Rate Of Dry Matter Accumulation Research Articles

Combining Controlled-Release Urea and Normal Urea to Improve the Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Grain Quality of Single Season Late japonica Rice

Controlled-release urea (CRU) is widely adopted to improve yields and nitrogen use efficiencies (NUEs) in rice. However, there are few studies on the effects of the mixed application of CRU and normal urea (at different N ratios) on rice yield, nitrogen efficiency, and grain quality. A series of simplified fertilization modes (SFMs) were set up in 2018–2019. CRU with release periods of 80 days and 120 days were mixed with urea at N ratios of 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 3:7 and applied during the rice-growing season. We determined the rice yield, dry matter accumulation, NUEs, and grain quality. The yields of SFM_80_6/4 (CRU with release periods of 80 days were mixed with urea at N ratios of 6:4) and SFM_120_5/5 (CRU with release periods of 120 days were mixed with urea at N ratios of 5:5) were 3.69% and 4.39% higher than that of fractionated urea (FU), respectively, across 2018 and 2019. Combining the application of controlled-release urea and normal urea improved the dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen uptake rate when compared with FU. SFMs improved the processing quality and appearance quality of rice grains and did not reduce the cooking and eating quality. SFM_80_6/4 and SFM_120_5/5 are a one-time fertilization mode with high yield, high efficiency, and good grain quality, which is worthy of further promotion and application.

Variabilidade entre linhagens de feijão comum para máximo acúmulo de matéria seca nos grãos

Abstract The objective of this work was to verify if there is variability in the dry matter accumulation rate of grains of the carioca-type common bean, as well as to identify the success of selection for this trait and the best time for harvest. Sixteen lines with carioca-type grains were evaluated in three sowing seasons through samples of five plants obtained at regular intervals. A quadratic equation was used to estimate the number of days to obtain the maximum dry matter in the grains. A low variability was observed among the lines, discouraging selection for this trait. The ideal moment for harvesting is when 100% of the grains present the typical stripes of carioca common bean, which may vary among and within pods of the same plant. If the harvest is carried out before complete physiological maturation is reached, the dry matter in the grains decreases, on average, 2.75% per day.

Effect of the Rate of Nitrogen Application on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield Formation of Densely Planted Maize

Planting maize (Zea mays L.) reasonably densely and adding amounts of appropriate nitrogen fertilizer are essential measures to improve the efficiency of maize yield and nitrogen use. In this study, two planting densities of 7.5 × 104 plants ha−1 and 12.0 × 104 plants ha−1 were established with the maize varieties DengHai 618 (DH618) and XianYu 335 (XY335). Simultaneously, 18 levels of nitrogen application were established, including a lack of nitrogen (N0) and increments of 45 kg ha−1 nitrogen up to 765 (N765) kg ha−1. The variables studied included the effects of the rate of nitrogen application on the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and the yield under drip irrigation, and they were integrated into water–fertilizer integration. The results indicated that the yield, harvest index, and dry matter accumulation of maize displayed a trend of increasing and then tending to be flat as the amount of nitrogen applied increased. The use of linear plus platform equation fitting indicated that the change in yield with nitrogen administered had the lowest turning point at N = 279 and N = 319, respectively. The next parameter that was measured was the harvest index. When highly dense maize was grown before silking, the rate of nitrogen applied was more obviously impacted by the accumulation of dry matter. The harvest index contributed 22.9–27.2% of the yield, and the total dry matter accumulation before and after silking contributed more than 70% of the production. Increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to prolonging the dry matter accumulation time and increasing the dry matter accumulation rate. The accumulation amount of dry matter was positively correlated with accumulation time and rate, and the correlation between dry matter and accumulation rate was greater. In conclusion, applying the right amount of nitrogen can dramatically increase the harvest index, accumulation of materials, and yield, with dry matter accumulation having the greatest influence on yield. The creation of dry matter is influenced by the time and rate of its accumulation, with its rate serving as the primary controlling factor.

