Rational Character Research Articles

Minimum codimension of eigenspaces in irreducible representations of simple classical linear algebraic groups

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p ≥ 0 , let G be a simple simply connected classical linear algebraic group of rank l and let T be a maximal torus in G with rational character group X ( T ) . For a nonzero p-restricted dominant weight λ ∈ X ( T ) , let V be the associated irreducible kG-module. We define ν G ( V ) as the minimum codimension of any eigenspace on V for any non-central element of G. In this paper, we determine lower-bounds for ν G ( V ) for G of type A l and dim ( V ) ≤ l 3 2 , and for G of type B l , C l , or D l and dim ( V ) ≤ 4 l 3 . Moreover, we give the exact value of ν G ( V ) for G of type A l with l ≥ 15 ; for G of type B l or C l with l ≥ 14 ; and for G of type D l with l ≥ 16 .

Human rights as a fundamental pillar for building cross-cultural resilience of the international community in the 21st century

We would like to contribute to an understanding of building Cross-cultural resilience by developing the concept of human rights from the perspective of Catholic social teaching in the 21st century, taking into account the ethics of society and the ethics of the individual members of that community. The bearer of these rights, every human being, was considered to have a single, identical common reason. This rational character initially coincided with the reason that governs all of nature and is manifested in its laws. Therefore, the norms of human rights, based on the rational character of nature, were also called universal, i.e., valid for all rational beings in the universe, because they coincided with cosmic laws.
 Our study aims to deepen the understanding of this important topic for the eventual general acceptance of human rights issues. This is important in light of the theory that human rights are non-negotiable and are no longer just a question of ethics and morality, but of security and peace among international communities, e.g., to help Cross-cultural resilience building. The method used in our research is comparative and inductive.
 The summary of our research should contribute to a better argumentation in promoting this agenda in major international institutions. This paper's theoretical and practical significance lies in clarifying the historical and current relationship between churches and civil societies on the issue of human dignity and human rights so that their understanding and recognition can positively impact the development of modern society's common good.

The Hanafi School of Islamic Jurisprudence Literature: A Historical Account

This article focuses on one of the founding figures of the Sunni school of Islamic jurisprudence who contributed to the development of Islamic law, Abū Hanifah. Studying Abū Hanifah's literature can better understand his thoughts and views on Islamic legal issues. It can also provide greater insight into the history of Islamic thought and how Abū Hanifah's thoughts impact Muslim society today. This study uses the heuristic method with critical literature analysis because the data is obtained from various books, journals, and other documentation relevant to the historical approach. The results of this study state that the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence is one of the famous schools of Islamic jurisprudence in the scientific discipline of Islamic law founded by Abū Hanifah. His background and education strongly influence Abū Hanifah's thinking pattern in determining the law. It is also inseparable from the socio-cultural dimension and the politics that underlie the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence, which is seen as a factor affecting Islamic law's rational character. Literature on studying Islamic law in the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence is widely found and spread worldwide. The school of Islamic jurisprudence is even adopted by one-third of the world's Muslim population. However, remember that some of Abū Hanifah's written works may no longer be available or incomplete. Over time, some manuscripts may be damaged or lost.

High Costs and Low Benefits: Analysis and Evaluation of the “I’m Not Stupid” Argument

This article presents an analysis and evaluation of what I call the “I’m not stupid” argument. This argument has ancient roots, which lie in Aristotle’s famous description of the weak man’s and strong man’s arguments. An “I’m not stupid” argument is typically used in a context of accusation and defense, by a defendant who argues that they did not commit the act of which they have been accused. The analysis of this type of argument takes the shape of an argumentative pattern, which displays a full-fledged representation of its argumentation structure. It is based on a collection of ten contemporary instances of the “I’m not stupid” argument. Although ten instances constitute a small collection, the wide variation in the argumentative elements that they express explicitly or leave implicit made it possible to identify five new key premises in comparison with previous analyses of the weak man’s and strong man’s arguments (Walton, Tindale and Gordon 2014 in Argumentation 28:85–119, 2014; Walton 2019 in Argumentation 33:45–74, 2019). These new premises show that the crucial point of an evaluation of this argument is the arguer's supposedly rational character in making a gain-loss calculation. They also show that we need empirical data to strengthen our analyses of argument schemes and argumentation structures.

