Rates Of Oral Cancer Research Articles

Dentist's Destiny in Disquieting Oral Cancers: An Indian Scenario

Oral cancer is a foremost problem in India where it ranks among the top three types of cancer in the country and is considered an epidemic in recent centuries. Oral cancer is the second most common group of malignancies in males and ranks in the fourth position in females in India. Oral cancers are usually preceded by clinically evident potentially malignant disorders, which can be recognized through oral screening. Early diagnosis and proper management can avert the cancerous potential of the lesion. Although oral cancer rates are alarming, existing situation of dentist in India is devastating. A number of credentials are available in medical literature highlighting the oral cancer rates and problems of dentists in India, but still not much critical steps are taken by the government to improve both situations. Moreover, the oral cavity can reflect and unravel many of the human body's internal ambiguity; in developing country like India, most people do not tend to set the same significance on dental health as they do on their medical health.

The reconstructive oral cancer patient: what the general dental practitioner needs to know.

The rate of oral cancer is on the rise; lesions are often being picked up late meaning it is necessary for patients to undergo multidisciplinary head and neck reconstruction. Working in a specialist head and neck oncology unit this year has opened my eyes as to how this patient subgroup is managed, with regards to both a surgical and restorative basis. This article has been written to help inform GDPs about the upcoming NHS guidelines, 'The NHS Oral Cancer Toolkit', in the management of oral cancer patients. Furthermore, I hope that the reader gains an appreciation for what the oral cancer patient endures on their toilsome journey. This article is designed as a refresher on the restorative management of the oral cancer patient. After having read this article you will have an improved awareness of the '8-step' oral cancer screen and an insight as to what happens when the patient is sent on the urgent cancer pathway. Most importantly, this paper will refresh your learning on what the GDP needs to do in the preoperative and postoperative phases with regards to the oral health and wellbeing of the reconstructive oral cancer patient.

INCIDENCE RATES OF ORAL AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER IN SOUTH AFRICA 1988-2013

In South Africa, the four different population groups (White, Black, Coloured/Mixed Race and Asian) have very different incidence rates of oral cancers. The possible impact of HR-HPV infection on the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in this country has not been assessed. Objectives To describe and compare the trends in age standardised incidence rates (ASIR) of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in South Africa from 1988 to 2013. Methods The ASIRs of these cancers were calculated from the incidence rates published by the National Cancer Registry (SA-NCR), a pathology-based registry. Findings The average ASIR (/100,000/year) of oral cavity cancer for all males was 5.9 and for all females 1.74; the highest affected were the males of mixed race (8.47) and white males (6.19) and the Asian females (4.61). The latter population group is known for a high consumption of Areca nut. The average ASIR of pharyngeal cancer for all males was 2.61 and for all females 0.71; The highest incidence of pharyngeal cancer was noted in the males of mixed race (3.86) and white males (2.73). As South Africa is not known for a high incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer, these rates would more or less apply to oropharyngeal cancers. The trends of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer ASIRs over the period 1988-2013 show a slight downward trend except for white and mixed-race females. The incidence trends in pharyngeal cancer also show a decline over that period. Conclusion The intensification of the anti-tobacco legislation and campaigns in South Africa might have contributed to the slightly declining incidences of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Contrary to data reported in the United States and Europe, there is no indication of a rise in HR-HPV driven oropharyngeal cancers over the period 1998-2013 which could indicate that South Africa is lagging behind in the HR-HPV related carcinoma epidemic.

Trends in regional cancer mortality in Taiwan 1992–2014

BackgroundAlthough the cancer mortality rate in Taiwan has been declining in recent years, no study has yet reported any regional differences in cancer mortality rates in Taiwan. We hypothesized that regional cancer mortality rates in Taiwan, an ethnically homogeneous society, exhibited no significant variations. MethodsWe investigated the trends in Taiwan regional cancer mortality between 1992 and 2014. We analyzed regional age-standardized cancer mortality rates for lung, liver, colon, stomach, oral, breast, and prostate cancers using the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database and Demographic Database. Furthermore, we applied Joinpoint regression analysis to evaluate the trends across different regions. ResultsThere are clear regional variations in mortality rates for liver, stomach, and oral cancers, but not for lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancers. The regional death rates of oral cancer, especially for eastern Taiwan, not only elevate the fastest (APC = 14.78% per year, P < 0.001) but also show the largest disparities between men and women. Regional death rates for stomach cancer, which declined most rapidly, are converging in both general and gender groups. Liver cancer is the only one with regional variations whose trends do not all go in the same direction. We also demonstrated that northern Taiwan has significant regional advantages with respect to cancer mortality. ConclusionsSome but not all cancers in Taiwan show regional disparities. Liver, stomach, and oral cancers in Taiwan exhibit clear regional variations in mortality rates. In particular, the regional variations in oral cancer mortality rates are consistent with those in alcohol consumption.

