Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ratio Research Articles

Correction of the fatty acid composition of purpose dietary fats

It has been indicated that, according to very numerous studies, substantial indicators of the functionality of fatty products are the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of ω6 and ω3 families, as well as the ratio of the sum of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA:MUFA:PUFA). Points related to the fortification of the functional properties of fat products of a target (special) purpose by combining their composition with the use of crushed non-defatted (full-fat) masses of oily flax and sesame seeds have been considered. The biological potential of the crushed non-defatted mass of oil flax seeds as a promising component for the enrichment of PUFA of ω3 group of new food vegetable-fat composite mixtures for special purposes have been theoretically substantiated. Insofar as margarines, which are often not balanced in terms of the ratio of fatty acids ω6 and ω3, are usually included as a fat component in the recipes of many bakery and flour confectionery products, this article proposes pre-mixing margarine with non-defatted crushed mass of oil flax and sesame seeds, without extracting the oil from their composition, before adding it to the dough.

Influence of season on milk fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics of grazing goats in a Mediterranean environment: a sustainable agro-food system

Context Pasture is widely used in rural Mediterranean areas as a local resource for animal feeding in a sustainable food system. Aims The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of pasture from a Mediterranean environment on milk fatty acid profile and organoleptic characteristics in grazing Cilentana goats bred in Cilento (Salerno province, southern Italy). Methods Twelve Cilentana dairy goats, grazing on local feeding resources were studied for 5 months (from May to September), starting from 60 days after kidding. Bodyweight and milk yield were recorded, whereas milk samples were collected and analysed for milk chemical composition and fatty acid profile. Milk organoleptic characteristics were analysed using an instrumental sensory platform. Key results Season significantly (P < 0.01) affected the pasture fatty acid profile, with the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content (64.83%) occurring in May. Results of the milk fatty acid composition, permitted to classify as ‘High quality’ the goat milks sampled in May and June, with the significantly (P < 0.01) highest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; 23.98% and 25.37%) and PUFA (4.74% and 4.43%) contents and lowest saturated fatty acid:unsaturated fatty acid (SFA:UFA) ratio (2.50 and 2.36), and as ‘Low quality’ those sampled in August and September with the significantly (P < 0.01) highest SFA (75.79% and 75.84%) content. Milk n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio was always lower than 4. Some sensory differences in milk organoleptic characteristics were detected by the artificial senses platform, which would be almost impossible to detect by a human panel. Conclusions Milk samples obtained from grazing goats were influenced by the quality of local feeding resources in terms of nutraceutical value and sensory profile. Implications Pasture influenced the composition of milk functional compounds, improving the UFAs and conjugated linoleic acid isomers, widely recognised as having beneficial effects on human health. The n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, lower than 4, confirms the positive effects of pasture on nutritional characteristics of goat milk and underlines the important role of pasture of marginal areas for the quality of livestock products in the frame of a sustainable agro-food system. Some differences were detected by the artificial senses platform among milk samples, which were almost impossible to detect by a human panel, highlighting the potentiality of the artificial senses to link animal-sourced foods to a territory.

Beneficial regulation of vitamin D3-rich extract from the processing by-products of Penaeus sinensis on preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and improvement of bone health in VD-deficient mice.

Vitamin D (VD) plays an important role in preventing osteoporosis. However, knowledge of the osteogenic effect of VD3 from shrimp processing by-products is limited. In this study, a VD3-rich extract from Penaeus sinensis processing by-products was prepared by saponification and liquid-liquid extraction combined with solid phase extraction for purification. The activity of purified VD3-rich extract (PPs-VD3) on MC3T3-E1, a preosteoblastic cell line, was determined. Furthermore, the improvement effect of PPs-VD3 on bone health of VD-deficient mice was investigated. PPs-VD3 stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Compared to the same concentration of the VD3 standard, mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells increased after 14 d or 21 d of PPs-VD3 treatment. Western blotting showed that PPs-VD3 significantly upregulated the protein levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and runt-related transcription factor 2 compared to the VD3 standard. Furthermore, PPs-VD3 treatment activated the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells, especially increased OPG expression was detected at day 3 to day 14 compared to the VD3 standard treatment. More than ten medium and long chain fatty acids were detected in PPs-VD3, of which n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) constituted 38.83 ± 8.61%, and the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio in PPs-VD3 was 2.84 ± 0.23. The femoral trabeculae number and thickness of VD-deficient mice increased after 3 weeks of PPs-VD3 treatment. The changes of parameters associated with bone resorption including parathyroid hormone, bone mineral density and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase revealed the contribution of PPs-VD3 treatment in improving bone remodeling in VD-deficient mice. Our results suggest that PPs-VD3 could have potential prospects in alleviating osteoporosis or promotion of bone health.

