Ratio Of Lecithin Research Articles

Particle size distribution and homogenisation efficiency in high‐pressure homogenisation of wheat germ oil‐water system

SummaryWheat germ oil (WGO) is well‐known as a good source of vegetable oil due to its nutrients and health benefits. Emulsification is a process that improves the incorporation of oil into food. High‐pressure homogenisation (HPH) is a nonthermal and soft technique with enormous potential in oil‐in‐water emulsification. This paper focussed on the application of HPH for emulsification of WGO‐in‐water system. Influences of homogenisation pressure (100–300 bar), oil fraction (10–20% v/v) and lecithin adding (0–0.2% w/v of content) on the homogenisation were evaluated based on distribution of particles diameter and homogenisation efficiency. The increase in operating pressure and lecithin ratio decreased the particle size and increased the emulsion stability, and vice versa for oil fraction. The findings imply that the investigated factors significantly influenced particle size and emulsion system stability. The regression model between mean particle diameter and technical conditions of emulsion was established. With HPH treatment conditions of 300 bar operating pressure, 10% (v/v) oil fraction and 0.2% (w/v) lecithin created an emulsion system with a mean particle size of 3.32 µm, more than 50% of the volume of particles smaller than 1.5 µm of diameter and the homogenisation efficiency of 98.61%. HPH exhibits high efficiency and potential in WGO‐in‐water emulsification application.

Preparation of zein-lecithin-EGCG complex nanoparticles stabilized peppermint oil emulsions: Physicochemical properties, stability and intelligent sensory analysis

Peppermint oil emulsions were prepared by using zein-lecithin-EGCG (Z-L/E) complex nanoparticles as emulsifiers. The preparation conditions of emulsions were optimized via measuring the particle size, surface tension and stability of emulsions, and peppermint oil of 3% (particle size = 375 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) = 0.45), the zein:lecithin ratio of 4:1 (w/w) (particle size = 396 nm), and the zein:EGCG ratio of 10:1 (w/w) (surface tension = 47.32 N/m) was the optimal condition. The rapid stability analysis showed that the instability mechanism of emulsions was ascribed to creaming and stratification, and the stability mechanism of emulsions was explored, indicating that the complex nanoparticles adsorbed on the surface of oil droplets to give Pickering emulsions. Electronic tongue experiments showed that the Z-E/L4:1 stabilized emulsion was distinguished from the other three samples due to its good stability. The electronic nose experiment could distinguish the emulsions with different droplet sizes.

Development and evaluation of Zhumeria majdae essential oil-loaded nanoliposome against multidrug-resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection

In this study, we used Zhumeria majdae essential oil (ZMEO) loaded nanoliposome (NLP) to control several multidrug-resistant clinical pathogens (MDRs) that cause nosocomial infections using thin-layer hydration. Initially, ZMEO was extracted and analyzed by GC-MS, and then NLP-ZMEO was examined with different ratios of ZMEO to lecithin. Based on evaluation of release profile and physical stability, size distribution, and particle size, using dynamic light scattering (DLS) results, the most stable NLP-ZMEO were prepared from ZMEO to lecithin ratio 1:3 that relative to pure ZMEO presented more potent antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, and anti-biofilm activities. The morphology results (AFM and SEM) also agreed with DLS analysis. Also, the results of structural properties (DSC and FTIR) approved interaction between ZMEO and NLP. Comparing the cytotoxic effect on fibroblasts cell lines and antibacterial activity (MIC, MBC, and agar disc diffusion method), it was found that the antimicrobial activity in NLP-ZMEO was higher than ZMEO against multidrug-resistant clinical pathogens that cause nosocomial infection. The subcytotoxic values of the tested NLP-ZMEO were higher than MICs and MBCs for MDR bacteria and chlorhexidine doses.

