Rational Capacities Research Articles

A Network Approach to Compliance: A Complexity Science Understanding of How Rules Shape Behavior

To understand how compliance develops both in everyday and corporate environments, it is crucial to understand how different mechanisms work together to shape individuals’ (non)compliant behavior. Existing compliance studies typically focus on a subset of theories (i.e., rational choice theories, social theories, legitimacy theories, capacity theories, and opportunity theories) to understand how key variables from one or several of these theories shape individual compliance. The present study provides a first integrated understanding of compliance, rooted in complexity science, in which key elements from these theories are considered simultaneously, and their relations to compliance and each other are explored using network analysis. This approach is developed by analyzing online survey data (N = 562) about compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures. Traditional regression analysis shows that elements from nearly all major compliance theories (except for social theories) are associated with compliance. The network analysis revealed groupings and interconnections of variables that did not track the existing compliance theories and point to a complexity overlooked in existing compliance research. These findings demonstrate a fundamentally different perspective on compliance, which moves away from traditional narrow, non-network approaches. Instead, they showcase a complexity science understanding of compliance, in which compliance is understood as a network of interacting variables derived from different theories that interact with compliance. This points to a new research agenda that is oriented on mapping compliance networks, and testing and modelling how regulatory and management interventions interact with each other and compliance within such networks.

Impact of success and hindrance factors of digital marketing on IT professionals of software development industry

The revolution on our day to day actions has accentuated the pattern of living on a fast pace and equally digital marketing has shaped an apparent fact in makeover of life for each one in adopting the recent conditions. Software Development is one of crucial sector and the IT Professionals add a lot towards its rational capacity. The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of success and hindrance factors for Digital Marketing Model on IT Professionals of Software Development Industry and the study uses a survey analysis for 406 IT Professionals. Both Success as well Hindrance Factors have overall higher fondness with a direction of age with of IT professionals towards Digital Marketing. However Success Factors at 89.41% is slightly higher to Hindrance Factors which is at 84.8 %. This study also reveals that there is a better connection between success and hindrance factors i.e. .42 for Digital Marketing towards the IT Professionals and indicates that these are important predictors of the Digital Marketing. However Hindrance Factors are the bonded points which need to be measured carefully by the Marketers so that these go with the Success Factors by more prosperous deeds.

Believing for a Reason is (at Least) Nearly Self-Intimating

This paper concerns a specific epistemic feature of believing for a reason (e.g., believing that it will rain on the basis of the grey clouds outside). It has commonly been assumed that our access to such facts about ourselves is akin in all relevant respects to our access to why other people hold their beliefs. Further, discussion of self-intimation—that we are necessarily in a position to know when we are in certain conditions—has centred largely around mental states. In contrast to both assumptions, this paper argues that believing for a reason is (at least) very nearly self-intimating: necessarily, if a subject believes that q for the reason that p, then, provided relevant conceptual and rational capacities, she is in a position to form a justified true belief that she believes that q for the reason that p. We should think this on the basis of the role that believing for a reason plays from the subjects’ perspective, and in particular, the way in which it intellegises one’s belief.