Polimorfismo dos genes DGAT e LEP e sua associação com características de carcaça e perfil lipídico da carne de bovinos nelore

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in the diacylglycerol acyltransferase ( DGAT ) and leptin ( LEP ) genes with the performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and lipid profile of Nellore cattle. A total of 100 intact male Nelore cattle were used to analyze the performance, carcass, physicochemical and centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile of beef. To identify the polymorphisms, the PCR–single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique was applied to genomic DNA extracted from muscle tissue. The SSCP technique revealed the presence of four band patterns for the DGAT gene (AC, AD, AE and BB) with five alleles (A, B, C, D and E). For the LEP gene, five band patterns (AA, AB, AC, BB and BC) with three alleles (A, B and C) were observed. For the LEP gene, the AB genotype was associated with higher backfat thickness and ribs weight, while the BB genotype was associated with lower ribs yield; higher hindquarter yield was associated with AC and BB genotypes. Higher contents of C17:0, C18:0 and lower contents of C18:2ω6C, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, total ω6 and ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) were verified for the AC genotype of the LEP gene. The AC and AA genotypes of the LEP gene were associated with higher means of C15:0 and C18:1ω9t. For the DGAT gene, the highest C24:0 content was associated with the AE genotype and the lowest with the AD and BB genotypes. Polymorphisms in the DGAT and LEP genes influence carcass parameters and the lipid profile of the meat of Nellore cattle.

Perfil lipídico de queijo minas artesanal de regiões certificadas no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the fatty acid profile of artisanal Minas cheese from seven certified regions in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 78 samples were collected in regions where the producers were registered by Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária. For lipid profile determination, different cheese varieties from the following regions were analyzed: Canastra, Serro, Araxá, Serra do Salitre, Triângulo Mineiro, Campo das Vertentes, and Cerrado. The lipid profile of Serra do Salitre and Araxá cheeses was similar in caproic acid (C6:0), total polyunsaturated fatty acids, and ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids. In the other regions, lipid profile differed due to associations with specific fatty acids, such as those of the cheeses from Triângulo Mineiro with C20:5n3, of Cerrado with C20:4n6, of Canastra with C8:0, of Serro with C22:2 and C22:6n3, and of Campo das Vertentes with C17:0, C18:0, and C20:0. The fatty acid profile and nutritional indices related to the lipid profile of artisanal Minas cheeses differ according to the region of origin. The content and profile of omega 3 fatty acids are significant parameters to differentiate artisanal Minas cheeses. Serro artisanal Minas cheese presents superior nutritional indices concerning fatty acid profile than the other studied cheeses.

Gas chromatographic determination of fatty acid composition in breast milk of mothers with different health conditions

AbstractHuman milk (HM) of healthy, well-nourished, lactating mothers is a unique and ideal source of nutritive factors, like hormones, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors that ensures the proper growth and development of infants. Among the main components of HM, fat is an important energy source and a regulatory factor. The quality of milk fat depends on its fatty acid (FA) composition. Gas chromatography coupled with flame ionisation detection is one of the most common methods for analysis of the FA profile of HM. The aim of this study was to evaluate the FA composition of HM, collected from mothers with different health conditions (normal Body Mass Index (nBMI); overweight and obese) using GC-FID method. The results showed that saturated FAs were present in the highest amount in the HM samples, of which palmitic acid was the main representative. The major monounsaturated FA was oleic acid, while linoleic acid was the most abundant of the polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA). Overweight and obese women have lower levels of PUFA in their breast milk. The data were subjected to principal component and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). QDA classified nBMI and overweight and obese mother milk samples with 88.24% accuracy. Significant differences were found between normal and overweight and obese HM samples in case of C10:0 and C18:3 FAs. Higher maternal BMI was associated with a higher n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio.