Современные теории традиции: единство дискурса и множественность значений

The article considers the problem of unity and variety of the contemporary theories of tradition that appear in different fields of scholarship. It is argued that the unity of these theories is mainly a discursive one. This theoretical dis­course, which starts with the famous essays of T.S. Eliot, M. Oakeshott, and K. Popper, ascribes to the tradition rationality, flexibility, the active participa­tion of the individual in the functioning of tradition and non-authoritative cha­racter. The concept of ‘invented tradition’, which describes tradition as rigid and unchangeable, presupposes its deliberative and rational character. The theo­ries are more or less unanimously challenge the opposition between tradition and rationality. At the same time the term ‘tradition’ possesses various mea­nings and functions not only in different theories, but also within a single theory. The unity of the problems and ‘puzzles’ that the concept of tradition should solve is weak and is getting weaker. The article puts forward a hypothe­sis that the discourse about tradition reflects the situation, in which the episte­mological paradigm of Cartesian subject is felt to be insecure. The metho­dological reflection grows, but still cannot change the model, because it mere ascribes to the tradition the qualities of its opposite, and mere leads to the blur­ring of the concept of tradition.

The Theory of Max Weber as a Methodology of Sociological Analysis for Understanding the Foreign Policy of Modern China

Introduction. The multi-vector strengthening of China leads to a lively international expert discussion. This article examines the possibilities of applying the methodology developed by M. Weber to the analysis of modern Chinese foreign policy. Despite the fact that M. Weber's studies were published more than a hundred years ago, his approaches, when correlated with modern realities, do not lose their relevance today.Methodology and sources. The research is based on the methodology proposed by M. Weber and its potential for analysis of the modern foreign policy of the PRC.Results and discussion. The influence of Confucianism on China’s foreign policy increased with the coming to power of Xi Jinping. So, China demonstrates a desire for a legalcharismatic type of domination (according to M. Weber), subordinating its will to other actors of international relations, and as one of the tools to ensure legitimacy to its domination uses the socialist values formulated in 2012. The desire for rationalization (according to M. Weber) is reflected, among other things, in the priority of the technological development of the PRC, the development and implementation of artificial intelligence as its (rationality) pure form in the modern sense.Conclusion. Analysis of the potential of M. Weber's methodology in relation to sociological research peculiarities of the PRC's foreign policy strategy shows that in the implementation of international policy China is inherently gravitating towards legal-charismatic domination (according to M. Weber), endowed with a rational character and possessing three types of rationalization. At the same time core socialist values are one of the tools to ensure the legitimacy of domination.

Pythagorean-hodograph curves of Tschirnhaus type are sinusoidal spirals

Recently, Bizzarri et al. (2021) discussed the so-called Pythagorean-hodograph curves of Tschirnhaus type, a generalization to higher degrees of Tschirnhausen cubic. We recall that these curves in Bézier form coincide with the typical curves introduced by Mineur et al. (1998), as well as with a classical family of sinusoidal spirals. Therefore, they all enjoy the same properties, such as the rational character of their offsets or the existence of only one curve (up to similarities) for each degree. By elucidating this connection among curves of Tschirnhaus type, typical curves, and sinusoidal spirals, we rederive several relevant results found by Bizzarri et al. (2021).

Изучение религиозных традиций как фактор обеспечения светского характера культуры и образования

This paper examines the dialogue and mutual influence of secular and religious culture in the system of secular education from two points of view: firstly, the influence of teaching knowledge about religion on the implementation of the secular nature of education and, secondly, the impact of the need to comply with state educational standards on the form of presentation of religious culture. The study assumes that religious thinking, culture, lifestyle are not something contrary to everyday rational thinking and scientific character, being in their high forms the carriers of self-discipline and ordering of human life. The long history of the dialogue between religion and science has led to the fact that today religion speaks with science in the same language of scientific concepts, and often religious organizations, paying attention to certain scientific and technical achievements, are a factor in increasing interest in science in the whole society. The processes of the expulsion of religious discourse from the public sphere that took place in the past led to the replacement of the authentic religious tradition, tuned in to dialogue with science, with forms of “low” religiosity, often of an obscurantist, fundamentalist and anti-scientific nature. And the forcible imposition of the «only true» secular ideology ultimately negatively affects the pace of scientific development.

