Rational Action Research Articles

Ambiguousness-Aware State Evolution for Action Prediction

In this paper, we propose an ambiguousness-aware state evolution (AASE) method which represents the uncertainty of the input sequence and evolves the subsequent skeletons to generate a reasonable full-length sequence for action prediction. Unlike most existing methods that enforce partial sequences with the labels of full-length videos and ignore the semantic information of the subsequent action, we develop an evolution method by predicting the instructional actions and generating the reasonable candidate subsequent actions, so that the ambiguity of the full sequence’s label supervising for the partial actions can be effectively alleviated. Our method generates the rational subsequent actions under the instructional action class to complement the partially observed action sequence. We design two criteria for a rational generation: 1) the instruction of subsequent action keeps the semantic consistency with the observed sequence; 2) the generation sequence is satisfied with the distribution of the sequence of real data. Moreover, we design an uncertainty module to decide the instructional action class for the generation network. AASE predicts instructional actions with uncertainty learning and evolves different instructional actions by generating the subsequent skeletons, which find the most probable action to represent the partially observed action by learning the way of perceiving the tendency of the ongoing action. We conduct experiments on seven widely used action datasets: NTU-60, NTU-120, UCF101, UT-Interaction, BIT, PKU-MMD and HMDB51, and our experimental results clearly demonstrate that our method achieves very competitive performance with state-of-the-art.

Student's Rationality for Continuing Education in Equivalency Program (Case Study at Sabilum Najjah Community Learning Center)

Education is an effort made by individuals to acquire knowledge in the learning process. The number of people in Malang City who drop out of school and cannot complete their education is a problem for the community and the government. One solution for the community to be able to complete their education is to attend a non-formal school, one of the non-formal schools in Malang that has been recognized and trusted, namely PKBM Sabilun Najjah. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with the aim of knowing the rationality of learners in continuing their education at PKBM Sabilun Najjah and the expectations of learners in continuing their education in PKBM. Based on the results of the study, learners continue their education at PKBM Sabilun Najjah not only to get a diploma, but learners have special reasons, namely PKBM Sabilun Najjah has adequate facilities and programs, has official and accredited permits, school distance is close to home, and there are family relationship between learners and tutors. The hope of learners after completing their education at PKBM Sabilun Najjah is that they hope to create a business, get relationships, complete requirements from agencies, and get recognition by completing their education at PKBM Sabilun Najjah.Keywords: PKBM, Rational Action, Equality Program

KEBIJAKAN DONALD TRUMP MENARIK AMERIKA SERIKAT DARI KESEPAKATAN PARIS TAHUN (2016-2020)

This article aims to describe the United States' environmental foreign policy in the Donald Trump regime as well as to analyze the causes or factors that determine Trump's policy in withdrawing the United States from the Paris Agreement directly after he replaced the previous president, Barack Obama. Qualitative research methods, descriptive-explanatory and literature review were used, and used the Rational Actor Model described by Mohtar Mas'oed and Thomas Burch in looking at the foreign policy taken by Trump as the executive leader. The results of the study found that Trump's actions responded to the policies of the global climate regime to secure the accumulation of profits from the electricity industry which contributed large revenues to the country's GDP treasury and fulfilled its political promises to its supporters. Trump calculated that there would be losses in the economic sector and domestic coal resources due to the Clean Power Plan policy

Everything Stays the Same while Everything Changes

Everything Stays the Same while Everything Changes

FUNGSI LEADERSHIP DALAM PENINGKATAN TARGET KURIKULUM

School management is one of the factors that affect the education quality. This is because school management will influence and define the effectiveness of the curriculum, numerous learning tools, teaching time and the learning process. School management is the process of employing all school resources run through rational and systematic act (comprising; planning, organizing, actions and controlling) in order to reach school goals effectively and efficiently. Effective schools are under schools management which have characteristics: Supervisors, principals and teachers who have high attention to increase the quality of teaching, teachers who have high expectations to support student achievement, the climate of the school which is not firm, cool without pressure and conducive in the whole teaching process, the school has a wide understanding of the focus of teaching and struggles for the effectiveness of the school by using all school resources to achieve the goals completely, effective schools can guarantee the progress of students that are monitored periodically.