Effects of Cold Pressed Chia Seed Oil Intake on Hematological and Biochemical Biomarkers in Both Normal and Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits.

Most of the studies on the beneficial effects of chia have been conducted with its seeds. There is less evidence about the effects of cold pressed chia seeds oil on hypercholesterolemia-induced alterations. Thus, this study investigated the effects of cold pressed chia seed oil supplementation on certain hematological and biochemical biomarkers in both normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Thirty two male rabbits were assigned to four different groups and fed on: 1) a regular diet (CD), 2) CD supplemented with 10% chia oil, 3) CD supplemented with 1% cholesterol, 4) CD supplemented with 1% cholesterol and 10% chia oil. After six weeks of dietary interventions, mean arterial blood pressure and visceral fat were measured and blood samples were analyzed for lipid profiles and hematological parameters while erythrocyte membranes and retroperitoneal fat were analyzed for fatty acids composition and biochemical biomarkers. Dietary intervention with chia oil achieved control of the hypercholesterolemia-induced increase of mean arterial blood pressure, neutrophil to lymphocytes ratio, erythrocyte membrane fluidity, and improved erythrocyte morphological alterations. With regard to inflammatory biomarkers, chia oil supplementation reduced omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratios and arachidonic/linolenic fatty acids ratios both in erythrocytes and fat from normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. The increase of linolenic fatty acid into the retroperitoneal fat was about 9 times higher than its respective controls. These results provide support for the potential health benefits of chia oil intake on hypercholesterolemia-associated clinical, hematological and biochemical alterations.

Comparative evaluation on the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on growth performance, fatty acid profile and lipid metabolism in two sizes of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A 93-day feeding trial was conducted to comparatively evaluate the effects of graded levels of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (0.06%, 0.46%, 0.99%, 1.57%, 1.95% and 2.25%) on growth performance, fatty acid profile and lipid metabolism in two different sizes of abalone Haliotis discus hannai (initial body weight: 2.83 ± 0.03 g and 26.81 ± 0.17 g, respectively). Results showed that 0.99%–1.95% of dietary DHA contents significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR) in large size of abalone (P < 0.05), while the WGR in small size of abalone was significantly increased by the 0.46%–0.99% of dietary DHA contents (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the survival of abalone among all the six groups (P > 0.05). Based on the WGR, the optimal dietary DHA content for large and small size abalone were estimated to be 1.32% and 0.88%, respectively. Dietary DHA supplementation significantly increased the activities of trypsin and lipase in the intestine, the content of ∑n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and ∑n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio in digestive gland in both sizes of abalone (P < 0.05). The total glyceride concentration in the cell-free hemolymph in two sizes of abalone was decreased. In large size of abalone, 1.95%–2.25% of dietary DHA reduced the lipid content in digestive gland. Lipogenic genes in the digestive gland, including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (srebp-1) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase, were up-regulated in the 0.46%–1.57% DHA group (P > 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of hormone sensitive lipase (hsl) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (cpt-1) of lipolytic genes in the digestive gland were significantly increased in the 0.46% and 0.99% DHA groups, respectively (P < 0.05). In the small size of abalone, the lipid content in digestive gland and soft body decreased significantly in the 1.95% and 2.25% DHA groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Lipogenic genes in the digestive gland, including srebp-1 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, were significantly down-regulated in the 0.99%–1.95% DHA group (P < 0.05). Lipolytic genes in the digestive gland, including hsl and cpt-1, were not significantly different from the control group (P > 0.05). In conclusion, based on the WGR, the dietary DHA requirements for large and small size of abalone were estimated to be 1.32% and 0.88%, respectively. Dietary DHA reduced lipid deposition in both sizes of abalone by promoting lipid decomposition and inhibiting lipid synthesis.