Physiological mechanisms underlying genetic improvement in sink establishment and plant‐to‐plant variability in maize

Genetic improvement in maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is associated with improvements in dry matter accumulation during the grain-filling period and the ability to maintain partitioning to the grain (i.e., harvest index) when grown at higher plant population densities. Although several attributes have been identified that lead to improved dry matter accumulation during the grain-filling period, the attributes that have enabled the maintenance of harvest index at higher plant population densities remain elusive. Using the Ontario ERA hybrids that represent five eras of genetic improvement in Ontario, we examined genetic improvement in several attributes associated with sink establishment and partitioning to the grain. We show that the number of florets on an ear initial is not influenced by plant density, nor is there any evidence of a genetic improvement in floret number. There has been genetic improvement, however, in the ability to support kernel set at a lower threshold level of dry matter accumulation and to more efficiently set kernels at lower dry matter accumulation levels, such as those experienced at higher plant densities. Genetic improvement is evident for reduced plant-to-plant variability for dry matter accumulation, grain yield, kernel number, and plant growth rate around silking, but most notably for grain yield. Finally, we show that genetic improvement in reduced plant-to-plant variability for grain yield is the result of the lower threshold dry matter levels required for seed set and the improved resource utilization, which has led to greater stability of individual plant performance in a stand.

Response of Sugarcane to Varying Nitrogen Rate and Application Timings Under Semi-Arid Climate

To enhance crop yields, nitrogen is one of essential basic nutritional elements that enable any plant to withstand in stressful conditions. An experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of N rates and its application timings on growth, development and sugarcane yield at farm area of Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan for two consecutive crop seasons (spring 2014 and 2015). Four Nitrogen (N) rates viz.170, 227, 284 and 341 kg ha-1were applied at four different application schedules i.e. T1= 45-75-90 days after planting (DAP); T2= 45-75-90-120 DAP;T3= 45-75-90-120-150 DAP and T4= 45-75-90-120-150-180 DAP, in RCBD having three replications. The results revealed that the treatments significantly affected quantitative traits like tillers plant-1, cane girth, millable count, cane and sugar yield and growth parameters like leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), seasonal total dry matter accumulation (TDM) and seasonal crop growth rate (CGR). Interactive effect of treatments was also significant for cane girth, number of millable canes and LAD. Treatments did not affect cane length significantly during the course of study. Growth traits viz. LAI, LAD and CGR showed improvement by higher N application and the highest values were observed when N was applied late in the season in six splits. A close positive linear relationship was noticed between cane yield and dose & time of N application. It may be concluded from the present study that splitting of nitrogen till 180 days after planting at higher rates (upto 341 kg ha-1) can improve cane and sugar yield of spring planted sugarcane crop under semi-arid climatic conditions

Adaptation and indication of forage crops for agricultural production in sandy soils in western Bahia State, Brazil

The diversity of soils and climate in Brazil imposes the need to evaluate the adaptation of fodder species to soil and climate conditions to guide producers and technicians in choosing the best alternatives for their region. The objective of this study was to evaluate and identify fodder cultivars for pasture and soil cover with tolerance to drought and high production in the sandy soils of southern Bahia, Brazil. The performance of 29 commercial cultivars of perennial and annual tropical forage species was evaluated in six cuts in 2019 and 2020. The green and dry mass yield per cut and the daily dry matter accumulation rate were evaluated considering the periods of water surplus and deficit and the drought tolerance index for each cultivar was estimated. Grass and legume cultivars showed differences in establishment, yield in the water surplus, and in the re-establishment after the water deficit. Based on the values of the drought tolerance index and in the dry mass daily yields before and after the water deficit, the cultivars adapted and indicated for regional continuous grazing were Xaraés, Marandu, Massai, Tanzânia, Paiaguás, and Zuri, in that order. The grasses B. ruziziensis and B. decumbens were indicated for use as cover plants after the harvest due to their high capacity of establishment and short-term production. The annual and perennial legume plants were also indicated for cover, and the combination of cultivars and their potential for straw in direct planting or use in integrated systems still need to be validated.