Development and evaluation of nano herbosomes of Eleocarpus ganitrus for antioxidant activity

Aim: The conventional herbal extract of plant Eleoacarpus ganitrus have excellent in vitro bioactivity, but have poor effectiveness in vivo or in animal models, hence there is need for the development and evaluation of nano herbosomes of herbal extract. Material and method: Formulation of Herbosomes extract was prepared by using different ratio of Soya lecithin and cholesterol (F1 to F10). The method was selected on the basis of entrapment efficiency and availability of lab facility the best method was solvent evaporation method. Fourier-transform infrared study was performed to find out compatibilities between drug and polymers. Herbosomes was successfully prepared evaluated for drug content, drug entrapment, size, zeta potential, TEM, in-vitro drug release and in-vitro kinetics. Result: FTIR study shows no interaction between polymer and drug. Drug content and drug entrapment of optimized formulation F9 was found to be 93.6 % and 72 % with vesicle size 264.1 nm. In vitro release of herbosomes optimized formulation F9 show 80.33% release in 12 hr. in a sustained release pattern. The synergistic effect determined by free radical scavenging activity of herbosomal suspension by hydrogen peroxide model. In conclusion, herbosomes successfully prepared and encapsulated. It show extended release pattern with enhanced free radical scavenging activity by hydrogen peroxide model. The study shows that phospholipid-based herbosomes is a promising and viable strategy for improving the delivery of HS and similar phytoconstituents with low aqueous solubility.

Bioavailability enhancement of voriconazole using liposomal pastilles: Formulation and experimental design investigation

Oral mucosa offers several advantages in the delivery of therapeutic molecules. It avoids presystemic metabolism, Nanoencapsulation techniques might be applied to conquer physical, chemical challenges and enhance drug penetration, formulation performance, prolonging drug residence time, and improving sensorial feeling. The present investigation is aimed to formulate liposomal pastilles with high bioavailability. Voriconazole Liposomes (VL) were produced by utilizing varied ratios of soya lecithin (SL) and cholesterol (CH) by solvent Injection method. RSM is utilized to identify the optimized formulation, as this design provides a thorough understanding of a process and also has great utilization in originating the robustness of the product. The main impact and interaction terms of the formulation variables were assessed quantitatively utilizing a mathematical-statistical approach indicating that both independent variables have significant (‘P’ value < 0.05) effects on particle size (‘P’ value: 0.0142), percentage entrapment efficiency (‘P’ value: 0.0120), percentage drug release through the dialysis membrane (‘P’ value: 0.0105), percentage drug release through porcine buccal mucosa (‘P’ value: 0.0171) and percentage zone of inhibition (‘P’ value: 0.0305). Optimal liposomal encapsulated in noticed in 15:10 lecithin: cholesterol concentration (VLP-6). Higher Lecithin and Cholesterol quantity in the liposome formulations resulted in lower drug entrapment efficiency and drug release when compared with middle levels of lecithin and cholesterol content formulation. The pastilles were prepared from the optimized liposomal formulation with a modified method reported in British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1907. These liposomal pastilles were subjected to evaluation of physicochemical parameters, In vitro drug release studies, stability studies, and In vivo bioavailability studies in comparison with pure voriconazole pastilles (PVP). The statistical data analysis results indicated that there was a significant difference in T max, K a, t 1/2 abs, t 1/2 elim, AUC0–24, AUC0-∞, AUMC0–24 and AUMC0-∞, values among PVP and VLP-6. There was no significant difference in C max, K el, MRT0–24 and MRT0-∞values among pure voriconazole pastilles and optimized liposomal formulation.

Extraction and purification of phosphatidylcholine and its potential in nanoliposomal delivery of Eucalyptus citriodora oil

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) possesses amphiphilic characteristics to form vesicles or liposome nanoparticles and can be utilized to deliver essential nutrients such as proteins, peptide antigens, and essential fatty acids. In this study, an attempt has been made to obtain purified PC and evaluate its potential in nanoliposome synthesis and its corresponding drug release profile. In this regard, four physical separation techniques comprising extraction, precipitation, static, and dynamic adsorption were assessed and applied to purify PC from soybean lecithin. Different solvents and the ratio of lecithin to solvent were used to achieve the highest PC percentage. The results of an HPLC test showed that the maximum rate of PC extracted was 69%, through combining all four stages. In the next step, the synthesis of nanoliposomes from purified PC was carried out by the sonication method. Eucalyptus citriodora oil was used to evaluate the potential of the resultant nanoliposomes to encapsulate hydrophobic antibacterial drugs. The morphology and size distribution of nanoliposomes were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The long-term stability of antibacterial-loaded nanoliposomes was confirmed by their release behaviour patterns. The data from DLS and AFM resulted in narrow size distribution, with an average diameter of 201.23 and 197.22 nm, respectively. Compared to non-loaded nanoparticles, the results showed a slight increase in the size of oil-loaded nanoliposomes. The release profile of the encapsulated drug resulted in sustained release behaviour during eight days of storage in phosphate saline buffer.