The Metamorphosis of an Ass

The Metamorphosis of an Ass Shadi Bartsch Peter Singer, ed. and Ellen Finkelpearl, trans. Apuleius: The Golden Ass. London: Norton, 2021. ix + 219 pp. $19.95. 1. IN WHICH THE AUTHOR MUST DECIDE WHETHER OR NOT TO WRITE A REVIEW The Lucius of Apuleius' The Golden Ass is not delighted at his transformation into an ass, but the many juicy stories he overhears during his stay in animal form provide a silver lining—stories which, once he has returned to human form, he incorporates into a book about his experience. The resulting narrative offers countless opportunities for interpretation. In it, realistic depictions of animal suffering caused by humans jostle with the most light-hearted X-rated romps; the contents of a ribald "Milesian tale" stud the confessions of a priest; a complicated allegory about love is questioned by its framing narrative. The novel's central questions demand serious thought: why would a devotee of Isis include raunchy tales in his autobiography? Is the author/ass simply the last victim of all the religious scams he sees? Does the battered donkey stand as testimony to the suffering of ancient slaves? How does the Cupid and Psyche story reflect on Lucius' curiosity? This complexity—and the fact that The Golden Ass makes for a fabulous read—renders the experience of reading the work pretty much inenarrabile. Enter Peter Singer, the Princeton utilitarian and bio-ethicist, who has recently published a curtailed version of the novel with a translation by classicist Ellen Finkelpearl. It's unusual for bio-ethicists to publish editions of classical texts, but the motivation here was personal. In an essay published in the online Classics journal Antigone, Singer tells of his astonishment upon encountering this work.1 Here, from the 2nd [End Page 169] century c.e., was an account of a man transformed into an ass who suffered much in that unhappy pelt. To Singer, the point seemed clear. As he writes in an essay on "The Ethical Significance of the Golden Ass" included in his edition, "almost two millennia ago, a writer and philosopher chose to tell a story from the point of view of a donkey, seeing that animal as a sentient being with a life of his own to lead" (211). It was a message worth repeating, given that Singer hoped we would think about the implications for our own view of animals. But since the message was obscured by the presence of the titillating stories heard by the ass along the way, Singer also decided to prune away from the book anything unrelated to the donkey's direct experience.2 (He notes that Finkelpearl did not approve of the cuts; her decision to go ahead with the translation reflected her desire to broaden the text's audience.)3 As the reader will know, Peter Singer has been an eloquent advocate both for philanthropic giving in The Life You Can Save (Singer 2009) and, more pertinently here, animal rights (starting with his foundational Animal Liberation (Singer 1975). Much as in Bentham's famous argument that "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?"4 Singer has argued that using criteria such as rational capacity to create a hierarchy of animals and humans is, simply put, immoral. On his view, we should privilege instead a living being's capacity to suffer, and, since animals can most certainly suffer, we are obliged to offer them the same consideration as we do humans.5 The publication of this Golden Ass is in support of this cause, and Singer's essay in the volume also offers a brief history of philosophical views on animal rights and dwells on the very real horrors of factory farming. As it happens, this reviewer is also a passionate advocate of animal rights. I believe that factory farming is indeed the great moral evil of [End Page 170] our times, and that our descendants will look back on it with the horror we feel now for slavery. Should I therefore applaud the publication of the athetized Ass? Surely not. After all, if we're letting ethics enter into consideration...

Intuitions in Stoic philosophy

ABSTRACT There is no single ancient Greek word in the surviving fragments and testimonies of Hellenistic philosophy that is directly translatable by the term ‘intuition’. But if we are in search of intuitions in the context of Hellenistic epistemology, it could be said that both the Stoics and the sceptics made use of them in their philosophical debates; for intuitions seem to be closely connected with the formation of conceptions, which were abundantly used by all Hellenistic philosophers. It is important to understand, though, that the Stoics’ and the sceptics’ attitude towards the epistemic status of intuitions would greatly differ: The Stoics would explain intuitions by invoking a rational capacity of human beings, which based on experience would put them in touch with the reality of things, so that their intuitions could be thought of as somehow rationally admissible. The sceptics, on the other hand, would suggest that intuitions guide our everyday life merely on the basis of our previous experiences, and thus their intuitions could be regarded as empirically justified, although they would not guarantee any access to how things actually are.

Acquiring reason

AbstractIn the last decades, there has been a far‐reaching debate about whether reason is a natural power of the human animal or a socio‐historical achievement. This paper brings out and criticizes two paradigmatic views of reason entangled in that dilemma: the substantive view which construes reason as a primitive power possessing the basic forms of intelligibility; and the derivative view which traces back reason to non‐rational, natural‐historic processes. I approach the issue by discussing how Aristotle addresses the underlying predicament in Metaphysics Theta. The predicament persuades us to overdetermine or underdetermine our natural potentiality for reason because it ignores what I call Aristotle's main insight: the understanding from which rational capacities are exercised is acquired by undertaking appropriate activities. The measure of rational capacities is neither merely naturally determined nor merely socio‐historically inherited but relies on the engagement with the things falling under the purview of the pertaining activities. We must recover this Aristotelian insight, I argue, to avoid succumbing to either the substantive or the derivative view of reason.