Afetividade na prática docente

No presente artigo objetivamos um diálogo sobre a relação entre a afetividade e a prática docente. Como base metodológica, realizamos uma investigação de cunho bibliográfico a respeito do tema. A afetividade vem sendo explorada como objeto de estudo em diferentes áreas, como na filosofia, psicologia e na área educacional. Está imersa na prática docente mediadora, compreendida como um trabalho de interações humanas e pautada no ensino e aprendizagem que não compreende um caráter meramente cognitivo, racional. Dessa forma acreditamos que a afetividade requer ser reconhecida nos espaços escolares como elemento central da prática pedagógica, imbuída de interações humanas, na relação com o outro, estando o elemento afetivo compreendido muito além do abraço e do carinho.

Relevance of Max Weber’s Rational Bureaucratic Organizations in Modern Society

Despite evolution of management thought, Max Weber’s theory of bureaucracy continues to be a classical theory whose prescriptive elements guide the nature of organizations and their structures and processes. In the wake of information, communication and technological revolution which is reshaping the structure and processes in modern day organizations, the paper re-examines the basic premises and constructs of Max Weber’s rational bureaucratic organizations and their relevance today. Weber’s contribution to social sciences in general and organization studies in particular, is both methodological as well as empirical. The paper discusses the context in which Max Weber originally propounded his theory. In so doing, the paper also draws similarities of his theory with that proposed by other management thinkers of his time. Few examples of modern-day organizations and also different cross-national contexts are examined to discuss the present-day relevance of Weber’s postulates. It is suggested that despite the ever-present portents of its demise, bureaucracy will continue to guide the dominant form of organizations in the near future because of its inherent rational character.

A marcha do Estado racional hegeliano: uma reflexão sobre os múltiplos momentos da unidade do espírito

O objetivo deste texto é refletir sobre o conceito hegeliano de Estado, analisando seus principais elementos ou momentos, não sem observar a peculiaridade do sistema de Hegel, o caráter racional do Estado. Um leitor atento poderá notar em Hegel uma preocupação permanente com o paradoxo que já sacudia Parmênides, a saber o do uno e o múltiplo. Pois bem, o Estado hegeliano tem por objetivo conciliar a multiplicidade das particularidades, em sua subjetividade, com a unidade objetiva da ordem comunitária. Sendo um pensador moderno, Hegel enfatiza a importância da particularidade na composição do todo orgânico do Estado; mas, por outro lado, resgatando bastante dos conceitos antigos, tanto de Platão quanto de Aristóteles, Hegel não deixa de exigir que a disposição destas particularidades seja voltada para a universalidade do corpo orgânico objetivo.

If You Can't Change What You Believe, You Don't Believe It

AbstractI develop and defend the view that subjects are necessarily psychologically able to revise their beliefs in response to relevant counter‐evidence. Specifically, subjects can revise their beliefs in response to relevant counter‐evidence, given their current psychological mechanisms and skills. If a subject lacks this ability, then the mental state in question is not a belief, though it may be some other kind of cognitive attitude, such as a supposition, an entertained thought, or a pretense. The result is a moderately revisionary view of belief: while most mental states we thought were beliefs are beliefs, some mental states which we thought were beliefs are not beliefs. The argument for this view draws on two key claims: First, subjects are rationally obligated to revise their beliefs in response to relevant counter‐evidence. Second, if some subject is rationally obligated to revise one of her mental states, then that subject can revise that mental state, given her current psychological mechanisms and skills. Along the way to defending these claims, I argue that rational obligations can govern activities which reflect on one's rational character, whether or not those activities are under one's voluntary control. I also show how the relevant version of epistemic ‘ought’ implies ‘can’ survives an objection which plagues other variants of the principle.

Axiomatic theory of Burnside rings. (I)

In this paper, we study abstract Burnside rings of essentially finite categories. Under unique epi-mono factorization property and the existence of coequalizers for some kind, we prove the existence of a fundamental exact sequence for ABR. Furthermore, an ABR can be embedded into a direct product of rational character rings.