DHA loaded nanoliposomes stabilized by β-sitosterol: Preparation, characterization and release in vitro and vivo

DHA loaded nanoliposomes, stabilized by β-sitosterol, were prepared by thin film hydration-sonication method. The characteristics and membranes properties of DHA-NLs with different β-sitosterol content were measured. The samples with the same formulation were used to measure the resistance of environment stress and controlled release & absorption of DHA in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the maximal encapsulation efficiency of DHA-NLs was (86.95 ± 0.95)%, when the ratio of soybean lecithin to β-sitosterol was 5:1. The particle size of all samples was within 200 nm and relative retention rate was more than 60% after 3 weeks storage. The area under the curve of DHA concentration of DHA-NLs and DHA-emulsion groups was 1.32 and 1.08, respectively. In summary, the nanoliposomes were promising to improve the absorption of DHA in form of ethyl ester.

Production and Physicochemical Properties of Cake with Different Ratios of Soy Lecithin

This research was geared towards producing and evaluating the physicochemical properties of cake with different ratios of soy lecithin. Soy lecithin was produced by the degumming of raw soy oil by adding 2% water content to the oil and heating to 70oC. Soy oil yield was 31% while lecithin yield was 2.18%. The soy lecithin produced had a yellow-brownish colour. Mixture design was used for the experiment. The soy lecithin was used to replace 50% and 100% egg content in two different cake samples while a third sample had no lecithin. The first sample was made up of 250g wheat flour, 100g Margarine, 65g sugar, 5g baking powder, 2 eggs, 1.25g soy lecithin and 2g salt (MEL2), the second sample was made up of 250g wheat flour, 80g Margarine, 65g sugar, 5g baking powder, 2.5g soy lecithin and 2g salt (MEL3) while the third sample was made up of 250g wheat flour, 100g Margarine, 65g sugar, 5g baking powder, 4 eggs and 2g salt (MEL1). The margarine content of sample MEL3 was reduced by 20%. The physical properties of the cake samples were examined and sample MEL2 gave a better physical appeal than the other samples after baking. The specific volume of sample MEL2 (4.21cm3) was higher than those of samples MEL1 and MEL3. The proximate composition of the samples showed that the moisture content ranged from 32.9 – 34.1%, protein content 5.89 – 6.14%, ash content 1.61 – 1.64%, fat content 14.5 – 15.3% and carbohydrate 43.09 – 44.85%. Sensory evaluation was carried out on the samples to determine the most acceptable and analysis of variance was used to check for significant difference. Sample MEL2 was preferred in taste, colour, texture, flavour and general acceptability and was significantly different from samples MEL1 and MEL3 in general acceptability. It was observed that egg and some fat content in cakes could be replaced with soy lecithin. This study forms a basis for new product development for the pastry food industry.

Formulation of chitosan coated nanoliposomes for the oral delivery of colistin sulfate: in vitro characterization, 99mTc-radiolabeling and in vivo biodistribution studies

Colistin sulfate is a very important antibiotic for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. Unfortunately, it has low oral bioavailability and several side effects following parenteral administration. The present study aims to develop chitosan-coated colistin nanoliposomes to improve the stability in the gastrointestinal tract and to enhance the oral delivery of colistin. The chitosan-coated colistin nanoliposomes were obtained via thin-film evaporation and electrostatic deposition methods using either Span 60, Tween 65 or Tween 80 as surfactants with different cholesterol: surfactant: soya lecithin ratios. The influence of systems variables was further characterized by vesicle size analysis, zeta potential (ZP), poly dispersibility index (PDI), and also their entrapment efficiency percentage (EE %) was evaluated. Various systems were formed with vesicle sizes in the nano-range, 155.64 ± 12.53 nm to 315.64 ± 15.90 nm, and EE % of 45.2 ± 2.9% to 81.8 ± 2.9%. Moreover, the ZP value of the prepared nanoliposomes switched from a negative to a positive value after chitosan coating. To track the released colistin in vivo, technetium 99m (99mTc) was incorporated into the optimum system (S-3) system via direct coupling with colistin. Chitosan-coated 99mTc-colistin nanoliposome, 99mTc-colistin suspension, and 99mTc-chitosan-coated nanoliposomes (placebo) were administered orally into bacterial infection (Escherichia coli) bearing mice. The biodistribution results showed that chitosan-coated nanoliposome significantly enhanced the bioavailability of colistin compared to colistin suspension (the commercially available). Moreover, the system effectively improved the localization of colistin at the infected muscle. In conclusion, this approach offers a promising tool for enhanced oral delivery of colistin.