Growth rate, concentration, and quality of carrageenan in two strains of seaweed Kappaphycus striatus grown in Khanh Hoa waters

In this study, two strains of seaweed Kappaphycus striatus (Payaka brown and Sacol brown) derived from Philippines after nearly 20 years of cultivation, were cultivated in Van Phong Bay and Cam Ranh Bay (Khanh Hoa, Vietnam) to re-evaluate the growth characteristics, concentration, and quality of carrageenan. The results showed that the ecological area affects the growth (fresh weight, growth rate, dry matter accumulation rate), content, and quality of carrageenan (gel strength and viscosity) of the two seaweed strains after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 weeks of cultivation. The highest biomass of both strains was reached after 8 weeks of cultivation in Van Phong Bay and 10 weeks in Cam Ranh Bay. The fresh weight, the dry weight, and the growth rate (343.33 g, 42.67 g, 1.30%.day-1, respectively) of the Sacol brown strain were similar to that of the Payaka brown strain at the Van Phong Bay. However, the dry matter accumulation rate (12.45%) and the carrageenan content (24.50%/w) of the Sacol brown strain were highest when cultivated in Van Phong Bay. The growth rate, concentration, and quality of carrageenan in two seaweed strains in Van Phong Bay and Cam Ranh Bay were lower than before.

Effect of Different Sowing Environment on Growth Parameters, Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea (Cicer aretinum L.) Varities

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2019-20 in sandy loam soil of C.S.A. University of Agriculture and Technology, Nawabganj, Kanpur (U.P.).The experiment consisted nine treatments combinations comprised of three sowing date/ sowing temperature viz., sowing on November 10 with temperature 220C, November 20 with temperature 170C and November 30 with temperature 160C and three variety viz, KWR-108, KPG-59 and KGD-1168. Results revealed that sowing temperature 220C which occurred on November 10 in combination with variety KGD-1168 produced significantly higher growth parameters such as plant population, plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate. It is also evident from data that variety KDG-1168 sown on November 10 has been associated with highest no. of pods plant-1, no. of seeds plant-1, no. of seeds pod-1, test weight, seed yield plant-1, seed yield (q ha-1) because fulfilment of optimum thermal requirement for various plant processes. High temperature during-reproductive stage adversely affected the number of pods plant,-1 number of seed pod-1 in late sowing (November 30) which ultimately resulted in the lowest seed yield. It can be elaborated from the results that variety KGD-1168 produces higher yield and benefit in the central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh.

Cover crops biomass yield grown as a 2nd summer crop in relation to sowing periods

The aim of this study was to evaluate cover crop precocity and biomass yield growth as a 2nd summer crop after soybean at different sowing periods (January 2nd; February 2nd and March 2nd at 2019 and January 27th and March 3rd at 2020). Experiment was laid out as a randomized block design in a 3x3 factorial for each sowing period, in the 2019 and 2020 off-seasons, being factor A represented by the cover crops (Urochloa brizantha cultivar Xaraés, Crotalaria juncea cultivar IAC-KR-1 and Pennisetum glaucum cultivar ANm 38,) and factor B by the evaluation periods along cover crops development cycle. There was an interaction between cover crops and evaluation period for plant height and dry matter yield for both years. C. juncea and P. glaucum showed faster growth, regardless of the evaluation period and sowing periods, compared to U. brizantha in both years. Cover crop biomass yield reduced as sowing period is delayed from January to March to an extend that P. glaucum yield dropped from 14.6 to 4.2 t DM ha-1 at 2019 and from 14.4 to 6.9 t DM ha-1 at 2020 as a result shorter photoperiod and lower temperature. The same was noticed to U. brizantha and C. juncea which showed yields of 11.676 and 8.800 and 2.220 and 2.555 kg ha-1 at April 29th of 2019 and 12.507 and 7.812 and 3.041 and 2.346 kg DM ha-1 at June 18th 2020 respectively for January and March sowing periods. U. brizantha and C. juncea are more viable 90 days, while P. glaucum showed the fastest dry matter accumulation rate. All species are viable due to the benefits they provide to the productive system, which becomes more diversified and therefore more sustainable

Response of nutrient management on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of hybrid rice in Gangetic plains of West Bengal

