Compensation Ratio Research Articles

The wideband tunability of double Gunn diodes

Gunn diodes use the Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum effect to generate low noise millimeter wave signals for communication and sensing applications. However, Monte Carlo calculations indicate that the velocity–field characteristics of compensated GaAs contain a second peak due to phonon scattering. A novel device that leverages this double Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum effect to achieve ultra-wideband tunability of low-noise millimeter waves is proposed in this article. The second region of negative differential mobility is gradually introduced in seven mobility profiles, which are each simulated in eight device lengths. It is found that a 2.5 μm Gunn diode with a compensation ratio of 0.6 operating at 160 K has a 700% increase in frequency tunability. An analysis of the domain formation indicates that the increase in tunability is due to significant distortions in domain shape. Gunn diodes with transit lengths of 2 μm and smaller show a 100% increase in tunability due to modulations in the effective transit length and absorption rate. These simulations indicate that compensated GaAs could provide linear, ultra-wideband frequency tunability.

Increase of signal to reference ratio for phase compensation in continuous-variable quantum key distribution systems

Increase of signal to reference ratio for phase compensation in continuous-variable quantum key distribution systems

Study the Effect of the Laser on the Structural and Electrical Properties of the Compound Tl2-xHgxBa2-ySryCa2Cu3O10 + δ Superior Electrical Conductivity at High Temperatures

This study included the preparation of composite samples (Tl2-xHgxBa2-ySryCa2Cu3O10+δ) in various concentrations of x where (x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5). by solid state reaction method and under hydrostatic pressure (ton /cm2 8 interaction) and temperature annealing (850°C), and determine the effect of the laser on the structural and electrical properties elements in the compound, Observed by examining the XRD The best ratio of compensation for x is 0.2 as the value of a= b = 5.3899 (Å), c = 36.21 (Å) show that the installation of Teragonal structure, the study found that oxygen played an important role in increasing the critical temperature. When you shine a CO2 laser on the samples in order to recognize the effect of the laser on these samples showed the study of X-ray diffraction of these samples when preparing samples with different concentrations of the values ​​of x, the best value of compensation is 0.2 which showed an increase in the values ​​of the dimensions of the unit cell a = b = 5.3929 (Å), c = 36.238 (Å) as well as we have noticed in the Teragonal structure of the compound and took the boat the best role in the crystal structure. When examining the electrical characteristics for different values of the values of (x) found that the best degree of critical temperature at x = 0.2 is TC = 142 K and after shedding CO2 laser on the prepared forms note the increase in the critical temperature at x= 0.2 is TC = 144 K. The screening samples by atomic force microscopy three-dimensional (AFM), and also has a study and examination of the crystal structure of the samples by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and know the percentages elements in the compound and, the effect of annealing temperature .the pressure applied, and to quantify the concentration of elements in the composite.

Corporate Governance in South Africa: Profit-Sharing and Stakeholder Management

Executive compensation and rewards continue to increase at a higher rate than employee income, incentives, and rewards despite prominent growth in corporate earnings and stock valuations. The aim of this study is to determine whether executive compensation policies are aligned with firm performance, and assess how an employee profit-sharing structure could be implemented to minimise the disparity between firm income growth and the level of employee productivity that contributes to such growth. Three firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) were selected for this study for the financial period 2014 to 2020. Log-linear models are applied to firm efficiency and growth factors. A classification model relating executive compensation to firm risk and performance is presented. Thirdly, a profit-share model is proposed to analyse profit-share impact on compensation ratios and firm cash flow and net profit. No conclusive relationship be-tween executive compensation and financial performance was found for this sample. Profit-share implementation reduces the average employee-executive compensation ratio marginally and has mixed results on inter-firm cash flows and net profits.

Retrieving Object Motions From Coded Shutter Snapshot in Dark Environment.

