Rational Factors Research Articles

Motives of Muhammadiyah Community Following the Majlis Dzikir of Al-Khidmah

The Tarekat is an organized system of wirid, riyadah, and mujahadah under the direction of a mursyid (spiritual teacher) that promotes the pursuit of meaning and the deepening of religion as a means of perfection with an emphasis on the profound (esoteric components). With the emergence of the Majlis Dzikir of Al-Khidmah community-preserving assembly organization by Shaykh Ahmad Asrori al-Ishaqi, the tarekat al-Qadiriyyah wa al-Naqsyabandiyyah (TQN) al-Utsmaniyyah expanded quickly. This tarekat is followed by people from all backgrounds, including members of Muhammadiyah, through numerous inclusive variations. This study explores the motivations of the Muhammadiyah community and how they perceive TQN al-Utsmaniyyah. The instrument of analysis in this study is Max Weber’s Social Action Theory. It is a qualitative-descriptive study employing a phenomenological approach. The participants in this study were members of the Muhammadiyah community who were interested in taking part in the development of TQN al-Utsmaniyyah. The results showed that TQN al-Utsmaniyyah is regarded by Muhammadiyah people from two perspectives: first, the side of the tarekat that has inclusive qualities and various types of ease and ritual lightness, making the teachings of the tarekat seem more engaging and practical. Second, from the mursyid of TQN al-Utsmaniyyah’s part, Shaykh Ahmad Asrori al-Ishaqi, who is famous for being a charismatic individual who is kind, competent, and has a strong sense of community, The majlis dzikir of Al-Khidmah is followed by Muhammadiyah adherents for instrumental rational action factors and value-oriented acts, or decisions made by someone based on careful consideration and good or poor values.

ANALISIS PERILAKU MEMILIH MASYARAKAT UNTUK PEMILU 2024 DI TINJAU DARI PERILAKU PEMILIH MASYARAKAT DALAM PILRES 2019 Studi Kasus Desa Pantai Cermin Kiri Kecamatan Pantai Cermin

Democracy gives people the freedom to choose and determine their course of government and democracy is realized through elections, in an election the community has voting behavior that is heavily influenced by various factors so this study aims to find out what factors influence the people of Pantai vermin kiri village, Serdang berdagai sub-district. Different in determining their choice. This research uses a quantitative method that produces descriptive data regarding information through spoken and written words, the results of the research show that psychological and also rational sociological factors are factors influencing the left mirror beach community in choosing the president and Vice President in 2019 these factors are also factors that will influence society in determining their choices in 2024.

Financial Shenanigans in the Perspective of the Hexagon Theory

Financial Shenanigans are the actions of a person or group in a company by deliberately manipulating the company's financial statements to mislead users of financial statements, one of which is investors. This study aims to see the partial influence of Hexagon Theory on financial shenanigans. The sample of this research is companies in the primary consumer goods sector that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2021. The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling and purposive sampling in order to obtain a total of 160 samples from 32 companies in the primary consumer goods sector. The analytical method used is analysis logistic regression and using SPSS 25 software. Based on the results of the entire series of studies conducted, researchers can conclude that, the opportunity variable proxied by the whistleblowing system, the rationalization variable proxied by auditor turnover and the collusion variable proxied by audit fees have no effect on financial shenanigans. Then the variable pressure is proxied by personal financial needs, the variable capability is proxied by the change of directors, arrogance is proxied by the frequency of CEO photos, and has an influence on financial shenanigans. Future research is expected to broaden the scope of data that is the object of research and it is suggested to further test other proxies that represent the Hexagon Theory factors, especially the rationalization, arrogance, and collusion factors and conduct further research on the collusion factor proxied by the audit fee so as to find the results maximum research.

The effect of country personality on destination choice and satisfaction

The developments in the century we live in have also affected the tourism sector. In particular, competition between destinations has increased, and many new destinations have begun to be offered to tourists. This situation has caused the decision-making processes of tourists to become more complex. Because consumption preference decisions are affected by emotional as well as rational factors. Many factors play a role in tourists' destination choices and purchasing decisions. When we consider countries as destinations, country personalities can also influence the destination choice of tourists. From this point of view, it is aimed at determining whether the country’s personality as perceived by tourists visiting Turkey has an effect on their destination choice and satisfaction. It is known that a positive perception of country personality has a significant effect on consumers' destination choice and, accordingly, their satisfaction with the destination. In this context, first a conceptual framework was created, and then data were collected through face-to-face and online surveys with tourists. In the research, 395 of the questionnaires applied to foreign tourists visiting Turkey were evaluated. The data obtained in the study were analyzed with the SPSS statistical package program and discussed in terms of descriptive and inferential statistics. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that there is a significant relationship between the country personality's destination choice and satisfaction. In addition, with the regression analysis, it was seen that the personality of the country positively affected both the destination choice decisions and satisfaction perceptions of the tourists.