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Research Sub-Station (RRS), under Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Chakdaha, Nadia, West Bengal during rainy seasons of 2017 and 2018 to study the effect of different nutrient management on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of hybrid rice. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with 20 treatment combinations having 4 varieties (3 hybrid varieties and 1 high yielding variety) and 5 combinations of nutrient management in three replications. The treatment combination of Ajay variety with 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) + 50% RDN from mustard cake + full recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP) and potassium (RDK) recorded the highest plant height but significantly greater values of leaf area index at 75 days after transplanting (DAT), leaf area duration at 30-90 DAT, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate at 60-75 DAT were recorded in the treatment combination of Arize 6444 with 75% RDN + 25% nitrogen through mustard cake + 20 kg ZnSO4 /ha. In terms of yield attributes and yield treatment combination of hybrid variety Arize 6444 when combined with either of the fertilizer treatment i.e., 50% RDN + 50% RDN from mustard cake + full (RDP) and (RDK) or 75% RDN + 25% RDN from mustard cake + RDP and RDK + 20 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 recorded significantly (p= 0.05) best results. Hence, this combination could be more effective in augmenting growth, yield and nutrient uptake in the Gangetic plains of West Bengal.

Vertical rotary sub-soiling under ridge–furrow with plastic mulching system increased crops yield by efficient use of deep soil moisture and rainfall

Recently, the technology of combining vertical rotary sub-soiling (VRT) with ridge–furrow construction with plastic film mulching system (RFMS) has become a promising solution to improve soil water characteristics and crop yields in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. However, the effect of this technique on deep soil moisture and rainfall utilization to enhance the crop yield is unclear. To investigate this, two field experiments (2016–2017) were set up with maize and potato as research objects. There were four tillage practices under RFMS for maize: (1) MVT, VRT to a depth of 40 cm; (2) MST, sub-soiling to a depth of 40 cm; (3) MTT, rotary tillage to a depth of 15 cm; and (4) MZT, zero tillage. There were three tillage practices under RFMS for potato: (1) PVT, VRT to a depth of 40 cm; (2) PST, sub-soiling to a depth of 40 cm; and (3) PTT, rotary tillage to a depth of 15 cm. Our results showed that the VRT under RFMS mainly significantly reduced soil water storage (SWS) in the 0–100 cm profile at the flowering stage, and SWS in the 100–300 cm profile of maize and SWS in the 100–200 cm profile of potato at the harvest stage compared with other tillage practices. This increased evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the whole growth stage and indicated that VRT promoted the utilization of deep soil water (below 100 cm) for maize and potato. The increase of ET and utilization of deep soil water contributed to promote crop growth, directly improved chlorophyll content, accelerated dry matter accumulation and prolonged the duration of the maximum dry matter accumulation rate, resulting in higher water use efficiency (WUE), harvest index (HI) and yield. The results suggested that VRT under RFMS improved WUE by 3.5–14.6%, HI by 2.8–23.85% and yield by 12.1–47.4% of maize compared to the other treatments and correspondingly by 18.9–92.3%, 1.6–29.6%, and 24.7–156.8% for potato. In addition, VRT significantly improved fallow efficiency by 56.3–133.1% and precipitation use efficiency (PUE) by 12.1–47.4% for maize, and correspondingly by 101.9–272.7% and 24.7–156.8% for potato, compared with other treatments. These data indicated VRT can improve the efficiency of precipitation preservation and utilization in RFMS. Overall, VRT can efficiently utilize deep soil moisture and rainfall to promote crop growth under RFMS，thereby, significantly increased maize and potato yields.

ESTIMATES OF MEANS COMPONENTS FOR MAIZE GRAIN-FILLING TRAITS

One of the strategies to increase maize yield is to select lines that present a higher matter accumulation rate in the grains. This work was carried out to identify the population with the most significant potential to obtain this line type. For this, nine commercial hybrids’ F1 and F2 generations were evaluated in four environments, involving two years and two seasons each year. The traits evaluated were the number of days to female flowering (NDF) and physiological maturity (NDPM), dry matter accumulation rate (RATE), and grain yield (YLD). For each trait, the contribution of the loci in homozygosity (m+a) and heterozygosis (d) was estimated. NDF, NDPM, and RATE predominated an additive effect with a higher m+a estimate. Regarding YLD, the estimate of d was much higher than m+a, indicating the greater importance of dominance. Hybrid 5 is the most promising for obtaining the segregating population because it associates a high m+a, and d estimate that, although it was not among the highest, represented 56.03% of the average. For this hybrid, considering the YLD, the mean of the lines in F∞ will be the highest and associated with sufficient variability in the population to enable successful selection.

