Water Content Ratio Research Articles

Relationships Between Floodplain Topography, Peat, Soil Moisture, and Alder Growth over a Decade After River Meandering Restoration in the Kushiro Wetlands, Hokkaido, Japan

This study aimed to identify the predominant factors that are important for environmental sustainability in wetland restoration in the Kushiro Wetlands, Hokkaido, Japan, where a nature restoration project was implemented over a decade ago. Field surveys of topography and vegetation, as well as laboratory soil tests, were conducted in the meandering-restored section of the Kushiro River, where alder trees have flourished, and in the reference section, where wetland grasslands have been maintained. We then applied correlation analysis to the data to examine the relationship between the peat soil characteristics and alder tree size. The results showed a significant positive correlation between organic matter and the water content ratio in all the survey sections (correlation coefficient: 0.88; p-value < 0.05). The reference section had 24.1 ± 11.1% organic matter, indicating well-developed peat with sufficient moisture retention, while the re-meandering section had 13.1 ± 3.8%, indicating underdeveloped peat with limited moisture retention. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the relative elevation and water content ratio (correlation coefficient: −0.01; p-value > 0.05), nor was there any difference in nutrient concentrations between the survey sections. Therefore, it is possible that the difference in alder tree sizes between the sections depended on the soil moisture retention capacity based on the degree of peat soil development. These results suggest that peat soil restoration is crucial in human sustainable development for suppressing alder proliferation and restoring original peat grasslands.

Study of the rheological properties and nautical depth assessment of fine sediments in Iranian ports

Sediments containing more than 10% clay particles by mass can exhibit cohesive properties. Cohesive sediments are commonly found in coastal areas worldwide, including the southern shore of the Caspian Sea and the northern/northwestern beaches of the Persian Gulf. These cohesive sediments can form a layer of soft to extremely soft mud, known as fluid mud, covering the seabed. The study examined the properties of natural mud samples collected from different depths and locations within three Iranian ports: Anzali Port (Caspian Sea), and Khorramshahr and Bushehr Ports (Persian Gulf). The laboratory analyses included determining the sediment grain-size distribution, density, carbonate content, organic matter content, and rheological properties at different water content ratios. Disregarding the impact of variations in organic matter and carbonate contents in the samples, water content ratio was the main factor affecting the rheological properties of sediments.

The Use of Machine Learning Models and SHAP Interaction Values to Predict the Soil Swelling Index

Predicting the soil swelling index (CS) is crucial for geotechnical engineer to ensure the stability of civil engineering conceptions. Recently, ML models has sparked great interest from researchers in predicting the soil swelling index. However, due to the black-box nature of ML models, their prediction capabilities are still uninterpretable. This study aims to predict the soil swelling index using ML algorithms and interpret predictions. First, it employs the prediction capability of the Gaussian process regression (GPR) algorithm and compares it to the artificial neural network (ANN) for prediction the soil swelling index. Second, the SHAP algorithm as one recent explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) models is applied to interpret the predictions of the complex GPR and ANN models. The compiled experimental database covers 362 clayey samples gathered from different sites located in Northern Algeria. The modeling involved six input features, including the liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), plasticity index (PI), water content (ωn), dry density (γd), and void ratio (e) to predict the soil swelling index. The findings based on statistical metrics showed a good performance of GPR with R2 = 0.78 and of ANN with R2 = 0.79. Comparative study based on Wilcoxon signed- rank test and sign test indicated that the ANN outperform better than GPR. Based on the interpretations obtained by SHAP algorithm, it is observed that the liquid limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL) are the two main input features that influence the CS, indicating, the higher content of LL and PL increase the model's output.

Remarkable Stability of Glutathione-Based Supramolecular Gel in the Presence of Oxidative Stress from Hydrogen Peroxide.

