Rate Of Women Research Articles

The effects of advertisements that sexually objectify women on state body dissatisfaction and judgments of women: The moderating roles of gender and internalization

Experimental studies have demonstrated that exposure to idealized images of women increases state body image disturbance. However, little work has experimentally examined the effects of exposure to images that sexually objectify women, especially as it relates to women and men's state body dissatisfaction and judgments of women. In the current study, 437 women and men were randomly assigned to view advertisements that sexually objectify women and portray appearance ideals, or to view non-appearance-related advertisements. Results indicated that state body dissatisfaction increased for women and men exposed to advertisements that sexually objectified women, although this effect was larger for women. Trait internalization of appearance ideals moderated this effect, indicating that women and men with higher internalization exhibited greater state body dissatisfaction after viewing women sexually objectified in advertisements. Exposure to women sexually objectified in advertisements did not affect women's or men's attractiveness or competence ratings of women in university advertisements.

Duration of oral contraceptive use predicts women's initial and subsequent subjective responses to sexual stimuli

Recent work suggests that a woman's hormonal state when first exposed to visual sexual stimuli (VSS) modulates her initial and subsequent responses to VSS. The present study investigated whether women's initial hormonal state was related to their subjective ratings of VSS, and whether this relationship differed with VSS content. We reanalyzed previously collected data from 14 naturally cycling (NC) women and 14 women taking oral contraceptives (OCs), who subjectively rated VSS at three hormonal time-points. NC women's ratings of 216 unique sexual images were collected during the menstrual, periovulatory, and luteal phases of their menstrual cycles, and OC women's ratings were collected at comparable time-points across their pill-cycles. NC women's initial hormonal state was not related to their ratings of VSS. OC women's initial hormonal state predicted their ratings of VSS with minimal contextual information and of images depicting female-to-male oral sex. Specifically, women who entered the study in the third week of their pill-cycle (OC-3 women) rated such images as less attractive at all testing sessions than did all other women. OC-3 women were also the only women to rate decontextualized VSS as unattractive at all testing sessions. These results corroborate previous studies in which women's initial hormonal state was found to predict subsequent interest in sexual stimuli. Future work, with larger samples, should more directly investigate whether OC-3 women's negative assessment of specific types of VSS reflects a reaction to the laboratory environment or a broader mechanism, wherein OC women's sexual interests decrease late in their pill-cycle.

Committee opinion no 632: Expedited partner therapy in the management of gonorrhea and chlamydial infection.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) disproportionately affect women and create a preventable threat to their fertility. One factor that contributes to young women's high rates of STIs is reinfection from an untreated sexual partner. One way to address this problem is through expedited partner therapy, the practice of treating the sexual partners of patients in whom STIs are diagnosed. Expedited partner therapy enables the obstetrician-gynecologist or other provider to give prescriptions or medications to patients to take to their partners without first examining these partners. Despite the effectiveness of expedited partner therapy, numerous legal, medical, practical, and administrative barriers hinder its routine use by obstetrician-gynecologists. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists supports the use of expedited partner therapy as a method of preventing gonorrhea and chlamydial reinfection when a patient's partners are unable or unwilling to seek medical care. Expedited partner therapy should be accompanied by patient counseling and written treatment instructions for the patient's partner(s). Partners receiving expedited partner therapy should be encouraged to seek additional medical evaluation as soon as possible to discuss screening for other STIs, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

The academic advantage: gender disparities in patenting.

We analyzed gender disparities in patenting by country, technological area, and type of assignee using the 4.6 million utility patents issued between 1976 and 2013 by the United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO). Our analyses of fractionalized inventorships demonstrate that women’s rate of patenting has increased from 2.7% of total patenting activity to 10.8% over the nearly 40-year period. Our results show that, in every technological area, female patenting is proportionally more likely to occur in academic institutions than in corporate or government environments. However, women’s patents have a lower technological impact than that of men, and that gap is wider in the case of academic patents. We also provide evidence that patents to which women—and in particular academic women—contributed are associated with a higher number of International Patent Classification (IPC) codes and co-inventors than men. The policy implications of these disparities and academic setting advantages are discussed.