The efficacy of chemical topping in field-grown cotton is mediated by drip irrigation amount in irrigated agricultural area

Abstract Background Cotton production in China is challenged by high labor input including manual topping (MT). Recently, to replace MT in the Xinjiang cotton region of China, mepiquat chloride (MC) was applied once more than the traditional multiple-application; this was designated as chemical topping (CT), but it is unclear whether the amount of irrigation needs to be adjusted to accommodate CT. Results The main plots were assigned to three drip irrigation amounts [300 (I1), 480 (I2), and 660 (I3) mm], and the subplots were assigned to the CT treatments [450 (MC1), 750 (MC2), and 1 050 (MC3) mL·hm−2 25% MC] with MT as a control that was performed after early bloom. The optimum drip irrigation amount for CT was explored based on leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, biomass accumulation, and yield. There were significant influences of drip irrigation, topping treatments and their interaction on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, gas exchange parameters and biomass accumulation characteristics as well as yield. The combination of I2 and MC2 (I2MC2) performed best. Compared with I2MT, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) of I2MC2 significantly increased by 4.0%∼7.2%, 6.8%∼17.1%, 5.2%∼17.6%, and 4.8%∼9.6%, respectively, from the peak flowering to boll opening stages. Moreover, I2MC2 showed fast reproductive organ biomass accumulation and the highest seed cotton yield; the latter was 6.6%∼12.8% higher than that of I2MT. Further analysis revealed that a 25% MC emulsion in water (MCEW) application resulted in yield improvement by increasing Pn, φPSII, and qP to promote biomass accumulation and transport to reproductive organs. Conclusion The results showed that the 480 mm drip irrigation combined with 750 mL·hm−2 MC increased the rate of dry matter accumulation in reproductive organs by increasing Pn, φPSII, and qP to improve photosynthetic performance, thus achieving higher yield.

Seed Priming and Foliar Application of Nutrients Influence the Productivity of Relay Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) through Accelerating the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Use Efficiency

The efficiency of a crop to intercept and utilize solar radiation for photosynthates production serves as one of the deciding factors of the productive potential of the crop stand. Interception and use efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were estimated in relay grass pea under different nutrient management schedules in consecutive two crop seasons of 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. Treatments were two levels of seed priming (i.e., 1. S1: Without seed priming and 2. S2: Seed priming with ammonium molybdate at 0.5 g kg−1 seed) and five levels of foliar-applied nutritions with various combinations of 2% Urea and 0.5% NPK (19:19:19) shuffling their times of application, replicated thrice laying out in a factorial randomized block design. Seed priming along with twice sprays of NPK (19:19:19) at pre-flowering followed by a second one after 15 days recorded maximum leaf area index (LAI) and total chlorophyll content augmenting greater interception and use efficiency of PAR with highest biomass accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR) and leaf nutrient contents leading to a significant increase in seed yield over control (1696.70 and 1182.00 kg ha−1, respectively) in a pooled analysis. LAI and total chlorophyll content established linear relationships with PAR interception explaining about 94 and 88% variations in intercepted PAR at 90 DAS. Intercepted PAR during different phenophases was positively correlated to dry matter accumulation and net photosynthetic rate with polynomial relationships. Seed yield of grass pea varied about 95 and 96% respectively during 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 with the variations in PAR interception at the pod developmental stage.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth Characters of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Varieties

A field experiment was carried out at Instructional Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal during kharif season of 2019 and 2020, following three times replicated split plot design with 3 soybean varieties (V1: PS 1225; V2: YEZIN 15; V3: PS 24) in main plot and 5 nutrient management options (N1: 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) i.e. N: P2O5: K2O-20:60:40 kg/ha; N2: 75% RDF + 3 t/ha farm yard manure (FYM); N3: 75% RDF+ 1.5 t/ha vermicompost; N4: 75% RDF + 3 t/ha FYM + 25 kg/ha ZnSO4; N5: 75% RDF + 1.5 t/ha vermicompost + 25 kg/ha ZnSO4) in subplot. Results revealed that soybean variety PS 24 grown under application of 75% RDF + 1.5 t/ha vermicompost + 25 kg/ha ZnSO4 recorded highest plant height (73.81 cm at harvest), leaf area index (5.39 at 90 days after sowing i.e. DAS), number of branches/plant (11.40), dry matter accumulation (767.09 g/m2) and crop growth rate (14.02 g/m2/day). Application of 75% RDF+ 1.5 t/ha vermicompost also ensured high growth attributes soybean varieties specially in PS 24. Conversely, Myanmar variety YEZIN 24 grown under 100% RDF did not perform well due to its non-adaptability in West Bengal condition.