Low molecular weight 7-methoxy-3-(p-nitrophenyl)iminocoumarin (MNI) with donor and acceptor groups has been synthesized. The molecule shows typical π-stacking geometry in the crystal structure. In this study, MNI, an achiral small organic molecule, forms a nanostructured supramolecular gel along with a short peptide sequence glutathione (GSH). The self-assembly of the achiral organic coumarin component and chiral biomolecule produces a chiral gel with helical fiber structures. Interestingly, the helicities of chiral gels are controlled by the solvent ratio, where MNI in DMSO and GSH in water has been used. Variation of the solvent ratio from 6:4 to 1:9 for DMSO:H2O results in six gels (4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), where the gel numbers signify the water content ratio. FE-SEM analysis shows gel fibers with right-handed helical structures, which have been further confirmed by circular dichroism (CD) with notable helicity in 4 to 6. This is the first report of controlled chiral helical nanostructured supramolecular gel formation by a solvent mixture with an organic small molecule and biomolecule. Interestingly, storage modulus (G') initially decreases from 4 to 6 and further increases up to 9. An opposite strain (%) trend was observed among these six gels. These unusual solvent-dependent gel properties have been further applied to monitor the stability of the gels in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which converts GSH to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in general. The oxidative stress from H2O2 disrupts 4 to 6 gels, and precipitation occurs. It is noteworthy to mention that GSSG alone cannot form a gel with the MNI molecule and forms a precipitate. Remarkably, on the other hand, 7 to 9 remain as strong gels even after H2O2 treatment. Among all six gels, 9 shows extraordinary stability of gels even after H2O2 treatment.

Simulation of lunar soil compressive strength performance test based on grey correlation analysis

Detecting water ice in the permanent shadow area of the lunar south pole is an important task of China's Chang'e-7. For this purpose, a simulation study was carried out under the earth environment, and a test sample of polar water-containing simulated lunar soil was prepared. The mechanical properties of the lunar soil simulant were tested under ultra-low temperature conditions, and the changes in water content, relative density, temperature, loading rate, and base material ratio with compressive strength were analyzed. The results show that the compressive strength of the frozen lunar soil simulant increases with the increase of water content, increases with the increase of density, and increases with the decrease of temperature. It is less affected by the change of loading rate. The order of compressive strength affected by different base material ratios is: 100%anorthosite, <90%anorthosite, +10%basalt <70%, +30%anorthosite <100%, basalt, lunar soil simulant. Finally, the correlation between the basic physical properties of lunar soil simulant such as water content, relative density, temperature, loading rate, and ratio and compressive strength is explored through grey correlation analysis. The correlation order is: water content> density> temperature> ratio> loading rate. This paper prepared and tested the mechanical properties of hydrated lunar soil, and proposed a more systematic and standardized implementation plan. It serves as the basis for studying the properties of hydrated lunar soil in the polar region, and provides a theoretical basis and reference for subsequent lunar soil simulation research.

Accurate Prediction of Compression Index of Normally Consolidated Soils Using Artificial Neural Networks

The compression index (Cc) serves as a crucial parameter in predicting consolidation settlement in fine-grained soils, representing the slope of the void ratio logarithmic effective stress curve obtained from oedometer tests. However, traditional consolidation testing methods are notably time-consuming, typically spanning a 15-day period for preparation, execution, and parameter calculation, leading to significant delays in civil engineering projects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective methodologies to determine consolidation parameters within a shorter timeframe. Although various empirical formulas have been proposed over the years to correlate compressibility with soil parameters, none have reliably predicted the Cc across different datasets. In this study, to overcome this challenge, an alternative approach using artificial neural network (ANN) methodology to predict the compression index of fine-grained soils based on index properties is proposed. For this purpose, an ANN was trained and validated using a dataset consisting of 560 high and low- plasticity soil samples obtained from construction sites in various regions of Turkey over the last forty years, as well as soil borings in Istanbul. The modeling of artificial neural networks was performed using the Regression Learner program, which integrates with the Matlab 2023a software package and offers a user-friendly graphical interface for AI model development without coding. The data set, which was structured as a matrix with dimensions of 458 × 6, included input parameters such as the natural water content, liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index and initial void ratio, as well as information on the compression index, which was the output variable. The developed ANN model showed an outstanding predictive performance when predicting the output of the test data, achieving an outstanding R2 score of 0.81. This underlines the potential of ANN methodologies to efficiently extract important data with fewer experiments and in less time, and offers promising applications in the field of geotechnical engineering.