Video object detection is a widely studied topic and has made significant progress in the past decades. However, the feature extraction and calculations in existing video object detectors demand decent imaging quality and avoidance of severe motion blur. Under extremely dark scenarios, due to limited sensor sensitivity, we have to trade off signal-to-noise ratio for motion blur compensation or vice versa, and thus suffer from performance deterioration. To address this issue, we propose to temporally multiplex a frame sequence into one snapshot and extract the cues characterizing object motion for trajectory retrieval. For effective encoding, we build a prototype for encoded capture by mounting a highly compatible programmable shutter. Correspondingly, in terms of decoding, we design an end-to-end deep network called detection from coded snapshot (DECENT) to retrieve sequential bounding boxes from the coded blurry measurements of dynamic scenes. For effective network learning, we generate quasi-real data by incorporating physically-driven noise into the temporally coded imaging model, which circumvents the unavailability of training data and with high generalization ability on real dark videos. The approach offers multiple advantages, including low bandwidth, low cost, compact setup, and high accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is experimentally validated under low illumination vision and provide a feasible way for night surveillance.

Outlook on Common U.S. Health Care Occupations: Benefits, Costs and Future Trends

Students anticipating a career in specific popular health professions need to balance salary, availability of training, enrollment, and predicted job growth against costs of tuition, training time and levels of degree requirements. Comparative data on these variables are also an important resource for undergraduate guidance counselors, yet this information is widely scattered through different professional associations, government and private databases. The research aim of this report is to compile data from public and private databases and professional association websites, and use this data to describe median salaries, job growth, tuition, training levels and opportunities for eleven health practitioner professions from vocational to professional doctorate. Although primary care physicians hold the highest levels of compensation, nursing and physician assistants hold the greatest ratio of compensation for time in training and per tuition dollar. Training programs available in these fields are readily accessible and are accommodating increased enrollment. There is a significant positive correlation between predicted future employment needs and enrollment for health professional programs. Baccalaureate nursing, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants are growing health careers with high predicted earnings, moderate time to training and tuition. Other doctoral professions offer similar compensation but require longer training. These current data serve as a useful guide to assist students and undergraduate counselors in identifying health carriers that best align student goals and finances.

UV Light Irradiation Effects in P-Doped Diamonds: Total Content Determination of Phosphorus Donors.

Upon the UV light irradiation of single-crystal diamonds doped with phosphorus, several effects have been observed. The integral intensity of phosphorus lines in FTIR absorption spectra under UV radiation was increased. A saturation effect depending on the power of the laser radiation was demonstrated. Narrowing of the phosphorus lines, as well as the redistribution of the intensities in their doublets caused by the Jahn-Teller distortion of the donor ground state, was observed. It was found that these effects are associated with the decompensation of the phosphorus donors. An easy, fast, sensitive, and nondestructive, fully optical method for the determination of the total phosphorus donor's concentration in semiconducting diamonds, as well as its compensation ratio, was proposed.

DC hopping photoconductivity via three-charge-state point defects in partially disordered semiconductors

The stationary (DC) hopping photoconductivity caused by the migration of electrons via intrinsic point t-defects of the same type with three charge states (−1, 0, and +1 in units of elementary charge) is theoretically studied. It is assumed that t-defects are randomly (Poissonian) distributed over a crystal and hops of single electrons occur only via t-defects in the charge states (−1), (0) and (0), (+1). Under the influence of intercenter illumination nonequilibrium charge states (−1) and (+1) of defects are generated due to photostimulated electron transitions between pairs of defects in the charge states (0). During the recombination of nonequilibrium charge states (−1) and (+1) of defects, pairs of defects in the charge states (0) are formed. It is assumed that illumination does not heat the crystal, i.e. does not increase the coefficient of thermal ionization of t-defects. The dependence of the ratio of photoconductivity to dark hopping electrical conductivity on the ratio of photoionization coefficient (γ) of neutral t-defects to coefficient of ‘capture’ (α) of an electron from a negatively charged to a positively charged t-defect is calculated. The calculations of hopping photoconductivity were carried out for the partially disordered silicon crystal with total concentration of t-defects of 3·1019 cm−3, compensated by shallow hydrogen-like donors. The ratios of donor concentration to t-defect concentration (compensation ratios) are 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75. It is taken into account that an electron localization radius on t-defect in the charge state (−1) is greater that on t-defect in the charge state (0). The calculated value of the dark hopping electrical conductivity is consistent with the known experimental data. A negative DC photoconduction at γ > α is predicted, due to a decrease in the concentration of electrons hopping via states (−1), (0) and (0), (+1).