THE EFFECT OF THE FRAUD TRIANGLE IN DETECTING FRAUDULENT FINANCIAL REPORTING IN INDONESIAN BANKING SECTOR COMPANIES

This research aims at finding out the influence of factors in fraud triangle theory towards fraudulent financial reporting in banking companies in Indonesia. Research sample was chosen by using some criteria that consist of banking sector companies registered and listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange & Bank Based on Business Activity II, III, IV group from 2017 to 2019. These criteria chose 37 banks as sample processed by e-Views 12 and Microsoft Excel application. Fraud triangle theory divides three fraud factors: pressure, opportunity, and rationalization. Pressure factor includes external pressure and financial target. Opportunity factor is reflected by monitoring variable, and rationalization factor consists of auditor change and accrual method variable. Research results show that independent variables gave significant impact to dependent variable, except for monitoring and auditor change variable.

Collective Narcissism and Hungary’s Kin-State Policy after 2010

AbstractThis article analyzes Hungary’s kin-state policy starting from the premise that the concept of collective narcissism most succinctly captures its emotional foundations. I look to substantiate this claim by examining at a wide range of sources on how Hungary feels toward neighboring states and show the preponderance of emotions connected to collective narcissism. The real-life consequences of collective narcissism are demonstrated through a case study of the relationship between Hungary and Ukraine before and after the Russian attack of 2022. Overall, I find that anger is the master emotion of Hungary’s kin-state policy, resulting in a lack of solidarity and characteristic self-centeredness in Hungary’s foreign policy, which cannot be explained by rational factors alone.

Understanding Dishonesty: Integrating Rationality, Morality, and Social Factors

Understanding Dishonesty: Integrating Rationality, Morality, and Social Factors

Nonlinear control of safety factor gradient in tokamaks using spatially variable electron cyclotron current drives

Active control of plasma properties may be necessary to achieve stable operation of next-generation tokamaks over large time scales. Such control algorithms can regulate the plasma properties to avoid the onset of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities. For instance, the global and local properties of the safety factor profile are linked to the onset of neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs). This work proposes a model-based control approach for deterring/delaying NTMs through active modulation of one of the safety factor properties - the gradient of the safety factor profile at a particular rational safety factor surface. In particular, a novel control-oriented model for the local safety factor gradient is developed. The nonlinear control model is governed by a nonautonomous ordinary differential equation that accounts for a given rational safety factor surface’s spatial variation over time. To improve the controllability of the spatially evolving parameter, the control model treats ECH&CD positions, along with noninductive powers, as controllable variables. A nonlinear control algorithm based on feedback linearization with optimization is synthesized to achieve the objective of regulating the safety factor gradient around a given target. The proposed algorithm allocates optimal ECH&CD positions, in addition to auxiliary powers, at each time instant as the rational safety factor surface drifts to locations with a low control authority. Stability guarantees of the proposed control law are also discussed in this work. The proposed algorithm is tested for a DIII-D tokamak scenario in nonlinear simulations carried out using the Control Oriented Transport SIMulator (COTSIM). Both fixed and moving ECH&CD cases are studied, and their outcomes are compared. Simulation results demonstrate that enthusiastic regulation of the safety factor gradient can be achieved during the ramp-up and flat-top phases of tokamak operation in both fixed and moving ECH&CD cases. However, real-time updates of ECH&CD positions can prevent the saturation of auxiliary powers.

Participation in Polish Local Elections: Sheer Rational Choice or Social Embeddedness Fate?

In this article, a modest attempt is undertaken to connect the rational choice theory mechanism with the sociological theory of voting, as efforts to juxtapose both theories are still rare, although some cited accomplishments offer interesting insights. Our dependent variable is participation in a local election in Poland. The local government elections in Poland seem to offer a setting particularly well-suited for a test of the rational choice hypothesis and its relation to sociological explanations of voting behavior. The essential contribution of the article derives from our conviction that social embeddedness and rooting into the social milieu and local community matter for both the cost of participating in a local election and the cost of deciding whether to participate. In the world of post-cleavage politics, individualization of political behavior and involvement in (new) social networks play an increasingly important role. The general finding can be summarized as follows: the social embeddedness of citizens does enhance the probability of participation in an election; however, it does not substitute for the impact of rational motivation factors, nor does it significantly decrease the latter’s net impact on our dependent variable.