Quantitative experimental study on the apparent contact angle of unsaturated loess and its application in soil–water characteristics curve modeling

AbstractAdvancing and receding water contact angles, often denoted as the maximum and minimum apparent water contact angles, are crucial parameters reflecting a soil's water holding capacity. These parameters play an important role in establishing theoretical soil–water characteristic curves (SWCCs) for unsaturated soils. However, pre‐assuming constant advancing and receding contact angles during soil wetting and drying processes may be erroneous due to their close correlations with the water content and void ratio. To address this research gap, systematic laboratory measurements were conducted on a loess with different void ratios and water contents. Apparent water contact angles were acquired using an axisymmetric drop shape analyzer, enabling a comprehensive dataset. Analysis of variance was employed to assess the statistically significant differences between void ratios and water contents. The results reveal a significant increase in the observed water contact angle as the void ratio decreases and a decrease with increasing water content. Although both the void ratio and water content influence the water contact angle, the latter has a more pronounced effect. The relationship between the receding water contact angle and water content/void ratio is observed to be linear. The identification of this linear relationship offers insights into the fitting of the SWCC for loess across varying void ratios. This study serves to enhance theoretical methodologies, particularly in the adaptation of contact angles, thus facilitating the development of more precise SWCC models.

To improve estimates of neotropical forest carbon stocks more direct measurements are needed: An example from the Southwestern Amazon

Tropical forests play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, storing 40–55 % of terrestrial plant carbon and significantly contributing to primary productivity. However, uncertainties persist in estimating carbon stocks and fluxes, exhibiting variation across the Neotropics, Africa, and Asia tropical forest regions. Despite hosting some of the most densely sampled forests, significant uncertainties persist in biomass and forest carbon stock estimates in the Neotropics. Although the Southwestern Amazon (SWA) forests span over 20 million hectares, no specific biomass or above- and below-ground carbon model has been calibrated for this region thus far. In our study, we conducted direct forest inventories in the SWA to address the following question: Do the allometric patterns, biomass, and carbon stocks observed in the Southwestern Amazon differ from those found in other regions of the Amazon or Pantropical? Our research reveals substantial differences in water and carbon content, biomass stocks, above- and below-ground oven-dry biomass ratios, and allometric patterns between SWA forests and other Amazonian and Pantropical forests. We have demonstrated that these differences result in overestimations of forest biomass when applying allometric equations developed for other Amazonian and Pantropical regions to the open forests of Southwestern Amazonia. This overestimation can reach up to 37 % when using equations from the eastern Amazon, and between 26 % and 46 % depending on the applied Pantropical equation. The use of an inappropriate factor for the root-to-shoot ratio in the Southwestern Amazon (SWA) can lead to overestimates of belowground oven-dry biomass by up to 20 %. To reduce uncertainties related to estimates of forest carbon stock and flux in Neotropical forests, it is necessary to enhance the density of direct biomass measurements, particularly in southwestern Amazonia.

Unveiling the threshold in forest patch shapes to soil retention ecosystem services

Soil erosion is a critical process that leads to landscape degradation, compromising soil fertility and ecosystem functions. Forest ecosystems, with their intricate characteristics, play a pivotal role in mitigating soil erosion and providing soil retention ecosystem services (SRES). This study explores the impact of forest patch thresholds and critical points on soil erosion rates, focusing on 401 catchments in Poland using generalised additive models to identify thresholds and critical points in forest patches.Landscape metrics were applied to measure landscape structure, including shape, fractal dimension, contiguity, related circumscribing circles, and perimeter-area ratio indexes. These metrics, along with slope, rainfall, organic carbon content, water content, and clay ratio variables, were considered dependent variables in the models. The developed models have demonstrated reliable performance in estimating soil erosion rates, with a significant deviation explained from 80.5 to 81.1 for coniferous forest patches, 79.1 to 80.1 for broad-leave forest patches, and 80.9 to 81.4 for mixed forest patches at p < 0.05.In broad-leaved forests, three thresholds are identified in the shape index, which influence soil erosion rates in a complex manner. For coniferous forests, thresholds in the perimeter area ratio, related circumscribing circles, and contiguity indexes exhibit nonlinear relationships with soil erosion rates. Mixed forests show two thresholds in the related circumscribing circle and one in the fractal dimension index, affecting soil erosion rates differently.This research contributes significantly to understanding the interplay between forest patch shapes and soil erosion rates, providing decision support for land use planning. The identified thresholds and critical points offer valuable tools to enhance sustainable landscape functionality, emphasizing the importance of considering forest landscape structure in preserving soil retention ecosystem services.