Systematic review of experiences and effects of integrating post-abortion family planning services into existing health system worldwide

Objective To systematic review and analyze the practices and effects of integrating post-abortion family planning (PAFP) services into existing health system worldwide in order to inform the future interventions to deliver PAFP in China. Methods A systematic search for relevant published and unpublished literature was conducted. Based on a set of criteria, citation and full text were screened, related data were extracted. Findings of included studies were reviewed and analyzed using a textual narrative approach to synthesis. Results A total of 28 studies were included in the synthesis. The studies were published between 1995 and 2008 and covered 20 countries. Some countries were in the stage of piloting post-abortion care (PAC)/PAFP intervention, while others were either from piloting to scaling up or examined how well a pilot PAC/PAFP intervention and resulting improvements were able to be maintained over the long term in the same intervention site. Most studies examined initiatives that were implemented at public sectors from tertiary, secondary to primary health facilities, while a few were implemented at private sectors. Efforts of integrating PAFP into existing health system from health system perspectives such as funding the programs, training of trainer (TOT) training or on the job training of physicians and mid-level service provider, expansion the range of contraceptive methods available including a few free distribution of contraceptives, improving data collection including cost analysis in a few countries, service guidelines provided to health professionals, supportive supervision at program sites to ensure quality of care, and leadership from government to strengthen PAC/PAFP service by revising or developing a new national policy. Effects of those intervention programs included that 2 studies decreased abortion rates, 7 studies improved modern contraceptive use, 1 study improved women's knowledge on sexual & reproductive health, and 5 studies reported women's high satisfaction rate with receiving PAC/PAFP services. Conclusion Each study was conducted within a cultural, legal, social, and religious framework. There might be no single set of best practices that can be put forward as a model to integrate PAFP into existing health system in China. These areas should be taken into account in our future intervention including government's optimization and complement to the regulations related to abortion, contraception and PAFP, capacity building for service provider, continuous efforts to improve the quality of PAFP service, and accessibility of multiple contraceptive methods for married as well as unmarried youth.

Effect of Iodine Supplementation on Iodine Status, Thyroid Function, Body Composition, and Resting Metabolic Rate in Women

Decreased dietary iodine intake may predispose women to increased body weight and thyroid dysfunction. Purpose: to investigate efficacy of iodine supplementation in 18-45 year old women diagnosed with iodine deficiency in improving thyroid function, body composition and increasing resting metabolic rate (RMR) during a 6-month randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Study: non-pregnant women without a history of thyroid disease were randomized into two groups: iodine (IG, n=65, Iodoral® 12.5 mg iodine) or placebo (PG, n=38, glucose). Assessments included body mass index (BMI), RMR, body composition analysis (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry-DXA), 24-hour urinary iodine (UI), % iodine saturation (IS), sodium iodide symporter (NIS) ratio, and concentrations of free thyroxine (T4), free triiodithyronine (T3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid-peroxidase antibody (TPOab). Baseline data (N=108) showed mean UI of 35.52mg/24hr vs >44 mg/24hr mean % IS 70.93% vs >90% and mean NIS ratio 27.86 vs 28-74, between study population and expected mean, respectively, indicating iodine deficiency. Of those completing study (n=35), UI increased from 34.1 to 37.7 mg/24hr (p=0.29) in IG (n=10) vs 32.0 to 34.8 mg/24hr (p=0.21) in PG (n=19), % IS increased from 67 to 75% (p=0.28) in IG (n=10) vs 63 to 70 (p=0.17) in PG (n=19), NIS ratio increased from 26.7 to 37.1 (p=0.16) in IG (n=10) vs 30.2 to 34.8 (p=0.34) in PG (n=18), and RMR increased from 1541 to 1595.5 Kcals (p=0.04) in IG (n=14) vs 1594-1643 Kcals (p=0.62) in PG (n=21). Iodine supplementation may improve iodine status, thyroid function and RMR in young women.