Rational or Emotional User

Understanding why users continue or discontinue using specific technology is vital for its providers. Existing literature has explored the reasons for continuance and discontinuance by taking into account both rational and emotional factors. However, one question remains unanswered: Why do some users depend more on rational factors for decision-making, while others rely more on emotional factors? This study addresses this question by integrating cognitive decision-making styles and the fear of making incorrect decisions into traditional continued usage models. Data were gathered from 285 TV users and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results demonstrate that the introduced constructs moderated the direct effects of rational and emotional factors. The contribution of the study lies in incorporating the underlying cognitive processes of decision-making. It presents two actionable variables that managers can utilize to categorize their customers and enhance the effectiveness of their use continuance strategies.

Comments on ABJM free energy on S3 at large N and perturbative expansions in M-theory and string theory

We compare large N expansion of the localization result for the free energy F in the 3d N=6 superconformal U(N)k×U(N)−k Chern-Simons-matter theory to its AdS/CFT counterpart, i.e. to the perturbative expansion of M-theory partition function on AdS×4S7/Zk and to the weak string coupling expansion of type IIA effective action on AdS×4CP3. We show that the general form of the perturbative expansions of F on the two sides of the AdS/CFT duality is indeed the same. Moreover, the transcendentality properties of the coefficients in the large N, large k expansion of F match those in the corresponding M-theory or string theory expansions. To shed light on the structure of the 1-loop M-theory partition function on AdS×4S7/Zk we use the expression for the 1-loop 4-graviton scattering amplitude in the 11d supergravity. We also use the known information about the transcendental coefficients of the leading curvature invariants in the low-energy effective action of type II string theory. Matching of the remaining rational factors in the coefficients requires a precise information about currently unknown RR field strength terms in the corresponding superinvariants.

The Role of Behavioral Bias in Investment Outcomes

Investment decisions are made by individuals who are subject to behavioral biases. The biases could lead to a significant impact on the outcome of investments. This research paper aims to investigate the role of behavioral biases in investment decisions and outcome. The study draws on the theories of Rational Behavioral Finance, which recognizes that human behavior is influenced by both rational and irrational factors. The paper reviews several key behavioral biases that can affect investment decisions, including loss aversion, endowment bias, framing, overconfidence, and the illusion of control. The analysis of these biases is based on the context of different investment settings, including stock markets, mutual funds, and real estate. The paper introduces the significance of each bias, and how they can lead to suboptimal investment decisions. The latter part of the paper highlights how the biases can be addressed to improve the outcome of investments. Eventually, the research paper concludes that behavioral biases can significantly impact investment outcomes, but the application of Rational Behavioral Finance theories and strategies can mitigate the impact of these biases.

A Battery Electric Vehicle Transportation Network Design Model with Bounded Rational Travelers

With governments worldwide emphasizing environmental protection and the global focus on carbon reduction, the battery electric vehicle (BEV) industry has developed rapidly. An urban transportation network with BEVs as the main form of transportation will soon become mainstream. Motivated by the abovementioned background, a BEV transportation network design problem is investigated, and a network design model is established. The model aims to minimize the system travel time of BEV transportation networks and optimize the government’s lane expansion scheme (the location and number of lanes) under a limited budget. To consider the travel characteristics of BEV drivers, the charging time, range anxiety, and bounded rationality factors are simultaneously incorporated into the model. A heuristic algorithm is designed based on the active set algorithm to obtain the local optimal solution to the actual-scale problem. Moreover, a cutting-plane method is used to convert the original problem into a different form, and a column generation technique is embedded in the abovementioned algorithm to avoid the enumeration of paths. Sensitivity analyses of different levels of rationality of BEV drivers and government investment scales are performed. The experimental results demonstrate that the model and algorithm can effectively solve the problem and provide decision support for the government in formulating transportation infrastructure construction policies.

Dual-ring parity-time symmetric brillouin fiber laser with an unbalanced polarization Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