Changes in Physicochemical Characteristics of Goat Meat Emulsion-type Sausage According to the Ratio of Fat and Water Contents

Changes in Physicochemical Characteristics of Goat Meat Emulsion-type Sausage According to the Ratio of Fat and Water Contents

Experimental Study on Cyclic Simple Shear Test of Coastal Tidal Soft Soil

Based on undrained cyclic simple shear tests conducted on coastal tidal soft soil under various conditions of cyclic stress ratios and moisture contents, this study investigated the influence of these factors on the dynamic properties of the soil. The findings indicated that with increasing moisture content and stress cycle ratio, the stress–strain hysteresis loop gradually expanded, resulting in a higher strain difference and a transition from a dense to a sparse curve pattern. Moreover, the symmetry of the hysteresis loop was lost in the later stages of shearing. With an increase in the number of cycles, the cumulative shear strain gradually increased, and the increase in the cyclic ratio of water content to stress reduced the number of cyclic shear cycles required to achieve failure, thereby accelerating the soil’s failure rate. A predictive formula was developed based on the experimental results to estimate the failure cycles as a function of the cyclic stress ratio and moisture content. Furthermore, the softening index decreased gradually with an increasing number of cycles, and a higher moisture content and cyclic stress ratio accelerated the soil’s softening process. It was observed that under the conditions of optimal moisture content, the soil exhibited a slower softening rate during the initial stage of shearing.

Altitude Distribution Characteristics of Farmland Soil Bacteria in Loess Hilly Region of Ningxia

It is of great significance for the conservation of biodiversity in farmland ecosystems to study the diversity, structure, functions, and biogeographical distribution of soil microbes in farmland and their influencing factors. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the distribution characteristics of soil bacterial diversity, community structure, and metabolic function along elevation and their responses to soil physicochemical properties in farmland in the loess hilly areas of Ningxia. The results showed that:① The Alpha diversity index of soil bacterial was significantly negatively correlated with elevation (P &lt; 0.05) and showed a trend of decreasing and then slightly increasing along the elevation. ② Seven phyla, including Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria, were the dominant groups, and five of them showed highly significant differences between altitudes (P &lt; 0.01). ③ At the secondary classification level, there were 36 metabolic functions of bacteria, including membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, of which 22 showed significant differences, and 12 showed extremely significant differences among different altitudes. ④ Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil water content, bulk density, pH, and carbon-nitrogen ratio had the most significant effects on bacterial Alpha diversity, whereas soil nutrients such as total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus had significant effects on bacterial Beta diversity. ⑤ Mantel test analysis showed that the soil water content, total organic carbon, and carbon-nitrogen ratio affected bacterial community structure at the phylum level, and soil pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and carbon-nitrogen ratio were significantly correlated with bacterial metabolic function. Variance partitioning analysis showed that soil water content had the highest explanation for the community structure of soil bacteria, whereas soil pH had the highest explanation for metabolic function. In conclusion, soil water content and pH were the main factors affecting the diversity, community composition, and metabolic function of soil bacteria in farmland in the loess hilly region of Ningxia.

Influence of feeding a soft diet on proteoglycan expression in rat temporomandibular joint discs

ObjectivesExtracellular matrix components play a significant role in maintaining tissue integrity and pathological processes of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This study aimed to evaluate the influence of a soft diet on the mRNA expression of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) linked to proteoglycan core proteins in rat TMJ discs. MethodsThirty 4-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned to one of two groups: a control group fed a regular pellet diet and a soft diet group fed a powdered diet for 4 weeks. The mRNA expression levels of 12 proteoglycans in TMJ discs were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, histomorphometric and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the thickness and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), GAG, and water content of the TMJ discs. ResultsThe TMJ disc thickness in the anterior, intermediate, and posterior bands decreased significantly in the soft diet group. The GAG content decreased significantly in the soft-diet group, whereas no significant differences in DNA content or water content ratio were observed between the groups. Real-time PCR indicated that the expression levels of aggrecan, versican, biglycan, decorin, fibromodulin, lumican, and chondroadherin decreased in the soft diet group. The expression levels of all versican isoforms decreased in the soft diet group. ConclusionsThese results indicate that the biomechanical environment of the TMJ caused by a soft diet is closely related to the expression of proteoglycans in TMJ discs, which may eventually increase the fragility of the TMJ discs.