Maternal omega-3 LC-PUFA supplementation programs an improved bone mass in the offspring with a more pronounced effect in females than males at adulthood

Early balanced nutrition is vital in achieving optimal skeletal mass and its maintenance. Although a lower omega-6 (n-6): omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) ratio is strongly linked with bone health, its maternal effect in the programming of the offspring's skeleton remains to be elucidated. Plugged C57BL/6 mice were fed either n-3 LC-PUFA Enriched Diet (LED) or a control diet (C) throughout their gestation and lactation. Offspring born to both the groups were weaned onto C till 6, 12, and 24 weeks of their age. Offspring's skeleton metabolism and serum fatty acid composition was studied. In humans, seventy-five mother-female newborns pairs from term gestation were tested for their maternal LC-PUFA status relationships to venous cord blood bone biomarkers. Offspring of maternal LED supplemented mice exhibited a superior bone phenotype over C, more prominent in females than males. A lower serum n-6/n-3 LC-PUFA in the LED group offspring was strongly associated with blood biomarkers of bone metabolism. Sexual dimorphism evidenced had a strong correlation between offspring's LC-PUFA levels and bone turnover markers in serum. A higher potential for osteoblastic differentiation in both LED offspring genders and reduced osteoclastogenesis in females was cell-autonomous effect. The human cross-sectional study also showed a positive correlation between maternal n-3 PUFA and cord blood markers of bone formation in female newborns at birth. Maternal dietary n-6/ n-3 fat quality determines offspring's bone growth and development. Our data suggest that the skeleton of female offspring is likely to be more sensitive to this early exposure.

Effects of Surface Treatment with Thymol on the Lipid Oxidation Processes, Fatty Acid Profile and Color of Sliced Salami during Refrigerated Storage.

The oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and the adverse transformation of pigments from meat and spices are the primary causes of chemical degradation in processed meat products. Thymol is found in a variety of plant extracts that have been proven to effectively inhibit or slow down oxidative processes. The objective of our study was to determine whether thymol treatment of the surface of sliced paprika salami could be applied to inhibit lipid oxidation and color change during refrigerated storage. During eight weeks of storage, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the ratios of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and n6/n3 in thymol-treated salami remained unchanged (p ≥ 0.05), whereas in the controls, the MDA levels increased by approximately twelvefold and the ratio of SFAs in the lipid fraction increased (p < 0.001), while the ratio of PUFAs decreased (p < 0.001). The application of thymol prevented decrease in yellowness (b*) of the slices and reduced decreases in redness (a*) and brightness (chroma).

Antitumor and antimicrobial activity of fatty acids from green microalga Coelastrella sp. BGV

Green microalgae are a valuable source of biologically active substances with antitumor and antimicrobial effects. Coelastrella sp. BGV is a strain of green microalga isolated in Bulgaria. The aim of the study was to analyze the fatty acid profile of Coelastrella sp. BGV and to assess the antitumor and antimicrobial activities of the extracted free fatty acids. The fatty acid content of a total lipid extract from the green microalga Coelastrella sp. BGV was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The antitumor activity of FAs against human HeLa tumor cells was estimated by MTT testing and fluorescence microscopy methods. The antimicrobial activity of FAs against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans was studied by the disk diffusion and microdilution methods. Eleven fatty acids were identified in the lipid extract of Coelastrella sp. BGV, of which the monounsaturated oleic acid (18:1) was present in the largest amount - 31.7%, followed by the polyunsaturated linoleic acid (18:2) - 25.9% and saturated palmitic acid (16:0) - 19.2%. The ratio of total unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was 3:1, and the monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio was 1:1. The extracted FAs showed statistically significant antiproliferative activity against HeLa tumor cells and induced morphological changes in the cell and nucleus characteristic of early and/or late apoptosis. FAs showed varying degrees of antibacterial and antifungal activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative pathogens and C. albicans . The results obtained are promising in terms of the therapeutic potential of FAs from Coelastrella sp. BGV against tumor cells and against Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli UPEC, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae ) and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans . • The fatty acid profile of green microalga strain Coelastrella sp. BGV was analyzed. • The antitumor and antimicrobial effects of the isolated fatty acids was assessed. • The lipid extract had a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. • The fatty acids inhibited the growth of HeLa tumor cells and induced apoptosis. • The fatty acids had antimicrobial and antifungal activity.