A sociology of regret

This article aims to present regret, an emotion to which sociologists so far have paid little attention, as having great sociological significance. First, it reviews recent research in social psychology and economics which cast anticipated regret as playing a major role in human decision-making. Second, it suggests a regret-based interpretation of the sunk-cost fallacy. Such an interpretation points to the need of a specifically sociological perspective on regret, calling attention to the cultural and institutional framings of regret-arousing events. The article further argues that secular changes in the types of regret imposed on individuals are paralleled by the spread of various forms of coping with it and that anticipated regret is responsible for both commitment to a chosen life-course and for sudden changes in it. The article ends with discussing the relationship between instrumental and moral regret, as well as the general implications of regret as a phenomenon for sociological understanding of rationality and human action.

Transport Preferences of City Residents in the Context of Urban Mobility and Sustainable Development

The article focuses on the transport preferences of the inhabitants of a medium-sized city in the context of changing urban mobility and sustainable development. It fills the gap in the literature researching the changing communication behavior of the inhabitants of a given city. The main purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the preferred means of movement for inhabitants of a medium-sized city in Central and Eastern Europe. The research area was the city of Szczecin, Poland. The research was carried out using the following research methods: literature review, analysis of legal acts and documents, case study. The research material was collected using an anonymous questionnaire based on a proprietary survey made available to the inhabitants of the largest city of north-western Poland, Szczecin, in the GOOGLE browser in the period 17 May 2019–1 April 2021. The multiple-response contingency tables, chi-square test of independence and non-parametric U Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used for study development. The conducted scientific research showed that, when determining the relationship between the method and the destination, the respondents most often chose a car or on-foot commuting in all of the surveyed destinations. The research results increase the level of knowledge regarding residents’ needs in terms of urban mobility and the development of Szczecin’s transport system. They can be used in the rational actions of local authorities aiming to improve residents’ the quality of life in the context of the sustainable development of city transport.

Translation of CEO’s Objectivism into Social Responsibility: The Role of Entrepreneurial Passion

Enterprising individuals are often portrayed as rational actors who maximize their self-interests through business venturing. At the same time, a growing number of SMEs employ social responsibility and sustainability strategies, incorporating collective interests into their business agenda. Drawing on the entrepreneurial identity literature, objectivism (rational egoism) philosophical perspective, and the concept of entrepreneurial passion, this study sets out to analyze the interplay between rational and emotional aspects of CEO’s personal identity and address its implications for socially responsible behavior of his/her business. The research hypotheses are tested based on a sample of 333 Russian SMEs. The results suggest that CEOs whose personal identities are rooted in objectivism values, are less likely to develop social responsibility within their firms. At the same time, CEO’s entrepreneurial passion offsets the negative effect of objectivism on social responsiveness of the venture. Implications are discussed.

Precursors to Workers’ Perceptions of Human Capital Specificity

Recent work made the distinction between how individuals think about their skills and the actual usefulness of such skills, thereby demarcating between perceived and objective firm-specific human capital (FSHC). This divergence has important theoretical implications, because many theories in the strategy literature rely on the notion that FSHC functions as an isolating mechanism. Because classical human capital theory side-stepped the divergence issue by assuming that workers are informed, rational actors, how workers’ perceptions of FSHC emerges is under-researched. Therefore, we examine when and why workers perceive their human capital as firm-specific. As could be expected, our empirical results suggest that workers develop perceptions of FSHC after unsuccessful forays into the labor market and when regional unemployment rates are high. Surprisingly, we also find that workers’ perceptions of the firm-specificity of their human capital are associated with financial precarity that are unrelated to their human capital.

Memory trace imbalance in reinforcement and punishment systems can reinforce implicit choices leading to obsessive-compulsive behavior.