Occupations associated with head and neck cancer in a city in Southern Brazil, 1998 to 2012.

Cancer is a multifactorial disease and depends on multiple stages. Eliminating risk factors contributes to reduce the incidence of disease or modifies its progression. Identifying risk factors for head and neck cancer associated with definite occupations might complement surveillance actions and help in the implementation of preventive measures in the workplace. To identify the occupations of patients with oral cavity (OCC) or oropharyngeal (OPC) cancer in Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. Cross-sectional study in which we analyzed 896 cases of OCC and OPC based on the Population-based Cancer Registry, 1998-2012. The located occupations were categorized in four risk groups following the classification formulated by the Ministry of Labor. We also analyzed variables smoking and alcohol consumption. The highest rates of oral cancer corresponded to occupations associated with cleaning, construction, administration, agriculture and transport. Most occupations, 52.2%, were categorized as risk grade 3. This rate increased to 65.5% when smoking and alcohol consumption were included in analysis. Workers in trade, construction, cleaning services and mechanics accounted for the largest number of OCC and OPC cases in the analyzed municipality. We found 131 occupations associated with cases of oral cancer, most of which were categorized as risk grade 3. In consequence, occupational risk should be considered in the planning of preventive actions.

Impact of Polymorphisms in Casein Kinase 1 Epsilon and Environmental Factors in Oral Cancer Susceptibility

In Taiwan, the incidence rate of oral cancer is constantly increasing. Polymorphisms and lifestyle habits are major contributing factors to the development of oral cancer in such cases. Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε) gene expression plays a role in numerous cancers, and the knockdown of CK1ε induces tumor cell-selective cytotoxicity. The present study was designed to determine the effects of CK1ε gene polymorphisms combined with environmental carcinogens on susceptibility to developing oral squamous cell carcinoma and its clinicopathological status. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CK1ε gene (rs135745, rs135764, rs1997644 and rs2075984) from 741 oral cancer patients and 462 healthy controls were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results shown that variant types (GC) of CK1ε polymorphic rs135745 exhibited a significantly higher risk of 1.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.036-1.919) for oral cancer than did wild type alleles. Furthermore, these CK1ε gene SNPs along with betel-quid chewing and/or tobacco use further increased susceptibility to oral cancer. Moreover, variant genotypes (GC+CC) of CK1ε rs135745 were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. These results suggested that the CK1ε gene polymorphism is associated with the clinicopathological development of oral cancer and increases individuals' susceptibility to environmental carcinogens (e.g., smoking and betel-quid chewing) in terms of developing oral cancer.

HABITS AND REASONS OF DELAYED PRESENTATION OF PATIENTS WITH ORAL CANCER AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF A THIRD WORLD COUNTRY

Background: Oral cancer accounts for nearly one-fifth of all cancers in males and one-tenth in females globally. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of the oral cancer. The occurrence rate of oral cancer is higher in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan and India. In South Asia oral cancer constitutes 25% of all new cancer reported among males. The estimated incidence of oral cancer in Pakistan is 14.7%. Methods: A cross sectional observational study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi with a sample of 145 patients with pathological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity. Patients were characterized into early stage (I and II) and advanced stage (III and IV), according to AJCC classification of tumors (2010). Data entry and analysis was carried out on SPSS 19. Qualitative data was expressed in percentages and results were accessed by Chi squared test. Results: The mean age was recorded 47.87 ± 12.50 years. Males participants were 63.4% and 36.6% females were incorporated in our study. More than half came with the Stage IV. 35.2% of participants became aware of their initial symptom before 6 months before pursuing any doctor. 83% patients presented with noteworthy habit of Tobacco or Chalia chewing. Bulk of the participants stated that they would have presented before if they had knowledge about the disease. 85% thought that increasing awareness of oral cancer through media may decrease the time in seeking help from qualified doctor. Conclusion: The study concludes that most of the participants presented late to the professional because of lack of knowledge about signs and symptoms of oral malignancy.