Physical characteristics of black cumin oil emulsions compared to sunflower and corn oils emulsions

This study aimed to investigate the physical properties of black cumin oil (Nigella sativa) emulsions at different oil: water (w/w) ratios. Black cumin oil (BCO) emulsions were prepared as 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 (w/w) water in oil using 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% (w/w) lecithin by high speed homogenizer. The emulsion capacity, emulsion stability, viscosity, droplet size, texture, and color were determined. The physical properties of BCO emulsions were compared to those of sunflower oil (SFO) and corn oil (CO) emulsions. The emulsion capacities of BCO emulsions (13.6–94.7%) were lower than the emulsion capacities of SFO emulsions (19.1–99.3%). Emulsion capacity, emulsion stability, and viscosity of SFO and CO emulsions increased with the increase of lecithin levels. However, in the BCO emulsions, irregular changes in emulsion capacities, emulsion stabilities, and viscosities were observed as the lecithin ratio increased. As the BCO content decreased in emulsions, L* value increased, and a* and b* values decreased. Heterogeneous distribution of droplet size was observed in BCO emulsions according to microscope images, and the particle size analysis results. Due to the health benefits of the BCO and valuable physical properties of BCO emulsions, they can be used in food or the cosmetic industry alone or as a combination with other vegetable oils.

Co-polymer mixed micelles enhanced transdermal transport of Lornoxicam: in vitro characterization, and in vivo assessment of anti-inflammatory effect and antinociceptive activity

The objective of this study was to develop mixed micelles of Lornoxicam, using a Pluronic® mixture of L121 and P123. The technique used for the preparation was thin-film hydration according to a Box Behnken design with three central points for each formula. The independent variables studied were Pluronic®: drug ratio, Pluronic® L121: Pluronic® P123 ratio and amount of soya-bean lecithin. The studied dependent variables were: percent entrapment efficiency (% EE), particle size (PS), poly-dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP) and in vitro LX released (after 2, 10 h). Numerical optimization was used to statistically optimize the formulae using Design-Expert® software. Choosing the best formula was in terms of maximizing % EE, ZP (as absolute value) and in vitro release, while minimizing PS and PDI. Characterization of best formula was performed by Transmission electron microscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, stability testing, ex vivo permeation and skin deposition studies using rat skin. The in vivo pharmacodynamics activities of the optimized formula were examined on male rats and mice and related to that of the oral commercial product. The optimized formula demonstrated to be non-irritant, with considerably improved anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Higher in vivo skin permeation was confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. In conclusion, the obtained results proved that mixed micelles could be promising method for transdermal drug delivery.

Effects of nano-chitosan coatings incorporating with free /nano-encapsulated cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) essential oil on quality characteristics of sardine fillet