Impacts of Medical Security Level on Treatment Outcomes of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Evidence from Wuhan City, China.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is an increasingly serious global issue. DR-TB has a lower success rate and more severe interruption of treatment than ordinary tuberculosis. Incomplete treatment not only reduces recovery rate in DR-TB patients but also increases the spread of DR-TB. Optimizing medical security policies for DR-TB can reduce the economic burden of patients and can thereby improve treatment success rate. Patients with DR-TB who were registered in Wuhan Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention from January 2016 to December 2019 were selected as research subjects. General descriptive statistical analysis methods were used in analyzing patients' treatment outcomes and medical security compensation rate. The binary logistic regression was used in analyzing the impacts of medical security level on treatment outcomes of DR-TB. A total of 409 DR-TB patients were included in the study, and the refusal rate was 12.47%. The treatment success rate was only 37.09% for patients who started treatment and had treatment outcomes. The total out-of-pocket expenses (OOPs) per capita for DR-TB patients were 13,005.61 Chinese yuan. The outpatient effective compensation ratio (ECR) of DR-TB patients was only 51.04%. The outpatient ECR of DR-TB with subsidies of public health projects (SPHPs) were nearly 80% higher than those without SPHP. high outpatient ECR helped optimize treatment outcomes (P < 0.001, OR = 1.038). The inpatient ECR had no effect on patients' treatment outcomes (P = 0.158, OR = 0.986). Many DR-TB patients did not receive complete treatment. The key breakthrough point in improving DR-TB treatment outcomes is to optimize the outpatient medical insurance compensation policy. Including the costs of DR-TB in expenses for severe diseases in outpatient care is recommended, and financial investment should be appropriately increased to ensure the high coverage ratio of subsidies for public health projects.

Temperature Compensation of FBG Sensors via Sensor Packaging Approach for Harsh Environmental Applications

Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) are one of the most preferred high technology sensors in the sensor market. Although, FBG based strain sensors are widely used they are most likely to get affected by climate changes such as temperature. Thereby, most of the time they have to be used along with a reference temperature sensor. Otherwise, one should be ensuring that the FBG sensor is isolated from the climate changes which requires more effort and is a less reliable approach as compared to using an additional temperature sensor. In this study, a novel design of temperature compensated FBG sensor package, manufacturing of polyimide coated FBG sensors, and finally montaging of the manufactured FBG sensors to the corresponding package with an appropriate adhesive is presented. In addition, the designed package has been tested under discrete and continuous loading conditions. Obtained results showed that with the designed package it is possible to measure the strain change in terms of sensing capability of 1.2 microstrains (με) up to 80℃ with an extensive compensation ratio.

Crop physiological considerations for combining variable-density planting to optimize seed costs and weed suppression

AbstractHigh crop densities are valuable to increase weed suppression, but growers might be reluctant to implement this practice due to increased seed cost. Because it is also possible to lower planting densities in areas with no or low weed interference risk, the area allocated to each planting density must be optimized considering seed cost and productivity per plant. In this study, the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were characterized in response to low planting densities and arrangements. The results were used to develop a bioeconomic model to optimize the area devoted to high- and low-density plantings to increase weed suppression without increasing seed cost. Physiological differences seen in each crop varied with the densities tested; however, maize was the only crop that had differences in yield (per area) between densities. When a model to optimize low and high planting densities was used, maize and cotton showed the most plasticity in yield per planted seed (g seed−1) and area of low density to compensate for high-density area unit. Maize grown at 75% planting density compared with the high-planting density (200%) increased yield (g seed−1) by 229%, return by 43%, and profit by 79% while decreasing the low-density area needed to compensate for high-density area. Cotton planted at 25% planting density compared with the 200% planting density increased yield (g seed−1) by 1,099%, return by 46%, and profit by 62% while decreasing the low-density area needed to compensate for high-density area. In contrast, the high morphological plasticity of soybean did not translate into changes in area optimization, as soybean maintained return, profit, and a 1:1 ratio for area compensation. This optimization model could allow for the use of variable planting at large scales to increase weed suppression while minimizing costs to producers.