Doprinos J. H. Newmana rješenju problema odnosa vjere i razuma

Pitanje odnosa vjere i razuma spada među najstarija filozofska pitanja te su kroz povijest filozofije razni mislioci pokušali na nj dati odgovor. Neki su razum pretpostavljali vjeri, drugi vjeru razumu, dok su treći pak polazili od toga da je odnos vjere i razuma komplementaran i harmoničan odnos. Među mislioce posljednje filozofske tradicije ubrajamo i J. H. Newmana, velikog engleskog mislioca, čije ćemo shvaćanje i doprinos navedenom pitanju proučiti u ovomradu. Pitanje odnosa vjere i razuma, možemo slobodno reći, spada među najznačajnija pitanja Newmanove filozofske misli te ga je on prvenstveno obrađivao unutar dvije filozofske discipline: filozofije spoznaje i filozofije religije. Naš autor polazi od toga da vjera kao specifično ljudski čin ima racionalni karakter te da joj razum može poslužiti pri objašnjenju i jednim dijelom pri prihvaćanju nadnaravnih istina omogućavanjem čovjeku da uvidi da ne postoje nikakve racionalne prepreke koje bi ga spriječile u prihvaćanju objavljenih istina. U radu ćemo se također upoznati s Newmanovom shvaćanjem uloge razuma u shvaćanju i prihvaćanju misterija, te njegovom podjelom rasuđivanja na dvije vrste, formalnog i neformalnog. Unutar proučavanja posljednje vrste rasuđivanja susrest ćemo se s Newmanovim originalnim shvaćanjem posebne uloge koju neformalno ili implicitno rasuđivanje ima u pristanku na navedene istine, te njegovom jasnom distinkcijom između psihološke i logičke strukture procesa rasuđivanja zahvaljujući kojoj je pokazao da formalno rasuđivanje nije jedina racionalna vrsta rasuđivanja, pa samim time nije jedino mjerilo racionalnosti pristanka.

Rational structures on automorphic representations

This paper proves the existence of global rational structures on spaces of cusp forms of general reductive groups. We identify cases where the constructed rational structures are optimal, which includes the case of $${{\mathrm{\mathrm {GL}}}}(n)$$ . As an application, we deduce the existence of a natural set of periods attached to cuspidal automorphic representations of $${{\mathrm{\mathrm {GL}}}}(n)$$ . This has consequences for the arithmetic of special values of L-functions that we discuss in Januszewski (On period relations for automorphic L-functions I, pp. 1–46, arXiv:1504.06973 , 2015, On period relations for automorphic L-functions II, pp. 1–65, arXiv:1604.04253 , 2015). In the course of proving our results, we lay the foundations for a general theory of Harish-Chandra modules over arbitrary fields of characteristic 0. In this context, a rational character theory, translation functors and an equivariant theory of cohomological induction are developed. We also study descent problems for Harish-Chandra modules in quadratic extensions, where we obtain a complete theory over number fields.

Motive or Reason in Criminal Law

Abstract Guilt often encompasses volitional and intellectual mental processes and only in rare cases it will include affective processes. The motive and purpose are certain mental processes which the legislator sometimes introduces in the content of the offenses. The motive is the psychological causal support of human facts. The doctrine currently uses both the term of motive and that of reason, but the Criminal Code uses exclusively the term motive, which better communicates the conscious and rational character of these psychological processes. In the general section of the Criminal Code, mental processes of the motive are common among the general criteria of punishment individualization and also in listing the aggravating circumstances. In the special part of the Criminal Code mental processes of the motive can be found both for typical or special variants and aggravated or qualifying forms of certain crimes. Motive can be expressed explicitly by equivalent terms or by an implied manner, which entails the need for interpretation of the text.

GRADED UNIPOTENT GROUPS AND GROSSHANS THEORY

Let $U$ be a unipotent group which is graded in the sense that it has an extension $H$ by the multiplicative group of the complex numbers such that all the weights of the adjoint action on the Lie algebra of $U$ are strictly positive. We study embeddings of $H$ in a general linear group $G$ which possess Grosshans-like properties. More precisely, suppose $H$ acts on a projective variety $X$ and its action extends to an action of $G$ which is linear with respect to an ample line bundle on $X$. Then, provided that we are willing to twist the linearization of the action of $H$ by a suitable (rational) character of $H$, we find that the $H$-invariants form a finitely generated algebra and hence define a projective variety $X/\!/H$; moreover, the natural morphism from the semistable locus in $X$ to $X/\!/H$ is surjective, and semistable points in $X$ are identified in $X/\!/H$ if and only if the closures of their $H$-orbits meet in the semistable locus. A similar result applies when we replace $X$ by its product with the projective line; this gives us a projective completion of a geometric quotient of a $U$-invariant open subset of $X$ by the action of the unipotent group $U$.