We may view most of our daily activities as rational action selections; however, we sometimes reinforce maladaptive behaviors despite having explicit environmental knowledge. In this study, we model obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms as implicitly learned maladaptive behaviors. Simulations in the reinforcement learning framework show that agents implicitly learn to respond to intrusive thoughts when the memory trace signal for past actions decays differently for positive and negative prediction errors. Moreover, this model extends our understanding of therapeutic effects of behavioral therapy in OCD. Using empirical data, we confirm that patients with OCD show extremely imbalanced traces, which are normalized by serotonin enhancers. We find that healthy participants also vary in their obsessive-compulsive tendencies, consistent with the degree of imbalanced traces. These behavioral characteristics can be generalized to variations in the healthy population beyond the spectrum of clinical phenotypes.

Rural Community Resilience: Gambir Fluctuations as Main Livelihood in Kapur IX District Nagari Koto Bangun

Gambir is the main source of livelihood for Kapur IX Nagari Koto Bangun sub-district. This study aims to analyze the resilience of rural communities: Gambir fluctuations as the main livelihood in Nagari Koto Bangun. This study uses a qualitative approach and data collection methods, namely in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and document data collection. The way to obtain informants in this research is by using proportional sampling technique. This study shows that the process of resilience of gambier farmers in gambier price fluctuations in Nagari Koto Bangun. This study shows that the price of gambier fluctuates which makes gambier farmers take rational actions in maintaining the economy, especially in the family. The resilience of the gambier farming community is carried out by living frugally, opening other businesses, especially small stalls and borrowing money from gambier middlemen as an alternative to being able to rise from fluctuations in gambier as their main livelihood.Gambier fluctuations occur because of changes in the ups and downs of a variable that occurs due to market mechanisms.Changes in market mechanisms make people to take action to keep rising from Gambier fluctuations by making efforts that are rational.Novelty in this study is a rational action as an action in strengthening resilience to image fluctuations.

Dispensasi Nikah: Analisis Kontemporer Dimensi Pernikahan Dini Menurut Berbagai Aktor di Kabupaten Bantul D.I Yogyakarta

The phenomenon of early marriage or marriage dispensation continues to experience a surge, although it has dropped in 2020. Early marriage is considered as a social problem because it violates laws, regulations, and norms in some Indonesian societies. The study was conducted at the Bantul District Religious Court. The purpose of this study is to find out the meaning of the granting of marriage dispensation by the state and the opinions of various actors to the phenomenon of early marriage. This research was conducted using qualitative methods and interperative descriptive techniques. This research reveals the meaning of early marriage as a reality in society. The results of the study stated that there are various factors that cause early marriage or the granting of marriage dispensation, namely pregnancy before marriage, economic factors, educational factors and environmental factors. The granting of marriage dispensation by religious courts is carried out on the basis of four things, namely instrumental acts of rationality, rational actions of indigo, affective actions and traditional actions.

Privacy Management in Service Systems

Problem definition: We study customer-centric privacy management in service systems. Academic/practical relevance: We explore the consequences of extended control over personal information by customers in such systems. Methodology: We adopt a stylized queueing model to capture a service environment that features a service provider and customers who are strategic in deciding whether to disclose personal information to the service provider—that is, customers’ privacy or information disclosure strategy. A customer’s service request can be one of two types, which affects service time but is unknown when customers commit to a privacy strategy. The service provider can discriminate among customers based on their disclosed information by offering different priorities. Results: Our analysis reveals that, when given control over their personal data, strategic customers do not always choose to withhold them. We find that control over information gives customers a tool they can use to hedge against the service provider’s will, which might not be aligned with the interests of customers. More importantly, we find that under certain conditions, giving customers full control over information (e.g., by introducing a privacy regulation) may not only distort already efficiently operating service system but might also backfire by leading to inferior system performance (i.e., longer average wait time), and it can hurt customers themselves. We demonstrate how a regulator can correct information disclosure inefficiencies through monetary incentives to customers and show that providing such incentives makes economic sense in some scenarios. Finally, the service provider itself can benefit from customers being in control of their personal information by enticing more customers joining the service. Managerial implications: Our findings yield insights into how customers’ individually rational actions concerning information disclosure (e.g., granted by a privacy regulation) can lead to market inefficiencies in the form of longer wait times for services. We provide actionable prescriptions, for both service providers and regulators, that can guide their choices of a privacy and information management approach based on giving customers the option of controlling their personal information.