The Role of Potentiality in Aristotle’s Ethics

What I will argue here is that the ethical potentiality of the human being that Aristotle cites in the Nicomachean Ethics refers to the general, rational capacity for someone to appropriate and develop their own specific, natural capacities which make them human; the name of this ability is called virtue, which, when expressed in actions, we call good. To separate out the concepts at work here demands an exegesis of the two kinds of dunamis in Metaphysics Theta, that is, dunamis as causal power of change and dunamis as a potential way of being for an existent capacity. Once we grasp this, we can clarify the nature of virtue as the active, complete state of a capacity in human being which defines their function even though it must be acquired, and it need not ever be actualized. The concepts of habit ( ethos) and practical judgment ( phronesis) give Aristotle the means to solve the problem of how such a potentiality is acquired and how it is actualized, and hence we will end with a discussion of them.

The Rule of Law for All Sentient Animals

AbstractThis paper argues for a theory of the rule of law that is inclusive of sentient non-human animals. It critiques the rule of law theories of Fuller, Waldron, and Allan, by showing that their theories presuppose that the legal subject is a person who can be guided by legal norms. This unduly excludes non-human animals, as well as certain humans who do not have rational capacities. If we view the basic idea of the rule of law as restraining arbitrary power, then rule of law theories need to give an account of who can be a potential victim of such power. Non-human animals and humans, whether endowed with rational capacities or not, can all be victims of arbitrary power. So, we need a new rule of law theory which is inclusive of all sentient animals, humans and non-human alike. This paper sets out such an inclusive theory.

Rational Presupposition, Normativity and Pluralist Expression: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on the Universality of Philosophy

The question of the universality of philosophy is highlighted when seen from a crosscultural perspective, for it reveals the tension between particularity and universality, as well as the connotations of the universality of philosophy. In terms of philosophical activities concerned with the content of Chinese life experience, the universality of philosophy, the particularity of Chinese thought, and the uniqueness of Chinese expression together constitute a persistent theoretical tension. We distinguish the universality of philosophy from universal philosophy; the former stems from the universal presupposition of rational capacity and points to the richness and pluralism of the empirical world while maintaining a dynamic balance between universality and pluralism in normative attitudes of discourse practice and conceptual activity. From the perspective of cultural subjectivity, it is necessary to avoid misleading views that equate the universality of philosophy with Western philosophy; moreover, normativity cannot be understood as specific censorship rules. The universality of philosophy requires a sense of boundaries and a normative attitude that will ensure that people from different contexts can enter into dialogue on the basis of rational ability and construct a space for dialogue and understanding. The concern for diverse objects based on the richness of experience gives philosophical concepts and arguments pluralist differences that encompass cultural differences and autonomy at the level of expression. All in all, it is only on the basis of the universality of philosophy that we can understand the normative requirements of philosophical activities and the pluralism of cross-cultural philosophical reflection.

Mencius and Hutcheson on Empathy-based Benevolence

The purpose of this article is to clarify that, although Mencius and Hutcheson are interpreted as "moral sentimentalists," benevolence may not be rooted purely in feelings and sentiments. On my reading, Mencian-Hutchesonian thought experiments invite us to use our rational capacity and engage in cognitively elaborated forms of empathy, which refer to complex processes that require simulation, perspective taking, and initiation on behalf of the agent herself.