Incidence and mortality trends in oral and oropharyngeal cancers in China, 2005–2013

BackgroundOral and oropharyngeal cancers are among the most common cancers globally. This study aimed to assess the incidence and mortality trends of oral and oropharyngeal cancers in China between 2005 and 2013. MethodsEstimates of national trends of oral and oropharyngeal cancers were based on the data from Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Reports. The crude incidence rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancers between 2015 and 2035 were evaluated. The age-standardized rate was based on the world standard population. ResultsIt was estimated that 285,857 new cases and 132,698 deaths were related to oral and oropharyngeal cancers in China between 2005 and 2013, with mouth and tongue cancers being the most frequently diagnosed and the leading causes of death among all oral and oropharyngeal cancers. The incidence rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancer fluctuated from 1.69 to 1.89 per 100,000 person-years, and the mortality rate showed an increasing trend, ranging from 0.77 and 0.84 per 100,000 person-years. Males were more susceptible than females to oral and oropharyngeal cancers. The incidence and mortality rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancers were significantly higher in urban regions. The crude incidence rates of oral cancers are projected to increase from 2.26 to 3.21 per 100,000 person-years over the next 20 years in China. ConclusionThe incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancers fluctuated, whereas the mortality rate showed an upward trend from 2005 to 2013. A heavier burden from oral and oropharyngeal cancers is predicted in the next two decades in China.

Oral cancer incidence in Shanghai ---- a temporal trend analysis from 2003 to 2012

BackgroundOral cancer is a serious problem owing to its poor prognosis and destruction of patients’ eating ability as well as facial appearance. Epidemiological studies can provide aetiological clues for prevention. The prevalence of oral cancer in densely populated cities in eastern China is unclear. The aim of the study is to analyse the incidence rates of oral cancer in Shanghai over the period 2003–2012 and estimate the temporal trends.MethodsCases of oral cancer were retrieved from the Shanghai Cancer Registry system in the Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention for the years 2003 to 2012. Information on the corresponding population was obtained from the Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Security. Age-standardised incidence rates were directly calculated according to the world standard population. An annual percent change model was employed to analyse the temporal trends of cancer incidence.ResultsA total of 3860 oral cancer cases were reported, representing 0.69% of all malignancies in Shanghai during the 10-year study period. The mean age at diagnosis was 64 years. The age-standardised incidence rate was 1.34 per 100,000 person-years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.41. Annually, the incidence rates increased by 3.83 and 2.54% for men and women, respectively. The increase was most noticeable in males aged 45–64 years.ConclusionIn Shanghai, the oral cancer incidence is relatively low. However, it is continuously increasing, especially among middle-aged males. This finding urges further investigations on the risk factors of oral cancer in this population, especially on changes in living patterns, such as the smoking, drinking, and dietary habits.

It is time to reduce the mortality rate of oral cancer in Chile.

It is time to reduce the mortality rate of oral cancer in Chile.

Exploring determinants of care-seeking behaviour of oral cancer patients in India: A qualitative content analysis

BackgroundA major public health concern in India is the high morbidity and mortality rates of oral cancer because of late diagnosis. Among the several determinants of this late diagnosis, the most important is the healthcare-seeking behaviour of the oral cancer patients. The aim of this study was to explore the care-seeking behaviour and its determinants among oral cancer patients. MethodsA face-to-face in-depth interview was conducted among 70 oral cancer patients using a semi-structured questionnaire, and qualitative content analysis of the results was performed. ResultsAll the patients had squamous-cell carcinoma and none had attended any screening programme. The most common site affected was the buccal mucosa with a non-healing wound. Most of the patients contacted a doctor available nearby; only 7% of patients consulted a dentist. Only one patient approached a traditional healer. The median patient delay was 30 (4–365) days and the professional delay was 40 (4–650) days. Enablers included determinants such as increasing symptoms (80%), influence of the society (74%), fear (10%), and social media (3%). The main barriers were lack of awareness (97%), hope that the lesion will heal spontaneously (90%), lack of perception of seriousness (64%), financial constraints (55%), provider switching (47%), and missed diagnosis (44%). ConclusionThe care-seeking path among oral cancer patients is complex, customised, and influenced by multiple patient-related and system-related factors.