The effect of the humic preparation BioHumus Grand Flora Victoria on the lettuce productivity

The article presents the research results on the effect of the humic preparation BioHumus Grand Flora Victoria on the formation of lettuce crop in a winter glazed heated greenhouse. The sowing qualities of seeds (germination, germination energy) were analyzed when treated with the preparation in solution of different concentrations, while laboratory germination increased by 10-20%. Productivity indicators (the aboveground mass and root system, the number of leaves and their area) were studied when using leaf and root feeding of plants. It was found that the largest plant mass (82.5 g), leaf mass (53.1 g) and their area (806.5 cm2) were obtained by growing lettuce using leaf and root feeding with the 10% preparation solution. The use of leaf dressing alone 1.4-2.2 times increased the lettuce leaves area compared to the control. The biochemical composition of lettuce leaves during the harvesting period showed differences in the dry matter, total sugar, ascorbic acid content. The largest amount of dry matter (10.3%) and vitamin C was the variant with leaf feeding of plants with the 5% preparation solution. The 20% preparation solution, the highest in the experiment, restrained the rate of dry matter, fructose and ascorbic acid accumulation in the production.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) growth, yield and subsequent soil fertility in middle gangetic plains of India

The field trial was conducted during the Kharif 2019 on the research farm of TCA Dholi at the Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University Pusa campus in Samastipur (Bihar). The test was conducted in Factorial RBD and to investigate Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) growth, yield and subsequent soil fertility in Middle Gangetic Plains of India. There was 8 treatment including 3 fertilizer levels (75, 100 and 125% RDF), 2 organic manure (control and FYM @ 5 tha-1), 3 biofertilizer level (rhizobium, nutrient mobilizer, rhizobium+ nutrient mobilizer) and interaction with each other, treatments were randomly assigned in three replicates. The application of 125% RDF resulting higher plant height (33.67cm), more dry matter accumulation (5.56 g) and crop growth rate (6.73 g day-1m-2), Grain yield (10.78qt ha-1) and gave higher gross return (65874 ₹ha-1), net return (38883 ₹ha-1) and BC ratio (1.44) as well as more soil NPK contain in F3 treatment but statistically at par plant height (31.45cm), dry matter accumulation (5.06g) and crop growth rate (6.08), Grain yield (10.73qt ha-1) and gross return (65702 ₹ha-1), net return (39396 ₹ha-1) and BC ratio (1.48) as well as soil NPK observed in F2-100% RDF where addition of organic manure increase plant height (31.64cm), more dry matter accumulation (5.26 g) and crop growth rate (6.38 g day-1m-2), Grain yield (11.2 qt ha-1) and gross return (68399 ₹ha-1), net return (38007 ₹ha-1) and BC ratio (1.24) as well as soil NPK in FYM treatment @ 5 tha-1 over control. In Biofertilizer observed higher plant height (32.32 cm), more dry matter accumulation (5.44g) and crop growth rate (6.56 gday-1 m-2), Grain yield (10.26qt ha-1) and gross return (62837 ₹ha-1), net return (36508 ₹ha-1) and BC ratio (1.36) and soil NPK in rhizobium + nutrient mobilizer treatment.

In situpod growth rate reveals contrasting diurnal sensitivity to water deficit inPhaseolus vulgaris

The development of reproductive tissues determines plant fecundity and yield. Loading of resources into the developing reproductive tissue is thought to be under the co-limiting effects of source and sink strength. The dynamics of this co-limitation are unknown, largely due to an inability to measure the flux of resources into a developing sink. Here we use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensors to measure sink strength by quantifying rates of pod dry matter accumulation (pod loading) in Phaseolus vulgaris at 13-min intervals across the diel period. Rates of pod loading showed contrasting variation across light and dark periods during the onset of water deficit. In addition, rates of pod loading appeared decoupled from net photosynthetic rates when adjusted to the plant scale. Combined, these observations illustrate that the rate of pod development varies under water limitation and that continuous, non-invasive methodologies to measure sink strength provide insight into the governing processes that determine the development of reproductive tissues.