A dual-ring parity-time (PT) symmetric Brillouin fiber laser (BFL) with an unbalanced polarization Mach-Zehnder interferometer (UP-MZI) is proposed and experimentally investigated. An UP-MZI consisting of optical coupler, polarization beam combiner (PBC) and two asymmetric length arms with 10 km and 100 m single-mode fiber, is used to achieve Vernier effect and PT symmetry. Due to the orthogonally polarized lights created in the PBC, the dual-ring PT symmetry BFL with an UP-MZI implements two unbalanced length feedback rings that are connected to one another, one long length ring with a Brillouin gain and the other short length ring with a loss of the same magnitude, to break a PT symmetric and maintain the Vernier effect. By contrast with existing PT symmetry BFL studies, this design does not require same lengths of the gain and loss loops, but can manipulate freely PT symmetry status in accordance with a rational scaling factor between them. Experimental results reveal that the 3-dB linewidth of dual-ring PT symmetry BFL with an UP-MZI is about 4.85 Hz with the threshold input power of 9.5 mW, in accordance with the 97 Hz measured linewidth at the -20 dB power point. Within 60 mins of the stability experiment, the power and frequency stability fluctuation are ±0.02 dB and ±0.137 kHz, respectively. Thanks to the two asymmetric ring lengths, the sidemode suppression ratio (SMSR) is optimized by 54 dB compared to that with the only long ring structure, 26 dB when using only the Vernier effect or 12 dB for existing PT symmetry BFL. This BFL design with single longitudinal mode and high SMSR output can be applied to high coherent communication and Brillouin-based microwave photonics systems with low phase noise.

Islamism without commotion: the religious transformation of Tuak Kampong in West Lombok

The Islamic revival movement is often considered a threat to other religious groups. Many studies on the issues have presented the dark sides of religion, wherein Islamic movements often turned into political ones leading to religion-based fundamentalism, violence, and terrorism. The current research explicates the process and characteristics of Islamism in a democratic climate by investigating a case of religious transformation in a traditional kampong formerly known for producing tuak in West Lombok. The Islamic movement, or to be precise, purification, is recently quite prevalent in the area. It relates to the early history of Islamization in Lombok, which pitted Islam against Hinduism and other local traditions. Such confluences generated rules and regional Islamic variants that are often considered heretic. Qualitative data for this study was gathered through observations, desk study, and interviews. This research found that the Islamization process observed in the tuak kampong displays unique characteristics different from those that commonly portray Islamic movements. Islamization in West Lombok was carried out without any commotion due to its non-coercive, outward-looking, and rational factors. These attributes are apparent in the three processes of transformation, the first is non-coercive cultural transformation through education and awareness, the second refers to structural change achieved through legal arrangement, and the third is rational transformation through community empowerment programs.

To what extent do secondary effects shape migrants’ educational trajectories after lower-secondary education?

Research shows a heterogeneous picture of migration-related disparities regarding adolescents’ educational trajectories at the end of lower-secondary education. Among other disparities, migrants face large disadvantages with regard to the transition to vocational education and training (VET). They are, however, also more likely to change to upper-secondary school tracks at the end of lower-secondary education. Using longitudinal data drawn from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS, Starting Cohort 4), this study empirically captures patterns in school-leavers’ transition trajectories after lower-secondary education and empirically tests theoretical mechanisms of migration-related educational inequalities. Building on the concept of secondary effects of migrant origin, this study asks to what extent self-selection explains migration-related disparities in the educational trajectories at the end of lower-secondary education. Particular attention is devoted to the extent to which migration-related inequalities in adolescents’ transitions can be explained by differences in (1) rational choice factors and (2) the educational expectations and demands of parents and friends. The results show that rational choice factors and the educational expectations of social groups largely contribute to migration-related educational inequalities. The results provide important starting points for educational policy discussions on strategies and measures to address migration-related inequalities in the transition to VET.

Weighted averaged Gaussian quadrature rules for modified Chebyshev measures

This paper is concerned with the approximation of integrals of a real-valued integrand over the interval [−1,1] by Gauss quadrature. The averaged and optimal averaged quadrature rules ([13,21]) provide a convenient method for approximating the error in the Gauss quadrature. However, they are applicable to all integrands that are continuous on the interval [−1,1] only if their nodes are internal, i.e. if they belong to this interval.We discuss two approaches to determine averaged quadrature rules with nodes in [−1,1]: (i) truncating the Jacobi matrix associated with the optimal averaged rule, and (ii) weighting the optimal averaged quadrature rule. We consider Chebyshev measures of the first, second, and third kinds that are modified by a linear over linear rational factor, and discuss the internality of averaged, optimal averaged, and truncated optimal averaged quadrature rules. Moreover, we show that the weighting yields internal averaged rules if a weighting parameter is properly chosen, and we provide bounds for this parameter that guarantee internality. Finally, we illustrate that the weighted averaged rules give more accurate estimates of the quadrature error than the truncated optimal averaged rules.