Trend of oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality in Brazil in the period of 2002 to 2013.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo analyze the trend of oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality rates in the period of 2002 to 2013 in Brazil according to sex, anatomical site, and macroregion of the country.METHODSThe mortality data were obtained from the Mortality Information System and the population data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The trend of the rates standardized by sex and age was calculated using the Prais-Winsten estimation, and we obtained the annual percentage change and the respective 95% confidence intervals, analyzed according to sex, macroregion, and anatomical site.RESULTSThe average coefficient of oral cancer mortality was 1.87 per 100,000 inhabitants and it remained stable during the study period. The coefficient of pharyngeal cancer mortality was 2.04 per 100,000 inhabitants and it presented an annual percentage change of -2.6%. Approximately eight in every 10 deaths occurred among men. There was an increase in the rates of oral cancer in the Northeast region (annual percentage change of 6.9%) and a decrease in the Southeast region (annual percentage change of -2.9%). Pharyngeal cancer mortality decreased in the Southeast and South regions with annual percentage change of -4.8% and -5.1% respectively. Cancer mortality for tonsil, other major salivary glands, hypopharynx, and other and unspecified parts of mouth and pharynx showed a decreasing trend while the other sites presented stability.CONCLUSIONSPharyngeal cancer mortality decreased in the period of 2002 to 2013. Oral cancer increased only in the Northeast region. Mortality for tonsil cancer, other major salivary glands, hypopharynx, and other and ill-defined sites in the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx decreased.

What do dental college clinicians know about oral cancer and its risk factors? An assessment among final year students, interns and faculty members in saudi arabia.

BackgroundThe ability of health care professionals to perform oral cancer examination depends partly on their knowledge of the disease and its risk factors. This study aimed to assess and compare the knowledge of final year students, interns and faculty members regarding oral cancer and its risk factors.Material and MethodsA 35-item questionnaire about knowledge of oral cancer and its risk factors was distributed among participants from Jazan University’s Dental School. A minimum score of 18 was the cut-off point for an acceptable total score of oral cancer knowledge [OCTS]. Descriptive statistics described the relations between demographics variables and knowledge levels of participants. The differences between OCTS, diagnostic-clinical examination knowledge [DCK] and supportive knowledge [SK] and sex and occupation were analyzed using independent t-test and ANOVAs respectively.ResultsA total of 72 students, 68 interns and 88 faculty members completed the questionnaires (N = 228); with an average age of 23.8 ± 0.9 years, 25.1 ± 1.5 years and 40.6 ± 9.1 years with 55.1% males. OCTS was 20.2 ± 3.6 out of 35. No significant difference between OCTS and participants’ sex was found (t (203) = 1.342, p = .181, 95% CI for difference -.302 ــ 1.589). No significant differences in OCTS between students, interns and faculty members (F (2, 225) = 2.116, p = .123). A significant difference in SK between final year students, interns, and faculty members was founded (F (2, 194) = 5.62, p = .004).ConclusionsKnowledge of oral cancer and its risk factors among Jazan Dental School’s final year students, interns and faculty members is acceptable. However, due to the high rate of oral cancer in Jazan, emphasizing knowledge of oral cancer and its risk factors in the curriculum of Jazan Dental School is required. Key words:Oral cancer, risk factors, knowledge, dental education, curriculum, dental students, dentists.

Tumour Marker and Diagnosis of Cancer

Tumour markers in clinical oncology comprises substances that are produced by malignant cells or the substances that are produced by other cells under the influence of malignant cells and that can be determined in body fluids. Tumour markers can be found in cells, tissues or body fluids. These are biochemical substance. Tumour markers can be classified in according to their chemical structure, their tissue of origin, types of malignancies in which they are elevated. The concentration of tumor marker are related to the growth of malignant tumours in patients. Application of molecular tumor markers, which make histology more accurate and additionally help to prognosticate cancer. Early detection would significantly decrease the mortality rate of oral cancer. The utilization of tumour markers depends upon the sensitivity, specificity and upon reliability of methods that are being used for the same purpose. This review include different types of markers their application and limitation.