MCP1 Could Mediate FGF23 and Omega 6/Omega 3 Correlation Inversion in CKD.

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) concentrations rise after the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). FGF23 is involved in inflammatory reactions closely associated with an incremented risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is growing evidence that omega-6 (n-6) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can modulate inflammation through several mediators producing an opposite effect on cardiovascular (CV) risks. In this study, we explore whether there is any correlation between PUFA, FGF23, and inflammation in CKD patients. We evaluated, cross-sectionally, 56 patients at different stages of CKD. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and intact and c-terminal FGF23 (iFGF23, cFGF23) were quantified by the ELISA, and the fatty acids (FA) profile was analyzed by gas chromatography. Concurrently with an eGFR decrease (p < 0.01) and an MCP1 increase (p = 0.031), we observed an inversion of the correlation between FGF23 and the n-6/n-3 ratio. This last correlation was inversed in CKD stage 3 (r2 (−) 0.502 p = 0.029) and direct in stage 5 (r2 0.657 p = 0.020). The increase in MCP1 seems to trigger events in the inversion of the correlation between FGF23 and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. This result strongly encourages future studies on basal pathways, on possible pharmacological interventions, and on managing kidney transplant patients treated with immunosuppressive therapy.

Effects of distinct n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios on insulin resistant and AD-like phenotypes in high-fat diets-fed APP/PS1 mice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are prevalent diseases with similar pathophysiological characteristics and genetic predispositions. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential in maintaining normal brain function. However, little is known about the effect of dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio on AD-like pathology, particularly in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed AD model mice. In the present study, the APP/PS1 mice were fed with 60 % HFD for 3.5 months to induce insulin resistance. After that, 45 % HFD with various n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios (n-6/n-3 = 1:1, 5:1 or 16:1) was applied for an additional 3.5 months of treatment. The behavior of mice was observed using the water maze after dietary intervention. The animals were euthanized after behavioral testing, and serum and tissue samples were collected for biochemical, histological, and pathological tests and evaluation. HFD caused insulin resistance, increased serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, cortical soluble Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42 content, and cortical n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in APP/PS1 mice. Increased APP and BACE1 protein expression and p-IR/IR ratio but decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression was detected in the cortex of 60 % HFD-fed APP/PS1 mice. N-3 PUFAs-rich diet (n-6/n-3 = 1:1) alleviated insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia caused by 60 % HFD. Cortical soluble Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 contents, as well as the expression of cortical APP, GLUT1, GLUT3, insulin metabolism-related molecules, and NF-κB pathway downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines, were found to be n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio-dependent, indicating that dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio plays a critical role in modifying the responses of serum inflammatory cytokines, AD pathology, cortical n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio, insulin signaling, and neuroinflammation to HFD treatment.

Different n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios affect postprandial metabolism in normal and hypertriglyceridemic rats

Postprandial metabolism plays major roles in many pathological conditions. The n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio is closely related to various physiological disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high fat meals with different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios on postprandial metabolism in normal control (NC) and hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) rats. The postprandial response of triglyceride (TG) in HTG groups was higher than that in NC groups after different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio meals. The HTG groups showed higher postprandial total cholesterol (TC) responses than NC groups after 1:1 and 20:1 ratio meals. The 5:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio elicited lower postprandial responses of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) than 1:1 and 10:1 ratios in HTG groups. The postprandial malondialdehyde (MDA) response was lower after a 5:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio meal than 1:1 and 20:1 ratio meals in HTG groups. The 1:1 ratio resulted in a lower postprandial reactive oxygen species (ROS) level than 5:1 and 10:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in NC groups. The results showed that a low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio improved postprandial dysmetabolism induced by a high fat meal in NC and HTG rats. A high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio increased the difference in postprandial metabolism between NC and HTG rats.