Mechanism of Rapid Curing Pile Formation on Shoal Foundation and Its Bearing Characteristic.

This study explores the application effect of the new non-isocyanate polyurethane curing agent on the rapid curing mechanism and bearing characteristics of piles in beach foundations. Through laboratory tests and field tests, the effects of the curing agent on the physical and mechanical properties of sand were systematically analyzed, including compressive strength, shear strength, and elastic modulus, and the effects of water content and cement-sand mass ratio on the properties of sand after curing were investigated. The results show that introducing a curing agent significantly improves the mechanical properties of sand, and the cohesion and internal friction angle increase exponentially with the sand mass ratio. In addition, the increase in water content leads to a decrease in the strength of solidified sand, and the microstructure analysis reveals the change in the bonding effect between the solidified gel and the sand particles. The field static load tests of single piles and pile groups verify the effectiveness of the rapid solidification pile in beach foundations and reveal the significant influence of pile length and pile diameter on the bearing capacity. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the rapid solidification and reinforcement of tidal flat foundations and provides important guidance for related engineering applications.

Effect of Biochar on NO3--N Transport in Loessial Soil and Its Simulation

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of different amounts of biochar on the migration process and characteristics of NO3--N in loessial soil. In this study, six groups of mixed soil samples with biochar and loessial soil mass ratios of 0% (T0), 1% (T1), 2% (T2), 3% (T3), 4% (T4), and 5% (T5) were used as research objects. NO3--N was used as the tracer. Through the indoor soil column solute transport simulation tests, the effects of different biochar application amounts on the NO3--N transport process in loessial soil were simulated and studied. The results showed that the breakthrough curve of NO3--N in loessial soil shifted to the right with the increasing of biochar application, and the peak value gradually decreased. The initial penetration time, complete penetration time, and total penetration time increased with the increasing of biochar application amount. The total penetration time of NO3- in the T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 treatments was 1.26, 2.31, 2.72, 3.22, and 3.57 times that of T0, respectively. The R2 was &gt; 0.997 and RMSE was &lt; 2.083 of the two-zone model (TRM). Compared with the convection-dispersion equation (CDE), the TRM model had higher fitting accuracy and could better simulate the NO3--N migration process in loessial soil after the application of different contents of biochar. The analysis of the fitting parameters of the TRM model showed that the average pore velocity, hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient, and water content ratio in the movable zone gradually decreased with the increasing of biochar application, whereas the dispersion and mass exchange coefficient showed an increasing trend. The results showed that biochar application could effectively enhance the ability of loessial soil to fix NO3--N, reduce the leakage of NO3--N to groundwater, and play an important role in maintaining soil fertility and preventing groundwater pollution.

Correlations between physical properties and compression index of fine-grained soils based on a large dataset

A comprehensive statistical analysis of the correlations between the physical properties and compression index Cc of fine-grained soils, based on a large dataset from the soil testing results of a railway project in the eastern coastal area of Malaysia, is presented in this paper. More than 1000 soil samples covering a wide range of soil types, with physical properties, such as natural water content, initial void ratio, dry density, liquid limit, plasticity index, and mechanical property-compression index, were analyzed using linear and nonlinear regressions. A very high correlation was observed between the natural moisture content, initial void ratio, dry density, and compression index. A strong correlation was found between the plasticity, liquid, and compression indices. Lower and upper boundaries, confining most of the previous correlations, were found between the natural water content and compression index. A comparison of all the correlations showed the natural water content and initial void ratio as the two best properties for predicting the compression index of fine-grained soils.