Nowadays, adding biological compounds to food packaging is one of the types of active packaging. The aim of this study was to prepare a new degradable coating with free and nano-encapsulated Cumino cyminum L. essential oil (CCEO) with nanochitosan (Nch) base to evaluate the microbial, chemical and sensory properties of sardine fillet samples for 16 days at 4 °C. Nanoliposome using different soy lecithin ratios and cholesterol concentrations (60:0, 50:10, 40:20, and 30:30) and technique of thin-film hydration-sonication, were prepared with a range of 140–164 nm size. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) and distribution of nanoliposomes size were calculated 0.80–0.90 and 49.85–73.01% respectively. To coat sardine fillet samples, nanoliposomes with the lower size of droplet and higher EE percent were selected. The outcomes indicated that coating treatments can effectively inhibit microbial growth and chemical spoilage reflected at lower pH, peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) (P < 0.05). In fact, the results of chemical and microbiological characteristics showed that the samples treated with nanocitosan/nano essential oil (NEO) showed the lowest value among other treatments during the experimental period, in the following, Nch-EO, Nch and control. pH, PV, TBARs, total viable counts (TVC), total pseudomonads count (TPC), and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were 6.85, 0.03 (mg MDA/kg), 5.23 (mEq/kg), 3.67 (CFU/g), 3.47 (CFU/g), and 4.7 (CFU/g), respectively for Nch-NEO at the end of storage time. In addition, during the experimental period, the highest sensory properties were obtained for the Nch-NEO group. Encapsulation of CCEO reduces the rate of diffusion, thus increasing antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, as well as improving sensory properties. According to the results of this study, CCEO-encapsulated nanochitosan coatings can be used as a potent coating to increase sardine shelf life.

Design and evaluation of mucoadhesive in situ liposomal gel for sustained ocular delivery of travoprost using two steps factorial design

Travoprost (TRAVO) is a prostaglandin analog used to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) for patients suffering from glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The aim of the present study was the development of a novel in situ mucoadhesive ocular liposomal gel to prolong and improve therapeutic efficacy of TRAVO. With this purpose, liposomal formulations were prepared by implementing a full factorial design to study the effect of three factors; type of permeation enhancer (PE), PE concentration and the ratio of lecithin: cholesterol at two levels. The evaluated responses were entrapment efficiency (EE), vesicle size (VS), polydispersibility (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP). L6 (selected liposomal formulation), composed of 20% sodium deoxycholate (Na DOC) and lecithin: cholesterol at 4:1 ratio showed high EE (67.55%), suitable Ps and PDI (74.19 nm and 0.433) and ZP (−75.5 mv). L6 was incorporated in a second 31 × 21 design to study the effect of concentration of gellan gum (at three level) and carbopol 934 (at two levels) to develop in situ mucoadhesive gel. Selected liposomal in situ gel LISG2 (0.25% gellan gum and 0.5% carbopol 934), showed minimum release (18.2%) after 30 min and maximum release after 24 h (72.5%) and achieve maximum viscosity (4445cps) at physiological conditions, mucoadhesive force (0.438 N), with minimum viscosity (124 cps) at normal conditions. Selected LISG2 will be further in vivo evaluated for irritation and pharmacokinetic. TRAVO LISG was non irritant and showed improved bioavailability (higher concentration of TRAVO in aqueous humor) when compared to the marketed product, and showed more prolonged effect compared to liposomal formulation.

Suspension of Glycosaminoglycans in Oleogel Environment and Application Perspective in GcMAF Immunotherapy

Abstract The aim of this work was to find out the optimal concentration of gelling agents or their optimal combination in the olive oil environment to stabilise the suspension of chondroitin sulphate. Purified olive oil was structured with rice bran wax or a combination of gelators – soy lecithin and sorbitan tristearate. Rice bran wax creates a viscous fluid without a gel structure. The combination of soy lecithin and sorbitan tristearate forms a gel structure from 5 wt.% of the concentration. The optimal ratio of soy lecithin and sorbitan tristearate was found to be 3:2 wt.%. Oleogel was immobile at temperatures below 8°C; on increasing the temperature, it changed to a viscous liquid. The oleogel environment opens new possibilities for creating oral route immunotherapy approaches such as glycoprotein-derived macrophage activating factor-derived immunotherapy.

