3 / km / h, in comparison with those in Western Europe, which are 0.1-0.4 m3 / km / h.). Pollution of drinking water. Shortage of financial resources. Growth of people's debts for water supply and sewerage services: as of December 31, 2017, the population's arrears for water supply and sanitation are 1.8 billion UAH. And other problems. No less urgent problems of the water supply of Ukraine are: the imperfection of water policy in the development of water supply systems for cities and settlements; low provision of centralized water supply to the rural population; insufficient provision of water supply systems with water treatment facilities for drinking purposes; departmental fragmentation of the systems of household drinking water supply; imperfection of the methodology of planning and design of long-term development of water supply systems, populated areas; low coverage of the facilities of abstraction, supply, distribution of water and consumers; irrational use of water; lack of economic incentives for the rational use of water. The main causes that have caused such a critical situation are identified, namely: high-energy intensity and low efficiency of communal systems, significant water losses; obsolete water purification technologies; imperfection of the regulatory framework.

Analysis of lettuce evapotranspiration across soil water

AbstractIn this study, we evaluated the lettuce accumulated evapotranspiration (ET) across four levels of irrigation, using a nonlinear mixed‐effects model. The plants were grown in protected environments and monitored over 23 consecutive days. When the moisture of the substrate in the vessels reached 50% of their maximum retention capacity, the water levels were elevated according to four treatments: , , , and . The model appeared to provide a good fit to the data and showed that the estimates of the maximum amount of accumulated ET were similar for the three treatments with soil water deficit and lower for . The results of the study supported the idea that optimization of the ET of lettuce plants could be achieved through irrigation with deficit, also indicating that the economical use of water was the most efficient way to boost agricultural production.Recommendations for resource managers The continued growth of the world population will result in a decrease of quality and availability of water and also an increase in demand for food. Therefore, sustainability will depend on high agricultural productivity with rational use of water. Considered the most efficient technology for boosting agricultural productivity, irrigation is also the largest water consumer in the world. With any kind of irrigation in the vegetable production area, the water intake for the plants must be treated with great caution. Both a lack or excess in water can decrease plant productivity. The amount of water available in the soil should be enough to maximize production. It is shown that high levels of irrigation are not necessary for this. It is important to balance the amount of irrigated water for an optimal level, in order that the production has its the production is maximized and valuable water resources are not wasted.

Особливості держаного управління водними ресурсами України на принципах Спільної політики з ЄС

У статті проаналізовано сучасний стан державного управління водними ресурсами України та важливі аспекти інтегрованої політики співробітництва України щодо охорони та раціонального використання вод, впровадження інтегрованого управління водними ресурсами за басейновим принципом, реконструкції існуючих та будівництва нових міських очисних споруд, зменшення скиду недостатньо очищених стічних вод, зменшення рівня забруднення внутрішніх морських вод і територіального моря.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION DEPTH ADJUSTMENT METHODS ON MAIZE YIELD COMPONENTS, GRAIN YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY

As the water stress is one of the main causes for the low maize yield in Brazil, this study aimed to evaluate the yield components, grain yield and the water use efficiency of maize crop submitted to different methods of irrigation depth adjustment and validate the “Lâmina” spreadsheet to recommend irrigation depth in this crop. The treatments applied were: non-use of irrigation (control); irrigation depth adjustment provided by” Lâmina” spreadsheet (Lâmina); soil moisture equivalent to actual capacity of water in the soil at 55% of the total soil water capacity (55% RWC); and soil moisture equivalent to 100% of the field capacity (100% FC). The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications, each experimental unit consists of a plot 3 meters wide and 3 meters long. The variables analyzed were total water applied, dry matter, ears per plant, kernel rows per ear, kernels per row, kernels per ear, one thousand kernels weight, grain yield and water use efficiency. Grain yields were similar between irrigated treatments, showing significant differences compared to the control. The Lâmina and 55% RWC showed the best results for water use efficiency and yield components. The Lâmina treatment used the least amount of water, with high yields, contributing to the rational water use in irrigated agricultural systems.

Water, Infrastructure and Power: Contention and Resistance in Post‐colonial Cities of the South

Water, Infrastructure and Power: Contention and Resistance in Post‐colonial Cities of the South

Microbiological Decontamination of Water: Improving the Solar Disinfection Technique (SODIS) with the Use of Nontoxic Vital Dye Methylene Blue.

Rational use of water is a major challenge for governments and global organizations, with easy and inexpensive interventions being sought by communities that are not supplied with drinking water. In this context, solar disinfection (SODIS) has shown great efficiency for water disinfection. To speed up the process and improve inactivation, we studied the effects of methylene blue (MB) as a photodynamic agent because of its ability to absorb visible light (red wavelength) and generate singlet oxygen as a reactive species, thereby inactivating bacteria and viruses present in water. In this study, samples of clean mineral water were artificially contaminated with Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis or Deinococcus radiodurans) or with Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium) and exposed to traditional SODIS or to MB-SODIS. A lethal synergistic effect was observed when cultures were illuminated in the presence of MB. The obtained results indicate that bacterial inactivation can be achieved in a much shorter time when using MB associated with SODIS treatment. Therefore, this technique was able to provide safe water for consumption through the inactivation of microorganisms in general, including pathogens and some strains resistant to the traditional SODIS procedure, thus allowing its use in areas usually less exposed to sunlight.