Gummy‐inspired natural eutectogels with high adhesiveness, toughness and humidity response

AbstractBiogel‐based ionic devices have emerged as versatile platforms for broad applications in wearable electronics, healthcare monitoring and bioelectronic interfaces. Electronic functions derived from fully edible natural soft materials are particularly attractive to allow low cost, green, biocompatible and biodegradable devices in biomedical areas as well as smart food package. This work presents a gummy‐inspired protein eutectogel by simply soaking gelatin hydrogels into solutions of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) consisting of sorbitol and citric acid to allow solvent exchange. Compared with the gelatin hydrogel, this natural eutectogel (NEG) exhibited anti‐drying and anti‐freezing performance, remarkably improved adhesiveness, room temperature degradability, as well as high mechanical toughness. The soaking conditions were investigated to tune the softness and ionic conductivity of the NEG, which revealed that the water content and acid ratio could significantly impact on the gel properties. Additionally, the eutectogel thin film exhibited good humidity sensing capability with a wide linear detection range (22%–98% RH), in which a soft patch was further demonstrated for breath test to detect various respiration frequencies. Thus, we believe the concept of NEG combining biopolymers and NADES can be explored in a broad range of soft devices for sensing, bio‐adhesives, energy supply or drug delivery.

Improved conductive and self-sensing properties of cement concrete by PDMS/NCB-impregnated recycled fine aggregate

Polymer emulsion impregnation is a common method for strengthening recycled fine aggregate (RFA). By mixing Nano carbon black (NCB) into the polymer emulsion, highly conductive modified RFA (MRFA) can be simultaneously obtained. In this paper, highly conductive and self-sensing concrete was prepared by using the MRFA impregnated with the NCB and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) solution. The microstructure of MRFA and MRFA concrete physico-mechanical properties were studied. The effects of replacement ratio of MRFA, temperature, water content, and loading rate on the conductivity and self-sensing of prepared MRFA concrete was explored. The results show that the PDMS fills the pores of the RFA surface. The water absorption decreases by 2.53%, the apparent density and fineness modulus increased by 1.5% and 8.3%, respectively. With the increase of MRFA replacement ratio, the resistivity of concrete gradually decreases, and a sharp decline appears from 60% to 70%. The percolation threshold of concrete is calculated to be 3.37 vol% of NCB. Meanwhile, the MRFA concrete has good temperature sensitivity and humidity adaptability. Under the stress cycle loading, the stress sensitivity of the MRFA concrete with 70% replacement ratio MRFA is as high as 4.45%/MPa. Besides, the stress sensitivity of MRFA concrete decreases as the loading rate increases.

How to reduce waste using black soldier fly larvae and produce a high-quality product

Abstract With the growing human population the demand for protein is rising and waste production is increasing. Insects can provide a sustainable solution for both problems and produce food (protein and fat) from waste. Our study tested the ability of the black soldier fly (BSF) to reduce agricultural waste and produce a high-value product rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Initially, we tested the diet limitations of the larvae. We tested the composition of the agricultural wastes (brewery and avocado wastes) and the ability of the larvae to grow on them. A mixed diet based on brewery and avocado wastes was composed to increase larval weight and improve their fatty acid composition. The larvae were limited by the protein and water content of the diet (7% and 70%, respectively). The mixed diet that met the requirements of a minimal ratio of protein (7%) and optimal water content (70%), did not improve larval weight but increased the unsaturated fatty acid content. Therefore, using BSF larvae to reduce waste and produce protein is feasible; however, the end product should be considered when composing their diet from a waste mixture.

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for the extraction of bioactives: emerging opportunities in biorefinery applications

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have emerged as an eco-friendly alternative for extracting bioactives, avoiding the use of flammable organic solvents and extreme temperatures and pH conditions. NADES rely on intermolecular interactions between hydrogen bonding donors (HBD) and hydrogen bonding acceptors (HBA) to form eutectic mixtures with significantly lower melting points than their individual components. These matrices are influenced by factors like water content, temperature, and component ratios. NADES high viscosity can hinder extractive efficiency, which can be mitigated by adding water or working at higher temperatures. However, excessive dilution with water may disrupt the supramolecular structure of NADES, reducing extraction efficiency. A notable feature of NADES is their fine-tunability for specific purposes. Adjusting physicochemical properties such as polarity, pH, and viscosity optimizes extraction efficiency by promoting the solubility of target molecules and interactions between the NADES and target molecules. NADES, unlike organic solvents, can partially disrupt plant and microalgae cell walls, enhancing permeability and extraction efficiency. Moreover, NADES can have a stabilising effect on bioactives and can enhance their biological activity and bioavailability. These attributes, coupled with their low environmental impact in terms of low toxicity and high biodegradability, make NADES attractive for biorefinery applications.