Wideband photoacoustic imaging in vivo with complementary frequency conventional ultrasound transducers

Photoacoustic (PA) signals are typically broadband in nature. The bandwidth of PA signals depends on the size distribution of the underlying chromophores. Typically, conventional ultrasound (US) transducers, designed for pulse-echo imaging, have limited bandwidth, which reduces their sensitivity to the broadband PA signal. The rejection of out-of-band signals impairs image reconstruction, leading to the loss of image details. Visualization of biological structures, in particular deep targets with a range of sizes requires large acquisition bandwidth. In this work, we combine PA data acquired with two conventional US array probes with complementary frequency bands in order to widen the bandwidth. However, the two conventional transducers also differ in sensitivity and combining the data results in misrepresentation of PA signal strengths. Therefore, in this article we report a novel PA-based method to calibrate the relative sensitivities of the transducers. The proposed method was applied in various scenarios, including imaging vascular structures in vivo. Results revealed that it is feasible to visualize targets varying widely in sizes while combining complementary information acquired with dual US transducers. In addition, the application of sensitivity compensation ratios avoids misrepresentation in the imaging scheme by accounting for sensitivity differences of both transducers during image acquisition.

Perceptions of CEO Compensation: A Comparison of U.S. College Students and Adults

Over the last few decades, CEO compensation has been increasing at a rate much faster than the pay of the average worker. Though a recent AFL-CIO (2021) report notes that the average CEO-to-worker compensation ratio currently sits at 299:1, differences exist in the extent to which this value is seen as a topic of concern. These differences may depend, in part, on the extent to which individuals’ knowledge of and perceptions surrounding CEO compensation are accurate. For example, in a year when CEOs earned an average of $15.5 million, American adults incorrectly estimated CEOs earned a substantially smaller amount of $1 million (Larcker, Donatiello, & Taya, 2016). To begin investigating such discrepancies in how the compensation of CEOs is perceived, we use equity theory (Adams, 1965) to test a series of hypotheses in a sample of students and adults. While we expected students to be less knowledgeable about and hold less accurate perceptions of CEO compensation, our results found no significant differences in initial perceptions held by the two groups. Following an experimental manipulation that presented participants with accurate information on both CEO compensation and average worker pay, both groups reported that CEO compensation was more of a concern. Contrary to the principles of equity theory, however, participants also reported that CEO pay was more justified after reading the information. We close the paper by addressing these contradictory findings while providing concrete directions for future research.

Corporate Governance, Board/CEO Ties and New Outsider CEO Compensation

The role of company directors in setting new CEO compensation has become more complex in recent times with the creation of a new CEO labor market. Directors can potentially utilize their relationships with prospective CEOs to determine new CEO compensation in the interests of investors. Conversely, new outsider CEOs can potentially be empowered by their relationships with directors to negotiate compensation in their own interests and against that of investors. This study explores this issue through examining the impact of board/CEO ties in 1,173 outsider CEO successions on a range of fixed and short- and long-term, performance-related CEO compensation ratios across a range of developed and developing markets where there are varying approaches to corporate governance. Results show that new outsider CEOs in the United States and other Anglo-American institutional environments are able to leverage their relationships with directors to restructure compensation in their own interests and against those of investors.

Accrual earnings management: Do Chief Financial Officer power and career horizon matter?

AbstractWe examine whether Chief Financial Officer (CFO) internal power and career horizon are associated with accrual earnings management. Our proxy for the CFO's power within the firm is the ratio of the CFO's compensation to the CEO's compensation, and the CFO's career horizon is proxied by the number of years to retirement age. We find a negative relationship between the CFO's internal power and discretionary accruals. We do not find any evidence that CFO career horizon impacts accrual management. We further find that the negative association between CFO internal power and discretionary accruals is evident only for income‐decreasing accruals, and only in firms that meet or just beat earnings forecasts. The evidence implies that CFOs exert their influence to ratchet down large positive earnings surprises, thereby creating cookie jar reserves for future years.

P‐39: The IR Drop Compensation Method of AMOLED Display for Dynamic Power Control

In this paper, a new compensation method to solve IR‐drop on AMOLED panel for using dynamic power setup. This paper discusses the dynamic power setup bring the different loading effect and representing the varied level of IR drop on AMOLED panel. If only compensate the IR drop in a fixed current driving condition, the IR drop of the other condition could be worse. In order to improve this problem, the proposed method reduces IR drop phenomenon due to the different power setup by using adjustable compensation ratio for different combination of power setup. Additionally, instead of by full band full tuning, the proposed compensation method is support scaling factors fine tuning for different combination of power &amp; EM setting.