Gefitinib encapsulation based on nano-liposomes for enhancing the curative effect of lung cancer

ABSTRACT Gefitinib (GEB) is one of the drugs used for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, application of GEB is limited by its low water solubility, stability, and utilization rate, especially the side effects while GEB is given by oral. In this study, nanoliposome was used as a carrier to prepare nanoliposome compound drug (GL) by embedding GEB in the nanoliposome perfectly combined with green nontoxic solvent and thin-film dispersion method. The nanoliposome structure was expected to improve the water solubility and biocompatibility of GEB, thus improving the effect of cancer treatment. The surface electronegative nanoliposomes can effectively avoid protein adsorption and prolong the circulation time in vivo. Meanwhile, the ratio of lecithin to cholesterol (LE/CH) was explored to maximize the encapsulation efficiency of nanoliposome. Subsequent test results showed that GL exhibited better stability, smaller particle size and higher encapsulation efficiency. In addition, in vitro drug release curve also further confirmed that GL had a promising drug sustained-release effect. In particular, a series of in vitro tests such as cell activity, apoptosis, colony formation, scratch, invasion, and cell cycle assays were performed. The results indicated that GL significantly enhanced the pro-apoptotic effect on A549 cells. Most cell cycles of A549 cells were blocked in the G0/G1 phase influenced by GL, thus inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. In vivo anti-tumor studies showed that compared with pure GEB, GL had a significant inhibiting effect on NSCLC. In conclusion, the GL which was synthesized by a simple method in this study significantly improved the treatment effect of cancer cells, which proved that the nanoliposome carrier had an excellent application prospect in the treatment of lung cancer.

The potential utilization of lecithin as natural gas hydrate decomposition inhibitor in oil well cement at low temperatures

Inhibiting natural gas hydrate (NGH) decomposition is a crucial challenge in NGH strata cementation. Lecithin can inhibit the decomposition of NGH, however, before lecithin is added to oil well cement to create a cement slurry system that inhibits NGH decomposition, the effects of lecithin on the mechanical properties of oil well cement must be considered. Therefore, in this research, the effects of lecithin on the mechanical properties of oil well cement were studied. The elastic modulus and compressive strength were measured to evaluate the mechanical properties. The changes in the mechanical properties of cement with different lecithin concentrations were experimentally studied. Through experimental research and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis, it was confirmed that a 1.5% lecithin concentration in the cement slurry inhibits NGH decomposition. Quantitative calculations determined the ratio of lecithin to calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel in an atomic model when the lecithin concentration was 0, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2% and 1.5%, and the lecithin–CSH gel atomic model was established with different concentrations. According to molecular dynamics simulations and experimental analyses, the influence mechanism of lecithin on the mechanical properties of cement was revealed. The experimental and simulation results demonstrated that as the lecithin concentration increased, the elastic modulus and compressive strength of cement decreased, and the interfacial adsorption energy between lecithin and CSH gel increased. The decalcification of CSH gel by lecithin and the migration of calcium to the surface result in decreases in the elastic modulus and compressive strength of cement. The mechanical properties of cement can be enhanced by increasing the calcium content and reducing the number of calcium migration channels of calcium. Finally, we evaluated the impact of lecithin on the rheological properties and setting time of cement slurry. The research results are significant for the further development of cement slurry systems with NGH decomposition resistance.

Encapsulation of Clitoria ternatea extract in liposomes by synergistic combination of probe‐type ultrasonication and high‐pressure processing

AbstractClitoria ternatea petals are commonly used in health drinks and natural food colorants due to their antioxidant and antibacterial effects, as well as preventing cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the extract of Clitoria ternatea petals obtained under different temperature conditions was analyzed for their antioxidant components (polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins) and their antioxidant capacity (DPPH free‐radical scavenging rate). The effects of the homogenization mode, ratio of lecithin to cholesterol, extract concentration of Clitoria ternatea petals, and extraction temperature on the diameter and uniform of liposome were also investigated to protect their active biological activities. Furthermore, the objective of this study was to improve the homogeneous size distribution of liposomes by probe‐type ultrasonication and high‐pressure processing (HPP) under the effect of pressure through hydrostatic pressure. The results showed that the extract of Clitoria ternatea petals for the best antioxidant effect was obtained at 50°C. According to the results of the Taguchi method, the optimal liposome particle size was the 1:0.15 ratio of lecithin to cholesterol, extract concentration was 0.7%, using the homogenization mode of the probe‐type ultrasonication. As a result, HPP was first employed as a useful method for the preparation of liposome and the improvement of particle size and polydispersity index via the preprocessing of probe sonication and showed considerable promise for use in encapsulation in the dairy beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Formulation and evaluation of baclofen liposome vesicles using lecithin