Internet of Things Background: An Empirical Study on the Payment Intention of Central Bank Digital Currency Design

This article proposes and verifies the consumer acceptance intention model under the background of central bank digital currency payment. It modifies the theory of technology acceptance (TAM), rational action theory (TRA), and extended valence framework (EVF) through the construction of perceived privacy, perceived security, perceived system quality, and perceived benefits. The data collected from 325 questionnaires on consumers’ attitudes toward the central bank’s digital currency were used to apply the structural equation model to evaluate the prediction model. The empirical results indicate that perceived privacy, perceived security, and perceived system quality are important predictors of perceived trust, and perceived trust is an important predictor of perceived interest and intention. Perceived privacy, perceived security, and perceived system quality are key factors influencing consumers’ intentions.

Individual rights in Schleiermacher’s limited communitarian state

ABSTRACT In his lectures on ethics and on the state Schleiermacher develops a theory of a limited communitarian state, one that purports to balance individual interests and rights with the more general aims of the state. I defend Schleiermacher against recent objections to his theory: first, that he subordinates individual rights to the advancement of the state, and second, and relatedly, that he tends to collectivize rights and freedom. The first objection overlooks Schleiermacher's account of rational action. An analysis of Schleiermacher's account of practical rationality reveals that individual rights are inscribed within the intersubjectively grounded, normative structure of rational action. This answers the first objection. I argue that the second objection turns on a conception of individuality Schleiermacher rejects and ignores his arguments against the view of individuality the objection imposes on him. Thus, the objection that Schleiermacher has a deflationary view of individual rights fails.

Decision biases in human queuing systems: a simulation model to use in the class

Human decision-making is affected by cognitive decision biases that can deviate human behaviour from purely rational actions. These effects can alter the behaviour of systems in which humans are involved; that is the case of queuing systems of people. Traditional Queuing Theory studies the performance of such systems without taking into account the idiosyncrasy of the human decision-making processes. In this work, we propose an interactive simulation tool to teach decision biases in queuing systems. We present a series of experiments to be carried out in the class to explore the behaviour of a simple queuing system of people exposed to people cognitive biases and discuss the expected dynamics. The simulation tool is freely accessible from GitHub.

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION AND RESTORATION OF EDUCATIONAL PRINCIPLES IN THE CONCEPT OF JURGEN HABERMAS

The goal is to investigate the modern philosophy of education and the principles of European enlightenment on the example of the concept of Jürgen Habermas, to prove that the European educational project is the heart of modern civilization. Research methods — historical and philosophical, hermeneutics, discourse pragmatics, analytical method. Scientific novelty. In the concept of rationality of Y. Habermas, the following are organically included and synthesized: - the relation of the acting person to the world (Aktor- Welt-Beziehung); - his relation to other people, precisely such an important factor as the processes of "speech", speech, expression of certain language sentences and hearing the counterparties of the action. The teleological orientation of history for Habermas, as well as for one of the founders of the Enlightenment project, Herder, is in the principle of the "formation" of humanity (Bildung), where the progress of civilization is connected with the moral development of the individual, and therefore the improvement of education and upbringing. For Habermas, this is possible primarily through a continuous collective "learning process" (Lernprozess) through overcoming social challenges and cultivating the best moral qualities. Conclusions. The modern philosophy of education and the principles of European enlightenment are based on the need for rationality and critical thinking. This is the basis of Jürgen Habermas' concept of the justification of reason and rational action. The European educational project as the heart of modern civilization is based on the Kantian understanding of the independence of the mind and the understanding of its boundaries, as well as a revived rationality. In his concept, Habermas critically overcomes the subjectivist tendencies of transcendentalist philosophy, which, in the epistemic struggle against substantialist metaphysics, brought the doctrine of mind to the level of the philosophy of consciousness. Reason and rationality are nurtured and corrected in the public sphere, in everyday and political dialogue, acting as a guarantee not only of the education of society, but of its development as a whole.