Кто мудрствует? Об одной нераспознанной проблеме для моральной психологии и этического метода Канта

I critically examine the plausibility of Kant’s conception of rationalising, a form of self-deception that plays a crucial role for Kant’s moral psychology and his conception of the functions of critical practical philosophy. The main problem I see with Kant’s conception is that there are no theory-independent criteria to determine whether an exercise of rational capacities constitutes rationalising. Kant believes that rationalising is wide-spread and he charges the popular philosophers and other ethical theorists with rationalising. Yet, his opponents could, in turn, charge him with rationalising and some theorists, namely Act-Consequentialists, seem to be in an even stronger position to charge Kant with rationalising than vice versa. In response, I propose standards that do not assume a specific normative theory and that become apparent when we look at clear-cut abuses of rationality. These standards of minimally decent reasoning can help us diagnose rationalising. I develop these standards by looking at inadequate uses of rational capacities that should strike us as problematic regardless of the specific ethical theory we adopt. I emphasise that even an abuse of rational capacities can yield true results and that we can never tell from a single judgement that someone rationalises. Rather, we must look for patterns.

Identification of shallow cracks in rotating systems by utilizing convolutional neural networks and persistence spectrum under constant speed condition

The positive benefits of early faults detection in rotating systems have led scientists to develop automated methods. Although unbalancing is the most prevalent defect in rotor systems, this fault normally is accompanied by other defects such as crack. In this article, an effective self-acting procedure is addressed in identifying shallow cracks in rotor systems throughout the steady-state operation. To classify rotor systems suffering cracks with three various depths, firstly, healthy and cracked systems are modeled by employing the finite element method (FEM). In the following, systems' vibration signals are calculated in different situations numerically; for pre-processing stage, the persistence spectrum is implemented. Finally, by using a supervised convolutional neural network (CNN), rotor systems are classified by regarding the crack depths. The result of the testing step revealed that this hybrid method has rational capacity in distinguishing shallow cracks in steady-state operation where many other methods are somehow powerless.

The Political Anatomy of Economic Crises -the case of Turkey: 1945-2018

The foundations of economic and financial crises are conventionally attributed to the technicalities of macroeconomic fragilities. Yet political instability (caused by the deficiency of democracy and/or unfunctional political institutions) can also be considered as a major determinant of economic instability by deteriorating the debt dynamics through depreciation of the national currency or the ascent of interest rates. Analogously, political instability, for instance, disruption of cabinet durability, to a large extent depends on the economic performance of governments. Hence, though most economists conceive macroeconomic fragilities as the mother of all crises, the issue is rather complex and there is an intermingled relationship between political and economic crises. 
 
 Besides, as macroeconomic fragilities or structural imbalances are results of inappropriate policies, the political rationale and the social motives behind such misleading policies should also be well comprehended. For that purpose, an elaboration will enable the negation of the dominant argument that it is only economic factors that instigate crises. 
 
 This study investigates the political background of eight economic crises in Turkey, since 1946. It is observed that in all of them, significant levels of devaluation and retraction of growth are experienced. All of the devaluations were indispensable, except the first one in 1946 which was discretionary and precautionary. The crises of 1978/9, 1994, and 2001 ended with drastic austerity programmes, albeit the others, where governments refrained with macroeconomic adjustment through fiscal and monetary measures. The 2001 twin-crisis was so peculiar, as it was to a large extent caused by the design-defection of the programme recommended by the IMF. Yet, since the attempt of financial liberalization, all of the other economic crises were prompted by capital flights. The 2008/9 crisis was due to global contagion and the 2018 crisis was caused by the tensions in the bilateral relations with the US, amid high private sector foreign debt. In all economic crises, the profligate fiscal stance of governments has played a prominent role, as well as the maintenance of appreciated exchange rates, but such choices had a political rationale. Finally, in the background of all the economic crises in Turkey, we observe stern political instability.
 
 Political instability not only restricts the rational decision-making capacity of the policy-maker, especially if it converges into a political crisis, but also exacerbates economic sentiment, either by consumer confidence or by investor appetite, which subsequently results in economic decline. It also intensifies risks and causes exchange rate depreciation as well as interest rate hikes, both of which degenerates debt dynamics. Since the financial liberalization attempt, as portfolio investments have boosted, political stability has become imperative to sustain the stability of risk-sensitive financial markets. Both the experience of the 2008/9 and especially the 2018 financial crisis, have verified the importance of political instability as a determinant of economic crises. In short, economic crises cannot be analysed disregarding their political anatomy.