Introduction: The main aim of present study was to prepare and characterize liposomal formulation of baclofen to improve the effectiveness of the topically applied formulation. Method: For the preparation of liposomes, different ratio of lecithin, cholesterol and ethanol were taken but ratio of drug and stearic acid were kept constant and prepared by ethanol injection method. Liposomes were characterized for vesicle size, vesicle shape, entrapment efficiency, in vitro studies, stability studies and in vivo studies. Results: The average particle size of formulated liposome was in the range of 3.98±0.45-4.24±0.65 µm and small unilamellar vesicles with spherical in shape observed. Entrapment efficiency of optimized formulation was 58.67±0.81 %. The maximum % cumulative drug release behaviours were 67.66±5.32 % after 10 h. formulation stored in 4±2 °C temperature shows better stability (64.19±0.26) compared to elevated temperature. Swiss albino mice were used for the in vivo study and exhibit muscle relaxant activity in terms of no. of falls from rota rod apparatus (p value =0.001). Conclusions: Baclofen loaded liposomal formulation have shown skeletal muscle relaxant activity in mice suggesting delivery of baclofen from liposomes in the therapeutic range.

Self-assembled lecithin-chitosan nanoparticles improve the oral bioavailability and alter the pharmacokinetics of raloxifene.

In this study, we report the development and evaluation of soy lecithin-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles to improve the oral bioavailability of raloxifene hydrochloride. The nanoparticles were formed by interaction of negatively charged soy lecithin with positively charged chitosan. The ratio of soy lecithin to chitosan was critical for the charge, and hence the size of the nanoparticles. The optimal soy lecithin to chitosan ratio was 20:1 to obtain nanoparticles with particle size of 208±3nm, a ζ-potential of 36±2mV and an entrapment efficiency of 73±3%. The nanoparticles were also characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and FT-IR spectrophotometer. In-vitro drug release was assessed using dialysis bag method in pH 7.4 buffer. The drug loaded nanoparticles did not cause significant reduction in the cell viability at low doses. Pharmacokinetic studies in female Wistar rats showed significant improvement (~4.2 folds) in the oral bioavailability of the drug when loaded into nanoparticles. Further, the modified everted gut sac study showed that these nanoparticles are taken up by active endocytic processes in the intestine. The ex-vivo mucoadhesion studies proved that the nanoparticles get bound to the mucus layer of the intestine, which in turn correlates with reduced excretion of the drug in faeces. In conclusion, the proposed nanoparticles appear promising for effective oral delivery of poorly bioavailable drugs like raloxifene hydrochloride.

Evaluation of optimum conditions for decoquinate nanoliposomes and their anticoccidial efficacy against diclazuril-resistant Eimeria tenella infections in broilers

Decoquinate (DQ) is used for prophylaxis against coccidian infections within the digestive tract of chickens, but DQ is extremely insoluble in water. Hence, improving the water solubility of DQ is extremely important. First, decoquinate nanoliposomes (DQNLs) were prepared by the thin-film dispersion–ultrasonic method. The preparation conditions of DQNLs were optimized using the orthogonal test. The optimal preparation conditions of DQNLs were: a ratio of egg-yolk lecithin:drug (w/w) of 10:1, ratio of egg-yolk lecithin:cholesterol (w/w) of 5:1, rotary-evaporation temperature of 50 ℃, and ultrasound duration of 15 min. The encapsulation efficiency of DQNLs prepared under these conditions reached 99.24 % and drug loading was 5.67 %. The characterization of optimized DQNLs was also done. Transmission electron microscopy of DQNLs showed that they had the characteristic structure of liposomes. The mean particle size was 115.6 nm. The polydispersity index was 0.175. The zeta potential was −39.1 mV. The stability of DQNLs was high upon storage at 4 ℃. In vivo studies demonstrated that the lower dose (5 mg/L) of DQNLs in drinking water obtained the similar anticoccidial efficacy to that of 40 mg/kg DQ in feed against diclazuril-resistance Eimeria tenella isolate. The in vitro inhibitory effect of DQNLs on the sporulation of Eimeria tenella oocysts was dose-dependent. Therefore, the anticoccidial efficacy of DQ was enhanced significantly after being encapsulated into nanoliposomes.