Sadomasochism in everyday life

The article examines the phenomenon of sadomasochism in the context of everyday life. It is noted that the constructivist understanding of everyday life is based on the interpretation of social action proposed by M. Weber. Obviously, in Weber's typology, the highest type is the goal rational social action, which assumes a model of a rational person who is guided by rational motives and chooses the most optimal project of action to achieve the set goal. Whereas affective social action is on the margins of sociology's interest. Meanwhile, as Z. Freud demonstrates, the everyday is not some kind of sterile-rational reality, in the everyday the unconscious manifests itself in tricks, erroneous actions, descriptions, etc., which may well be based on unconscious sadomasochistic desires. The author turns to the history of the study of sadomasochism, considering the concepts of such authors as R. von Krafft-Ebing, Z. Freud, E. Fromm, Z. Lew-Starowicz, L. Eidelberg, H. Murray. The article examines the concepts of sadomasochism such modern author as Martin Kantor, who proceeds from the fact that sadomasochism cannot be reduced only to sexual sadomasochism or the practice of BDSM, in fact it is a much broader social phenomenon. According to M. Kantor, in a broad sense, sadomasochism manifests itself in power, control, dominance and submission, a dynamic that is pervasive in our lives, from home to work. We see such examples of sadomasochism as sadomasochistic mothers, children, and fathers in the family circle; sadomasochistic marriages and divorces; corporate sadomasochism; sadomasochistic companies; sadomasochistic workers; sadomasochistic writer's block іn the everyday life. In this perspective, the everyday appears before us as a reality where people act not to achieve rational goals, but because of the desire to dominate and submission.

Social Action Of Student In Achieving Non-Academic Achievements In Interest And Talent-Based School

This article describes the social action of students' non-academic achievement. Student achievement in education is a measure of student success. Achievement has two categories, namely academic achievement and non-academic achievement. SMA Muhammadiyah 10 Surabaya has a gifted title. In accordance with this predicate, this school focuses on developing the potential interests and talents of students. This study uses social action theory by Max Weber in assessing the motivation for non-academic achievement goals. Researchers used qualitative methods through in-depth interviews and observation primary data, as well as secondary data through the development of student championship news on internet pages. The results showed that in achieving students' non-academic achievements, they achieved these goals through instrumental rational actions in the form of regular physical readiness exercises, value-oriented rational actions on aspects of spirituality, traditional actions on aspects of choosing extracurricular activities based on experience and advice from parents. , affective actions choose extracurricular activities because of feelings of pleasure and interest. The researcher hopes that this article can be a new contribution to society in the field of education and social affairs, especially the achievement of non-academic achievements which the community considers not a significant achievement for the future of students compared to academic achievement.

Joe Biden Intervention in the Russian Invasion Effort Against Ukraine

The protracted conflict between Russia and Ukraine since 2014 has reached an unpredictable peak of tension. The military invasion of Russia on February 24, 2022, overwhelmed Ukraine in the face of attack. Randomly bombed facilities caused thousands of civilians to lose their homes and lives. Initially, this conflict was caused by the seizure of the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. The conflict spread to the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), ending in a difficult situation to control. Primarily when the United States officially provided military assistance to Ukraine during the conflict. In explaining this article, the author will use the Infra State-War Theory, the Concept of Military Intervention, and the Rational Actor Model Theory with a qualitative approach and descriptive research methods. This study's results aim to analyze the continuation of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The author will look at the evolution of the intervention of the United States in the era of Joe Biden's leadership in three phases of discussion. First, this article will elaborate on the origin of the conflict over the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. Second, it describes the interventions that have been carried out by the United States before. Third, this article will explain and analyze how the United States intervened during the leadership of Joe Biden.