The gender health gap in China: A decomposition analysis

Around the world, and in spite of their higher life expectancy, women tend to report worse health than men until old age. Explanations for this gender gap in self-perceived health may be different in China than in other countries due to the traditional phenomenon of son preference. We examine several possible reasons for the gap using the Chinese SAGE data. We first rule out differential reporting by gender as a possible explanation, exploiting information on anchoring vignettes in eight domains of health functioning. Decomposing the gap in general self-assessed health, we find that about 31% can be explained by socio-demographic factors, most of all by discrimination against women in education in the 20th century. A more complete specification including chronic conditions and health functioning fully explains the remainder of the gap (about 69%). Adding chronic conditions and health functioning also explains at least two thirds of the education contribution, suggesting how education may affect health. In particular, women's higher rates of arthritis, angina and eye diseases make the largest contributions to the gender health gap, by limiting mobility, increasing pain and discomfort, and causing sleep problems and a feeling of low energy.

Reported maternal tendencies predict the reward value of infant facial cuteness, but not cuteness detection.

The factors that contribute to individual differences in the reward value of cute infant facial characteristics are poorly understood. Here we show that the effect of cuteness on a behavioural measure of the reward value of infant faces is greater among women reporting strong maternal tendencies. By contrast, maternal tendencies did not predict women's subjective ratings of the cuteness of these infant faces. These results show, for the first time, that the reward value of infant facial cuteness is greater among women who report being more interested in interacting with infants, implicating maternal tendencies in individual differences in the reward value of infant cuteness. Moreover, our results indicate that the relationship between maternal tendencies and the reward value of infant facial cuteness is not due to individual differences in women's ability to detect infant cuteness. This latter result suggests that individual differences in the reward value of infant cuteness are not simply a by-product of low-cost, functionless biases in the visual system.

실버 세대를 위한 국내․외 블라우스에 나타난 디자인 특성 분석

Increasing of Korean old women's rate is demographic characteristics attributed an aging society, silver generation would lead to silver fashion market with steady competitiveness and interest in fashion. So the study attempts to use foundation material for silver's fashion design by analyzing design characteristics and processing development of design representative women's top. Selecting brand for collecting photo using study represents a mid- and premium-priced with reference Brand Yearbook. After selecting brand on domestic and foreign I have collected picture from Internet shopping mall and web-site of fashion brand, from October 2013 to July 2014, but I selected 840 pictures based on front poses for easy decision. In order to search design characteristics according to sort of silver blouse design on domestic and foreign. I have examined shape, color, pattern, fabric sensation, inside composition line and decoration with reference standard of analysis in preceding research. Data analysis method was conducted on analysis of frequency and cross analysis using SPSS statistical package 21.0. The conclusion of design characteristic according to type of blouse design for silver, H-silhouette in shirt blouse seems to fit in body transformation and expose silhouette with correcting the body flaw. Using soft material in T-shirt blouse they are able to conceal a body defect and express beautiful silhouette. By using detail in pullover shirt blouse and tunic blouse for point of design, it express glamour and luxurious. Most of blouse are printed various pattern, it would looks more gorgeous using pattern.

Gender inequality and research performance: moving beyond individual-meritocratic explanations of academic advancement

Academic debates addressing the persistent gender gap in science reveal considerable contestation of the relevance and extent of the problem. Particular attention has been given to the question of whether women's high attrition rates should be ascribed to the structural and cultural barriers inherent to the academic system or instead individualistic matters, such as personal motivation, performance and merit. In order to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of this particular issue, this cross-sectional bibliometric study investigates the link between gender and research performance in the Danish context. More specifically, it compares the citation and self-citation rates, source normalized impact per publication scores and collaborative patterns of 3293 male and female researchers at a Danish university and provides evidence challenging the widespread assumption of a persistent performance gap in favour of male researchers. The result has implications for research organizations and managers, as it raises concerns about the validity of individual-meritocratic explanations of the skewed gender distributions in academia.