Aristotle on Reasoning and Rational Animals

ABSTRACT This paper articulates and defends a novel view of the strict distinction that Aristotle makes between human and non-human mental life. We examine two crucially relevant but overlooked arguments that turn on the human capacity for reasoning and inference (syl/logismos) to reconstruct his view of what makes some cognitive processes rational and how they differ from non-rational counterparts. A creature is rational just in case its occurrent cognitive states exhibit a sequential coherence wherein prior cognitive activity constrains subsequent activity for the sake of attaining truth. Processes are rational, then, in virtue of how constituent states relate to each other, not whether any given state involves some peculiar content or grasps some distinct object. This study aids, but does not exhaust, a systematic examination of the rational soul in Aristotle’s writing, based on (a) the human/animal comparisons through which he often elucidates rational cognitive capacities and (b) the distinctions that he draws between elements of rational cognition and non-rational counterparts in terms of what minimally suffices to distinguish between them.

Rational loads of turbine inlet air absorption-ejector cooling systems

An increase in gas turbine efficiency is possible by inlet air cooling in chillers converting a heat of exhaust gas into refrigeration. In traditional absorption lithium-bromide chillers of a simple cycle an inlet air can be cooled to 15°С. More decrease of turbine inlet air temperature and greater fuel saving accordingly is possible in refrigerant ejector chiller as a simple in design and cheap. The innovative turbine inlet air cooling (TIC) system with absorption chiller as a high-temperature and ejector chiller as a low-temperature stages for cooling air to 7 or 10 °C is proposed. Its application in temperate climate provides annual fuel saving by 1.5 to 2 times higher compared with traditional air cooling in absorption chiller to 15 °C. A novel universal method of analysing the efficiency of TIC system operation and rational designing has been developed. The method involves the simple numerical simulation based on real input data of site actual climatic conditions. The annual fuel saving is chosen as a primary criterion. The novelty of the methodological approach consists in replacing the current yearly changeable fuel reduction due to TIC by its hour-by-hour summation as an annual fuel saving. The increment of annual fuel saving referred to needed refrigeration capacity of TIC system is used as an indicator to select a design refrigeration capacity. A rational design refrigeration capacity determined by applying the novel methodology allows to decrease the TIC system sizes by 10 to 20% compared with traditional designing issuing from the peaked thermal load during a year. So far as it was developed analytically by introducing quite reasonable criterion indicator and based on the simple summation procedure the method is quite applicable for designing in power and energy.

Integrated Moral Agency and the Practical Phenomenon of Moral Diversity

The practical phenomenon of moral diversity is a central feature of many contemporary societies and poses a distinct problem to moral theory building. Because of its goal to settle the moral question fully and exclusively and/or to provide better understanding of moral disagreement, traditional first-order moral theory often does not provide sufficient guidance to address this phenomenon and moral agency in deeply morally diverse societies. In this article, I move beyond traditional first-order moral theorizing and, based on multilevel social contract theory (Moehler 2018, 2020a), develop a practically sound notion of moral agency for morally diverse societies. The interrelational and dynamic notion of integrated moral agency developed in this article demands that agents actively exercise their rational and affective capacities, are receptive to the capacities of others, and are aware of the type of moral interaction in which they engage with others. The notion of integrated moral agency helps agents to reconcile conflicting first-order moral directives and to maximally protect agents’ autonomy in morally diverse societies.