Oral primary care: an analysis of its impact on the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer

BackgroundOral cancer is a potentially fatal disease, especially when diagnosed in advanced stages. In Brazil, the primary health care (PHC) system is responsible for promoting oral health in order to prevent oral diseases. However, there is insufficient evidence to assess whether actions of the PHC system have some effect on the morbidity and mortality from oral cancer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of PHC structure and work processes on the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer after adjusting for contextual variables.MethodsAn ecological, longitudinal and analytical study was carried out. Data were obtained from different secondary data sources, including three surveys that were nationally representative of Brazilian PHC and carried out over the course of 10 years (2002–2012). Data were aggregated at the state level at different times. Oral cancer incidence and mortality rates, standardized by age and gender, served as the dependent variables. Covariables (sociodemographic, structure of basic health units, and work process in oral health) were entered in the regression models using a hierarchical approach based on a theoretical model. Analysis of mixed effects with random intercept model was also conducted (alpha = 5%).ResultsThe oral cancer incidence rate was positively association with the proportion of of adults over 60 years (β = 0.59; p = 0.010) and adult smokers (β = 0.29; p = 0.010). The oral cancer related mortality rate was positively associated with the proportion of of adults over 60 years (β = 0.24; p < 0.001) and the performance of preventative and diagnostic actions for oral cancer (β = 0.02; p = 0.002). Mortality was inversely associated with the coverage of primary care teams (β = −0.01; p < 0.006) and PHC financing (β = −0.52−9; p = 0.014).ConclusionsIn Brazil, the PHC structure and work processes have been shown to help reduce the mortality rate of oral cancer, but not the incidence rate of the disease. We recommend expanding investments in PHC in order to prevent oral cancer related deaths.

Abstract 3265: Characterization of epithelial oral dysplasia in non-smokers: working towards precision medicine

Abstract Objectives: Although tobacco usage is still one of the strongest risk factors associated with oral cancer risk, there is a subset of non-smokers who develop oral cancer. Tobacco cessation efforts have resulted in a drop in oral cancer rates associated with this habit, leading to a growing interest in the increased proportion of cases occurring among non-smokers (NS). Lesions with oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) are at risk of progressing to oral cancer. Not only is the natural history of OED in NS poorly understood, but the path to interception of disease in NS is poorly defined. There is a gap in the knowledge surrounding the clinicopathological and genetic characterization, and the risk of progression in this growing category. This information is critical to the evolution of precision medicine in this subgroup. The aim of this study was to: 1) Describe the molecular and clinicopathological features of OED in NS as compared to smokers in longitudinal follow-up; and 2) To compare progression rates and time to progression in NS and smokers with OED. Methods: The study focused on cases with histologically confirmed mild or moderate OED in follow-up in the Oral Cancer Prediction Longitudinal Study. Clinicopathological data, including lesion site, size, texture, colour, consistency, border characteristics, fluorescence visualization (FV), and toluidine blue (TB) retention, were collected in addition to detailed smoking history. A genomic based marker test (gMART) which uses loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at key chromosomal loci to stratify lesions to progression risk, was performed on baseline biopsies. Progression was considered to be advancement to severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or squamous cell carcinoma. Results: Out of 231 OED, 30% were NS related, based on self-reported smoking status. Although there were more smokers with OED than NS, a significantly higher proportion of the OED underwent malignant transformation in NS (P=.048). Although not significant, time to outcome was also faster in this group. Most clinical features were equally predictive except for lesion site. Ever smokers (ES) were more likely to have OED at the floor of mouth while OED was more likely to occur at the tongue or gingiva (P&amp;lt;.001) in NS. LOH risk patterns were strongly associated with progression (moderate risk = OR 4.84; high risk = OR 28.1; P=.001) and equally sensitive in both NS and ES subgroups. Conclusions: These findings support the premise that progressive lesions in NS and ES have some similar genetic underpinnings, and emphasize the need for clinicians to consider the molecular genomic profiles in the triage of OED. LOH markers can sort high-risk lesions, despite risk habits, and should be an important consideration in the treatment of OED. This marker is of particular use in the targeting of candidates for chemoprevention. Citation Format: Leigha D. Rock, Miriam P. Rosin, Lewei Zhang, Batoul Shariati, Denise M. Laronde. Characterization of epithelial oral dysplasia in non-smokers: working towards precision medicine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3265. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3265

Overcoming oral cancer menace

Oral cancer is the eighth most common cancer in the world among men and the 14th among women, accounting for nearly 3 per cent of all cancer cases worldwide. Despite better understanding of the disease process and numerous advances in treatment, the 5-year survival rate of oral cancer has remained approximately 50 per cent. Deaths associated with oral cancer are particularly high because this cancer is all too frequently diagnosed late in its development. Discovery at these later stages not only increases the probability of metastasis, but also give time to the primary tumour to invade more deeply into surrounding structures.