Willingness to pay and its determinants: Comparing the deposit-refund and increased-price systems among Chinese citizens for express packaging waste management

Securing the public's willingness to pay (WTP) is pivotal to successful express packaging waste management (EPWM), and identifying the factors that influence WTP is thus an important consideration for policymakers. However, most current studies rarely distinguish WTP with respect to distinct policies and thus fail to capture the impacts of emotions and social interaction on WTP. This study therefore estimates the WTP for a deposit-refund system (DRS) and an increased-price system (IPS) and identifies its influencing factors. We use the payment card and contingent valuation methods to evaluate WTP, and then employ the Heckman two-step model to detect the effects of rational factors, emotions, and social interaction on WTP. After removing biased observations, the WTP for the DRS and IPS are ¥4.292–4.746 (∼$0.645–0.713) and ¥2.053–2.289 (∼$0.309–0.344), with 95% confidence. WTP is negatively affected by effort expectancy but positively affected by performance expectancy. Additionally, the effect of social performance expectancy on WTP is larger than those of functional and epistemic performance expectancy. Interestingly, anticipated guilt has the strongest (positive) influence on WTP for both the DRS and IPS, whereas anticipated pride is only significantly (positively) associated with WTP for the IPS. Social interaction moderates the significant effects of effort expectancy, performance expectancy, and emotions on WTP. Particularly, the moderating effect of social interaction between the association of anticipated pride with WTP is larger than that between anticipated guilt and WTP. Regarding demographics, educational attainment and family monthly income are positively associated with WTP; women's WTP is higher for the DRS, whereas men's WTP is higher for the IPS. Overall, this study addresses the understudied effects of emotions and social interaction on WTP and provides practical insights for designing EPWM policies.

(Non) rationality and choice architecture: a behavioural approach to public administrative discretion in New Zealand

PurposeA central question of public administration is how political principals secure the cooperation of administrators within organisational frames and contexts; increasingly, rational influences are being considered alongside bounded rationality and non-rational influences. This paper aims to explore the intent of New Zealand’s Public Service Act 2020 in managing administrative behaviour.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is primarily ethnographic, combining emic and etic perspectives. A mixed-methods approach comprises participant observer field notes and meeting documentation, substantiated by official documents; documents were analysed thematically and triangulated with other data sources.FindingsThe Public Service Act introduces new bounds on administrative behaviour. The stated rationale for these changes reveals an attempt to set limits on the principal–agent relationship between politicians and administrators and causes predictable deviations from rational behaviour by cultivating public service motivation and a unified public service identity.Research limitations/implicationsAs the legislation in question was only passed in 2020, it is too early to definitively assess the ultimate impact of legislation on administrative behaviour. This case study demonstrates that behavioural approaches to public administration are being applied intentionally by governments. The choice architecture created in the case study blends rational, bounded, and non-rational influences. Together, this produces a bricolage of semi-relevant theories from other disciplines, especially psychology, to explain administrative behaviour. Further refinement is needed to develop a cohesive and comprehensive theory of administrative behaviour that can account for contemporary practice.Practical implicationsAdministrators act as agents of political principals, within ethical and rules-based limitations and influenced by public service motivation and social identity. Shifting from implicit to explicit choice architecture does not negate possible tensions between bounds and can signal them more explicitly. Shared symbols are sometimes intended to influence identity and therefore adherence to behavioural norms.Originality/valueThis paper explores the manipulation of choice architecture as a viable strategy for altering behaviour for the better and, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, is the first known instance of choice architecture being “legislated in” rather than merely “showing through”. This study illustrates the blending of rational, boundedly rational and non-rational factors into a choice architecture for public administrators that help mediate the biases and challenges of principal–agent relationships (which form a cascade in New Zealand’s public administration system).

From pandemic uncertainty to economic recovery: Does investor sentiment still matter for stock returns?

The relationship between investor sentiment and market dynamics is a highly intriguing research topic for both academics and the financial industry. By using Spearman rank correlation analysis, this paper aims to explore investors’ decision-making behavior (rational and irrational) on stock returns during and after the COVID-19 outbreak. While irrational factors of the study were measured by the Google Search Volume Index and trading volume, rational factors were measured by profitability and size. The study used three different characteristics of subsectors manufacturing industry namely Food and Beverage, Pharmacy, and Cigarettes that are listed in the Indonesia Stock Market. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to examine and compare the level of rationality of investors in a wide range of industries and sectors during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Our finding supports the notion that both sentiments have an effect on stock returns indicating that cognitions, emotions, and the noise of traders still have an impact on the market. While overall rational sentiment has a more significant correlation with stock returns during the economic recovery phase, there was a highly significant correlation between irrational factors and stock returns during pandemic uncertainty conditions. Moreover, investors tend to be irrational and overreact when making investment decisions in Cigarette sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, after the pandemic, the correlation of rational sentiment of investors toward the Pharmacy industry is still higher than others.