Estimation of Activation and Compensation Ratios in Al&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Ion Implanted 4H-SiC: Comparison of Two Methodologies

Activation and compensation ratios feature the electrical doping efficiency of a semiconductor material by ion implantation. The estimation of these ratios requires a quantitative evaluation of the density of the implanted dopant in substitutional position and of the density of the compensator centers after the mandatory post implantation annealing treatment. In the case of Al+ ion implanted 4H-SiC, it is a common habit to determine acceptor density, compensator density and acceptor thermal ionization energy by fitting the curve of the drift holes temperature dependence with the charge neutrality equation. However, this strategy could lead to ambiguous results. In fact, this study shows several cases of Al+ ion implanted 4H-SiC of interest for electronic device fabrication, where at least two sets of such fitting outputs can reproduce the same experimental curve within the uncertainty of the data. Provided that a model for the carrier transport could be set-up, the contemporaneous fits of the temperature dependence of drift hole density and of drift hole mobility is proposed to alleviate the uncertainty of the estimated acceptor density, compensator density and acceptor thermal ionization energy.

Hopping conduction in FeSi II. deconvolution analyses of temperature-dependent conductivity and its reduced activation energy

The deconvolution analysis of the temperature dependence of the reduced activation energy of the conductivity has been utilized for identifying the hopping conduction mechanism in FeSi samples. It is shown that the hopping conduction in the top impurity Hubbard band, i.e., so-called [Formula: see text] conduction, significantly contributes to the conductivity around 50 K. It is also shown that the increase in the effective concentration of the hopping carriers in the bottom Hubbard band causes a step-like increase of the variable range hopping conductivity with increasing temperature for the FeSi sample when the compensation ratio is less than 0.2.

Designing cross-region ecological compensation scheme by integrating habitat maintenance services production and consumption—A case study of Jing-Jin-Ji region

Establishing a practicable ecological compensation scheme is crucial to raise sufficient funds for habitat conservation. This study proposes a cross-region ecological compensation scheme by integrating habitat maintenance services production and consumption. In addition, the suitability evaluation method and InVEST model of habitat quality were employed to estimate the habitat maintenance services production and consumption, respectively. We used 1980 as the benchmark year and applied the scheme to a three-level hierarchy of the Jing-Jin-Ji region for 2000, 2008 and 2013. At the provincial level, Beijing paid the most habitat maintenance services ecological compensation, with an increasing trend from 1.64 × 109 RMB to 2.22 × 109 RMB, and Hebei received the most, from 2.06 × 109 RMB to 2.72 × 109 RMB. At the municipal level, Chengde, which is the most underdeveloped region in Hebei, was the largest beneficiary, receiving 1.31 × 109 RMB, 1.42 × 109 RMB and 1.46 × 109 RMB, respectively, and the ratio of ecological compensation to fiscal revenue was 7.59%. At the county level, Fengning and Weichang, the top two underdeveloped counties in Chengde, received the highest compensation. The results are consistent with each region's ecological function positioning and economic development status of the Jing-Jin-Ji region. This study can clarify the ecological responsibilities and rights, and provides the suggestions for establishing the cross administrative region ecological compensation scheme and long-term funding mechanism for habitat conservation.

People weigh salaries more than ratios in judgments of income inequality, fairness, and demands for redistribution

Five experiments (total n = 2422, with U.S. American and French participants, four preregistered) show that people are more likely to use median salaries rather than CEO-median employee compensation ratios when making inequality and fairness judgments based on company compensation data. In separate evaluation of companies, we find no significant impact of compensation ratios, which express objective levels of income inequality, but a significant impact of median salaries. In joint evaluation, ratios have an impact, but median salaries have a bigger impact. Our results point to a difference between perceived and actual inequality indicators: people do not perceive inequality based on a widely-used indicator of inequality (compensation ratios), but rather use representative workers’ salaries, and believe lower representative wages are connected to higher inequality. We discuss theoretical implications for the psychological understanding of economic inequality, and practical implications for the regulation of the presentation of compensation data.