Deletion of 12-Lipoxygenase Improves Platelet Function after Storage and Transfusion in Thrombocytopenic Mice

Introduction Human platelets are stored for up to 7 days for transfusion. During storage, platelets undergo numerous detrimental functional changes. Results from two recent randomized clinical trials challenge the hemostatic efficacy of stored platelets for transfusion. In a recent study in healthy humans, increased 12-HETE levels were associated with reduced platelet performance in vivo. In the current study, we sought to understand how genetic deletion of 12-LOX (the enzyme that generates 12-HETE) affects platelets during storage, before, and after transfusion in vitro and in mouse models. Methods and Results: We obtained platelets from wild-type (WT) and 12-LOX-/- mice and performed storage studies for 24 and 48 hours. Using LC-MS/MS-MRM, we showed that ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased significantly in stored platelets from 12-LOX-/- mice, while oxylipins were significantly lower in 12-LOX-/- platelets than in WT platelets. The ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio decreased significantly in stored 12-LOX-/- compared to stored WT platelets, highlighting a pronounced increase in ω-3 PUFAs. The circulation time of stored 12-LOX-/- platelets did not differ from stored WT platelets. Baseline, pre-transfusion αIIbβ3 integrin activation was significantly lower before and after 24 hours of storage in 12-LOX-/- platelets than in WT platelets. Surprisingly, once stored platelets were transfused, we observed significantly increased baseline αIIbβ3 integrin activation in 12-LOX-/- platelets than in WT platelets. To test whether this translates into better in vivo function, we exposed 24-hour stored platelets to an in vivo model of thrombosis and hemostasis. In brief, hIL4R-TG mice express the receptor for human interleukin 4 instead of GPIbα on the platelet surface. hIL4R-TG mice were rendered thrombocytopenic with an anti-human IL4R antibody. We transfused 24-hour stored WT, or 12-LOX-/- platelets, to thrombocytopenic hIL4R-TG mice, injured the carotid artery by FeCl3, and recorded the arterial blood flow. Indeed, stored 12-LOX-/- platelets had better in vivo function, as evidenced by more frequent and significantly faster vessel occlusions with stored and transfused 12-LOX-/- platelets than transfusion of stored WT platelets. Importantly, stored and transfused 12-LOX-/- occluded vessels in a similar time as normocytic WT mice. Untransfused, thrombocytopenic hIL4R-TG mice and untransfused, normocytic hIL4R-TG mice did not show vessel occlusion. Conclusion Deleting 12-LOX improves the post-transfusion function of stored murine platelets. Pharmacologic inhibition of 12-LOX or dietary alterations of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs could significantly enhance human platelet quality and function after storage. Future studies must determine the feasibility and safety of 12-LOX inhibition in stored and transfused human platelets.

Effects of supplementing sweet sorghum with grapeseeds on carcass parameters, and meat quality, amino acid, and fatty acid composition of lambs.