Formation of photosynthetic parameters of winter wheat crops under foliar fertilization and herbicide application

Purpose. To study agronomic measures for the care of winter wheat: the use of foliar fertilization and protection against weeds with sulfonylureas.
 Methods. Field and laboratory.
 Results. It was investigated that the application of Bioforge anti-stress fertilizer did not significantly affect the growth of photosynthetic potential of crops, as the leaf surface area was not significantly different. In addition to the area of the photosynthetic leaf surface, there is a more accurate indicator, that is net productivity of photosynthesis, which can, in our opinion, more accurately show whether the effects of plant protection products against weeds lead to changes in physiological processes in the plant. the mechanism of action of the anti-stress agent is somewhat different. After all, the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants can be such that for a relatively small area of leaves you can get better rates of dry matter accumulation. The best indicators of photosynthetic potential for the use of plant protection products in autumn were identified with the use of such products as Granstar Pro 75, WG, Logran 75, WG, Harmony 75, WG, for introduction into the phenophase BBCH 10–13, and in spring for use in BBCH 27–29 in combination with Bioforge and separately. However, the introduction of PIC 75, WG, to form the best photosynthetic potential of winter wheat crops should be carried out in the phase of BBCH 7–9 in autumn or spring in BBCH 25–26. We also investigated that the use of Bioforge anti-stress fertilizer did not significantly affect the growth of photosynthetic potential of crops.
 Conclusions. It was determined that the use of the anti-stress agent Bioforge had a positive effect on the condition of plants and their accumulation of dry matter. Accordingly, the best indicators of net productivity of wheat photosynthesis were obtained with the use in autumn of such products as Granstar Pro 75, WG, Logran 75, WG, Harmony 75, WG, for introduction into the phenophase BBCH 10–13, and spring for use in BBCH 27–29 in combination with Bioforge. However, the introduction of PIC 75, WG, to form the best photosynthetic potential of winter wheat crops should be carried out in the phase of BBCH 7–9 in autumn or spring in BBCH 25–26 in combination with Bioforge.

Exploring the nitrogen source-sink ratio to quantify ear nitrogen accumulation in maize and wheat using critical nitrogen dilution curve

Ear nitrogen (N) accumulation plays an imperative role in ear photosynthesis and the formation of grain yield and quality of maize and wheat. However, the mechanism governing ear N accumulation (NAe) especially under different N levels is not yet clear. For this purpose, this study endeavored to describe the N source-sink ratio of NAe by developing a model using ear critical N concentration (%Nc) dilution curves of maize and wheat. The data obtained include ear dry matter (DMe), NAe, ear N nutrition index (NNIe), ear N accumulation rate index (NARIe), post-anthesis N uptake (PANU), grain number (GN), and thousand-grain weight (TGW) were collected from 12 varied N rates (0–300 kg N ha−1) field experiments conducted using four wheat and three maize cultivars. Integrated models were developed to show the effect of N source and sink on NAe in maize and wheat. The ratio between PANU and NAe was used to represent the post-anthesis supply capacity of N source, while DMe was used as the storage capacity of N sink in these models. Robust relationships of NARIe with the ratio between PANU and NAe in maize and wheat indicated that NAe was controlled by N source from N-limiting to non-N-limiting levels. The relationship between the rate of ear dry matter accumulation (DMRe) and NNIe showed a linear plateau model across different N levels due to the similar DMe under non-N-limiting levels, indicating that ear N status was regulated by DMe (N sink) under N-limiting levels. Therefore, NAe under N-limiting levels was co-regulated by N source and sink. Besides, the temporal effect of plant N status before anthesis on NAe was also observed. The close relationship between DMe and plant N status at anthesis across different N levels in maize and wheat indicated that the potential ear N sink was controlled by the pre-anthesis supply capacity of plant N source. Consequently, pre-anthesis plant N status was imperative for quantifying potential ear N sink. This was the first-ever attempt to investigate the N source-sink ratio of NAe using ear %Nc curve and highlighted the effect of pre-anthesis plant N status on NAe. The findings will contribute towards a better understanding of the process of NAe under different N levels for developing a judicious N management strategy for improving the N use efficiency of wheat and maize.