Becoming Pluralists: Kant on the Normative Features of Pluralistic Thinking

Abstract Kant’s essays in the philosophy of history, such as Universal History and Conjectural Beginning, offer a speculative account of the gradual development of reason in our species and of the way the mature use of reason can be attained. Such mature use of reason, as Kant explains a few years later in the published Anthropology, is characterized by abandoning the standpoint of “practical egoism” and learning how to exercise the psychological disposition to “pluralism”. To be a pluralist, he claims, means to be capable of seeing things from other people’s standpoints, of giving deliberative weight to the needs of others, and of taking part in universally valid judgments. But Kant is never explicit about what is required in order to become a pluralist, nor does he explain what it means to be a pluralist beyond a brief remark in the Anthropology. My paper takes a detailed look at this under-studied notion and offers a novel account of this notion. I explicate the features of pluralistic thinking and I connect this notion to the public use of reason, the three maxims of common human understanding, and the role played by interpersonal communication in advancing the progress of our rational capacities. I also explain the key role of education in reason’s development and the conceptual relationship between the enlightenment of an individual and the enlightenment of the human species.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR RATIONAL PARAMETERS DETERMINATION OF THE CAPACITIVE ENERGY STORAGE FOR THE METRO TRAIN

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to determine the rational capacity and energy consumption of the onboard capacitive energy storages using a complex approach for estimating the parameters, which is based on the methods of theoretical research. Methodology. The article performs a comparative analysis of existing methodologies and approaches for determination of the onboard capacitive storages parameters for subway trains with recovery systems, formulates the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. It is determined that among the existing methodologies it is most reasonable to use a complex approach, the aim of which is to determine the rational capacity and energy consumption according to two parameters of the energy storage system – weight and payback period. A procedure for determining the rational parameters of the onboard capacitive energy storage using theoretical research methods is proposed: theoretical basis of electric traction, mathematical modeling of dynamic motion and energy processes, mathematical statistics, technical-economic and comparative analysis. Findings. According to the results of the complex theoretical researches, the economic expediency of implementation of onboard capacitive energy storages on the subway train is confirmed. The energy storage system with rational parameters of the onboard capacitive energy storage for established operating conditions in the Municipal Enterprise «Kyiv Metro» and selected experimental train of the subway is determined. The amount of saved electricity due to the implementation of the energy storage system with rational parameters is estimated. Originality. The methodology for determining the rational parameters of the onboard capacitive energy storage in terms of replacing the use of experimental research data with theoretical research, the purpose of which is to model the movement of subway trains with recovery systems using software to reduce financial costs, research time and increase their accuracy. The research on determination of quantitative indicators of recovery electricity for the analysis of energy saving reserves was further developed in the subway. Practical value. The results of theoretical research can be the basis for the creation of full-scale samples of subway trains with onboard capacitive energy storages. The researches will create recommendations for the design of innovative energy-saving subway trains with improved technical and economic characteristics that can increase the efficiency of the transportation process in the subway.

Garbage Can Model at Covid 19 Countermeasures Policy in Banten

The Garbage Can Model is a public policy model that is taken by the government when an urgent event occurs which requires a fast and populist policy. Covid 19 is a deadly virus that spreads very quickly and is transmitted through human intermediaries, data released by the Covid 19 Response Acceleration Task Force on April 24, 2020, at least 8,211 people tested positive for this virus, and those who died reached 689 people and recovered 1,002 people. As for cases in the world, 2,626,321 people have tested positive, who died reaching 181,938 people covering 213 countries / regions (WHO Data Last update: 24 April 2020, 07:00 GMT + 7). In tackling the spread of this virus, the state as the policy holder has a stake in protecting the safety of its citizens. However, there are several cases where the policy dynamics are very intense, resulting in policy actors not being able to fully utilize their rational capacities. This study focuses on a number of government policies in the response to covid 19 which especially occurs in Banten. This study uses a qualitative methodology with a descriptive approach to better describe how it is possible to understand all actors involved in the covid 19 prevention policy in Banten. Finding of this research garbage can model can’t runs well, the four element of garbage can such alternative choice (policy window), problems, solutions, and participants can’t go hand in hand. The very large role of the participants limits the roles of other elements that actually play an important role in shaping the garbage can.

“But Could You Persuade Us, If We Won't Listen?”

“But Could You Persuade Us, If We Won't Listen?”