Sweet sorghum is an important forage crop for ruminants, especially in low rainfall areas. Grapeseeds are an abundant by-product of wine-making and contain bioactive substances that can improve the antioxidant capacity of meat. We examined the effect of sweet sorghum forage with supplementary grapeseeds on carcass and meat quality in lambs. Twenty-eight Small-tailed Han lambs (body weight = 19.1±1.20 kg), aged 3 to 4 months, were penned, and fed individually. The lambs were divided into four groups (n = 7 each) and were offered one of four diets: i) sweet sorghum silage; ii) sweet sorghum silage + grapeseeds; iii) sweet sorghum hay; and iv) sweet sorghum hay + grapeseeds. The grapeseeds were added to the concentrate at 6% DM and the diets were fed for 100 d. Sweet sorghum silage tended (p = 0.068) to increase hot carcass weight, while grapeseeds tended (p = 0.081) to decrease dressing percentage without affecting other carcass parameters. Lambs consuming supplementary grapeseeds increased (p<0.05) meat redness and tended to decrease (p = 0.075) concentration of methionine in meat. Lambs consuming sweet sorghum silage increased (p<0.001) water content of the meat and had a lower (p<0.05) concentration of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio than lambs consuming sweet sorghum hay. Saturated fatty acids content in meat was lowest (p<0.05) in lambs consuming sweet sorghum silage with grapeseeds. Lambs with supplementary grapeseeds tended (p<0.10) to increase eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and have a lower thrombogenic index than lambs not consuming grapeseeds. It was concluded that sweet sorghum with supplementary grapeseeds fed to lambs; i) improved the color of the meat to be more appetizing to the consumer; ii) tended to improve the fatty acids composition of the meat; and iii) lowered thrombogenic index of the meat.

Novel weight loss diet attenuates dietary-induced obesity in mice and might correlate with altered gut microbiota and metabolite profiles.

Although many dietary patterns have been studied for weight loss, various limitations still exist. Therefore, we designed a novel weight loss diet (NWLD) with carbohydrate, protein, and fat (energy) contents of 45%, 20%, and 35%, respectively. The saturated fatty acids: monounsaturated fatty acids:polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio was 1:2:1, and the insoluble: soluble dietary fiber ratio was 2:1. We aimed to observe the effect of NWLD on weight loss and understand the underlying metabolic mechanisms. Twenty-nine male C57BL/6J mice were selected. Nine mice were fed ordinary feed in a blank control group, and the rest were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish obese mouse models. Twelve weeks later, obesity models were established, and 10 obese mice were switched to NWLD feeding. Six weeks after switching the diet, the serum, intestinal feces, and kidneys of mice were collected. Obesity-related indicators, gut microbial composition, and fecal metabolite profiles of all the mice were determined, and the correlations among these indicators were analyzed. Kidney function indicators were also assessed. The results showed that the NWLD attenuated HFD-induced weight gain, serum triglycerides (TG), and inflammatory factors, optimized the body composition without kidney function impairment. Amino acid metabolism pathways and metabolites might play key roles in this process. The findings of this research imply that NWLD could be an effective nutritional remedy for managing dietary-induced obesity.

Effects of Dietary Rapeseed (Brassica napus), Hemp (Cannabis sativa) and Camelina (Camelina sativa) Seed Cakes Supplementation on Yolk and Albumen Colour and Nutritional Value of Yolk Lipids in Estonian Quail Eggs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing commercial diets with rapeseed, hempseed and camelina seed cakes on the yolk and albumen colour and nutritional value of yolk lipids in Estonian quail eggs. A total of 585 eggs were used to evaluate egg weight, yolk and albumen pH and colour, proximate yolk composition, cholesterol content and fatty acid composition in the yolk lipids of three Estonian quail groups each fed a diet supplemented with 10% rapeseed, hemp or camelina seed cakes. The higher (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively) lightness (L*) of the yolk was detected in the group of quail fed the diet supplemented with rapeseed and camelina cakes compared to the hempseed addition. Meanwhile, the albumen lightness in the rapeseed group was higher (p &lt; 0.01) in comparison to the camelina group. A lower (p &lt; 0.001) yolk negative a* value was estimated in the hemp group than in the groups fed rapeseed and camelina seed cake supplements, while the rapeseed group demonstrated lower (p &lt; 0.001) albumen yellowness (b*) and colour saturation (C) in comparison to the other groups. The highest and lowest proportions of total saturated (SFAs)and monounsaturated (MUFAs) fatty acids, respectively, were found in the yolk lipids of quails fed a mixture supplemented by hemp cake. A higher (p &lt; 0.05) proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was only found in the hemp group compared to the camelina group. The highest and lowest (p &lt; 0.001) n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios were found in the yolk lipids of quail receiving mixtures supplemented with rapeseed and camelina cakes, respectively. The yolk of the quail from the rapeseed group showed more favourable lower and higher (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively) atherogenic index (AI) and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio compared to the hemp and camelina groups. The lower yolk cholesterol content was found in the eggs of the quail fed the diet supplemented with rapeseed cake compared to the eggs of the quail which were fed the diets containing more n-3 PUFAs from the addition of hemp and camelina cakes (p &lt; 0.05 and p &lt; 0.01, respectively).