Aetiology and risk factors for oral cancer, with special reference to tobacco and alcohol use

Animal experiments, in vitro studies of mechanisms, biological plausibility and massive epidemiological evidence prove that tobacco-smoked and unsmoked - is the major cause of oral cancer in the world. In Hungary today tobacco is mostly smoked in cigarettes, the smoking prevalence being amongst the highest in Europe: it is no surprise that Hungary has the highest rate of oral cancer in the world today. Tobacco use, however, synergises with heavy alcohol use in a dose dependent manner, the effect being supermultiplicative: most of the rising incidence of oral cancer in Europe is probably due to rising alcohol consumption in recent decades in the presence of continuing high levels of tobacco use. Smaller roles can be ascribed to inherited predisposition, environmental agents, poor diet, infections with viruses and fungi and poor oral hygiene/oral health care. The approach to primary prevention is thus clear, and must emphasise tobacco avoidance and sensible use of alcohol, together with good nutrition and dental care.

A Study of the Awareness of Oral Cancer and its Associated Risk Factors Amongst O.P.D. Attendees at a Teaching Hospital of Bhubaneswar, India

Background: Oral cavity cancer is amongst the most prevalent cancers in India and incidence rates are higher in men than women. In India use of the smokeless tobacco product called gutkha /paan, is extremely popular especially in Northern part of India. Age-adjusted rates of oral cancer in India are high, which is, 20 per 100,000 population and accounts for over 30% of all cancers in the country (2) along with oral cancer there is high risk of sub-mucosal fibrosis causing sever morbidity and lifetime disability. Delayed presentation of oral cancer is mainly due to lack of awareness of the public about oral cancer and its associated risk factors. Methods: A cross section study was carried out in OPD of Medical Teaching Hospital and patients were accessed for their socio-demographic profile, awareness and knowledge about early signs of cancer. Results: Out of 450 participants 68% were male and rest females. Level of awareness about early signs of oral cancer was poor i.e. 35% whereas 49% of the studied population had one or more behavioral risk factor associated with oral cancer. Only 18% of participants who regularly take professional help for oral health. Conclusions: The awareness level is not satisfactory and presence of behavioral risk factor for oral cancer is significant among studied population. There is a need of IEC among the general population about pre-cancerous/cancerous lesions and association of smoked/smokeless tobacco or alcohol with oral cancer.

Does green tea consumption improve the salivary antioxidant status of smokers?

Objective Considering the higher rate of oral cancer, and reduction in salivary antioxidants in smokers as indicated in previous studies, antioxidant- containing nutrients such as green tea, seem to be beneficial in counteracting against oxidative stress in this group. This study assessed the salivary total antioxidant alteration in smokers compared to nonsmokers, after short-tem (7days) and long-term (3 weeks), green tea drinking. DesignIn this experimental study, 20 volunteer moderate-to-heavy male smokers, and 20 matched healthy non-smokers were selected to participate, according to the inclusion criteria. Participants were instructed to drink two cups of green tea per day, by dissolving 2g of green tea in 150ml of hot water for each cup. After saliva collection, antioxidant capacity of saliva was measured at baseline, after 7days, and after 21days. Statistical evaluation was done by SPSS 21, using paired samplet tests, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. Results At day zero nonsmokers had a higher antioxidant capacity than smokers (686.6±62.22 vs. 338.8±59.9) mM/50μl, P<0.001. There was also a significant difference between two groups in salivary total antioxidant capacity after one week and three weeks of green tea consumption (P<0.001). However, there was an upward trend in both smokers and non-smokers over the study period (after tea drinking). In addition, a significant difference was found in total antioxidant capacity alteration in smokers compared to non-smokers from baseline to day 21. ConclusionsResults support the effectiveness of green tea consumption in salivary antioxidants enhancement in smokers, in both the short- and long term.