Autoridad moral y obediencia

El concepto de autonomía moral ilustrado, que persiste en nuestros días, ha considerado a la obediencia como una conducta ciega e irracional, olvidando el carácter virtuoso que tuvo en el pensamiento de Tomás de Aquino, que asume el de Aristóteles. En este artículo se discute esa concepción ilustrada, demostrando el carácter racional de esa virtud, que ha sido afirmado por destacados autores contemporáneos, tales como Gadamer, Weil y Bochenski; como también por aquellos que en nuestra época reconocen la necesidad del binomio autoridad–obediencia para el desarrollo del autogobierno de la persona humana, tales como MacIntyre, o por Murdoch quien se refiere a las virtudes que lo facilitan.

Między „jarzmem fanariockim” a „jarzmem jezuickim”. Polemiki wokół bułgarskiej kwestii cerkiewnej między periodykami „Bułgaria” a „Dunajski Łabędź” w latach 1859–1861

At the turn of 1850s and 1860s there was a serious discussion inside the Bulgarian Church Movement, which had fallen apart into four parties: national, pro-Turkish moderates, pro-Russian moderates and pro-Uniate. One of the most fervent debates took place between the journals “The Danubian Swan” (edited by Georgi Sava Rakovski, connected with the national party the Church Movement) and “Bulgaria” (published by the leader of pro-Uniate party Dragan Tzankov). The discussions focused on the topics pivotal for the Bulgarian national case: the relation of the Church Movement to the Ottoman Empire, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Catholic Church and the Great Powers (especially Russia and France), the problem of the Bulgarian cultural model, the medieval heritage and Christian dogmas. One of those topics concerned the relation of the Church movement to the Ottoman Empire – in general both journals declared loyalty to the Sultan, but the problem mainly concerned the Turkish censorship. “Bulgaria” and “The Dunabian Swan“ agreed that the Patriarchate of Constantinople is the main enemy of Bulgarian interests. Liberating the Bulgarian Church from Greeks was their primary goal. Tzankov wanted to realize this goal in cooperation with the Catholic Church, for Rakovski, instead, the Church Union would lead to the new enslavement of the Bulgarians, who would fall under the “yoke of Jesuits”. That problem was also connected with the search for an ally between the Great Powers: “Bulgaria” wanted to cooperate with France, which was the main patron of Catholicism in the World, whereas “The Dunabian Swan” tried to gain Russian support. The activists of the Church Movement realized that the Union will have a significant impact on the future of the Bulgarian culture. Tzankov was a proponent of the modernization of the Bulgarian society according to Western standards. Rakovski warned that the Union will be the beginning of the collapse of the Bulgarian nation and a betray of its age-old connection with the Orthodox Church. They proved these visions with historical examples – during the discussion the editor of “Bulgaria” created an alternative and false version of the Medieval history of Bulgaria, in which he tried to prove the existence of deep relations between Bulgarians and the Catholic Church. Another important part of the discussion between the journals revolved around Christian dogmas and was based on the old polemics about dogmas lasting since the 9th century between the Western and Eastern Christianity. The arguments used in the articles about the Church Movement by Rakovski and Tzankov only very rarely had a rational character, they were usually based on emotions, stereotypes and the Bulgarian sense of pride.

Environmental Ethics: Driving Factors Beneath Behavior, Discourse and Decision-Making

This paper tries to characterize the factors determining human relations with its environment and to identify the drives of those behavioral patterns and “praxis”. One scrutinizes the physiological and psychological factors that influence those drives , and tries to determine ways of overriding instinctive drives in favor of rational, sustainable ones. It focuses its attention on the way the different ecosystemic, economic and socio-cultural systems work, and pin-points the critical issues in view of the development of sustainable behavioral patterns. Also the values that must build the new behavioral paradigm, as well as the ways to ensure the evolutionary quantum-leap necessary to ensure this sustainable condition, and the fulfilment, at every level, the different needs of humans and human societies, are analyzed. In conclusion, it stresses the fact that any reliable and long lasting change towards a sustainable behavior must start at the individual and the close social groups levels, and of the development of new factors of self-fulfillment and gratification, able to support and foster that change. The proposed epistemological approach is particularly innovative, precisely because of this emphasis on the individual drives and the way they determine the global patterns of environmental use, as well as the way they can evolve into a more rational (human) character. In short, the paper focuses itself in the way man can evolve from its natural animal instincts and drives toward more rational ones, humanizing its behavior and turning, therefore, into an able actor of the process of sustainability building.