Abstract 11381: Associations Between Serum and Dietary Omega-3 to Omega-6 Ratio and Cognitive Function in a Population of Community-Dwelling Japanese. -Tanushimaru Study-

Introduction: Previous studies indicate that dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are modifiable risk factors for CVD and cognitive decline. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum and dietary omega-3/omega-6 PUFA ratio and cognitive function were measured in a general population. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that the serum and dietary omega-3/omega-6 PUFA ratio preserve a cognitive function. Method: A total of 976 residents (381 males, 595 females, mean age 62.6 years) underwent a physical examination, a nutrition survey and the mini-mental state examination as an evaluation of cognitive function in 2009 and followed up in 2018. Results: The serum omega-3/omega-6 ratio were significantly associated with age (p &amp;lt; 0.0001), sex (male, p &amp;lt;0.0001), MMSE ( p &amp;lt; 0.0001), LDL-c ( inversely, p &amp;lt; 0.01), and salt intake ( p &amp;lt; 0.05), using by multiple stepwise regression analysis. The dietary intake of proteins from fish ( p &amp;lt; 0.0001), trace elements, ( p &amp;lt; 0.01), vitamin D, B6, B12 ( p &amp;lt;0.0001), and salt ( p &amp;lt; 0.0001) showed dose dependent relationships with the serum omega-3/omega-6 ratio using analysis of covariance. Subjects were divided into 4 groups according to their progression of cognitive decline in 10 years. Serum omega-3/omega-6 ratio of group with normal cognitive function (NC) were significantly higher than those of group with cognitive decline (CD) (p &amp;lt; 0.05). However, dietary intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA were not significant. Interestingly, salt intakes in group with CD were higher than those in group with NC (p &amp;lt; 0.05). The logistic regression analysis revealed that salt intakes was associated with cognitive decline 10 years later after adjustments for confounding factors (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% C.I., 1.01-1.13; p = 0.01) In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that omega-3 PUFA may preserve a cognitive function and excessive intakes of salt may have an adverse effect on cognitive function.

Fatty acid composition in common deep-water shrimps of the Arabian Sea and its importance to human nutrition

AbstractDeep-water shrimps are recognized as non-conventional culinary delicacies owing to the presence of high-quality polyunsaturated fatty acids, even though they remain one of the predominantly unexplored marine fishery resources. In this study, variation of fatty acid profiles of Aristeus alcocki, Solenocera choprai, Heterocarpus chani and Plesionika quasigrandis, caught along the south-west coast of India (Arabian Sea) during the months spanning from September 2018–April 2019, were compared. Among the deep-water shrimps studied, A. alcocki contained a greater amount of n-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid along with optimal n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios beneficial for human nutrition (up to 8 during the winter months) when compared with other shrimps. In general, fatty acid concentrations exhibited variations, particularly with regard to polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. These n-3 fatty acids were predominant during December–February of the studied year, but concentrations were noticeably lower during March and April. Females had considerably higher (P &lt; 0.05) C20–22n-3 fatty acid concentrations along with nutritionally balanced polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio than males. Results of the two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed statistically significant differences in the fatty acid profiles between the species and months. The interaction effects of months with species were also highly significant (Wilk's lambda = 0.000001; F = 187.7, P &lt; 0.0001). Lesser atherogenicity (&lt;3) and thrombogenicity (&lt;0.5) indices coupled with considerably greater n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratios recognized these deep-water species as a possible source of highly nutritional human food.