Abstract T P262: Lower Thrombolysis Rates in Women with Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Florida-Puerto Rico Collaboration to Reduce Stroke Disparities Study - The NINDS Stroke Prevention Intervention Research Program

Background: Higher prevalence of stroke in women and sex-specific disparities in stroke care are reported. We sought to determine sex-specific differences in stroke performance metrics in a large quality improvement registry of Florida and Puerto Rico based on Get With The Guidelines-Stroke (GWTG-S). Methods: 38,684 (49% women) acute ischemic stroke patients were included from 63 sites (54 FL; 9 PR) from 2010 to 2013. Logistic regression was used to evaluate sex-specific differences in defect-free care (IV tPA therapy, in-hospital antithrombotic therapy, DVT prophylaxis, antithrombotic therapy at discharge, anticoagulation therapy, statin medication at discharge, smoking cessation counseling) adjusting for age and race-ethnicity. Results: As compared to men, women were older (73±15 vs. 69±14 years; p<0.0001), less likely Hispanic (17% vs. 18%; p=0.0001), with lower age- and race-ethnic-adjusted rates of hypertension (34% vs. 37%; p=0.0009) and smoking (13% vs. 21%; p<0.0001), but higher rates of atrial fibrillation (18% vs. 16%; p=0.02). Overall, 9% of patients received thrombolysis. Women were less likely to receive thrombolysis (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86-0.99) and less likely to have door-to-needle time <1 hour (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.97). Overall, defect-free care was 75% in women and 76% in men (lower early antithrombotic therapy [OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96], less antithrombotic at discharge [OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77-0.99], less statin therapy at discharge [OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.74-0.88] and less smoking cessation counseling [OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-0.98]). Defect- free care improved over the study period; it was significantly lower in women vs. men in 2010 (58.2% vs. 60.7%, p=0.005), but similar in 2013 (90.2% vs 90.0%; p=0.64). Conclusions: Women eligible to receive IV tPA for acute ischemic stroke were less likely to be treated and received less defect-free care compared to men, but these measures improved over time. These findings suggest that the adoption of GWTG-S quality improvement program helps reduce sex disparities in quality of care for acute ischemic stroke patients.

Migrants' Regular Army of Labour: Gender Dimensions of the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Migrant Labor in Western Europe

The purpose of this article is to remedy the lack of explanatory endeavours concerning the positive performance of female migrant workers during the recent economic crisis in Western Europe. This phenomenon both interrogates the established association between economic downturns and their negative impact on migrant labour in low-skilled jobs and enriches the theory of the reserve army of labour, which has been applied to understanding the fragile status of migrant workers in Western economies. Secondary analysis of Labor Force Survey (LFS) and OECD data concerning the impact of the crisis on migrant labour shows that women employed in the care-domestic sector have been affected significantly less than men employed in manufacture and constructions. To explain this evidence, the article proposes a theoretical framework that draws on key concepts and debates in different strands of sociology: the increasing demand for paid care-domestic work due to the ageing population and the growth of native-born women's rates of activity; the commodification of care and the state management of migration; the affectivity and spatial fixity of care-domestic labour. All these factors contribute to configure female migrant labour, mostly employed in the reproductive sector, as a ‘regular’ rather than a reserve army of labour.

Preventing nipple trauma in lactating women in the University Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo: a best practice implementation project

Nipple trauma in lactating women is an important issue in facilitating successful breastfeeding. Evidence suggests that early postnatal education on the positioning and attachment technique, early observation of mothers and correcting breastfeeding techniques at an early stage may reduce nipple trauma. The aim of this project was to improve breastfeeding practice and thereby reduce nipple trauma in lactating women in a public hospital in Sao Paulo. More specifically the objectives of this project were: firstly, to assess the current practice in nurses' assistance concerning the prevention of nipple trauma; secondly, to adapt and trial a Breastfeeding Assessment Form to observe and educate the lactating mother during the early post-natal period; and thirdly, to assess the impact of introducing the assessment strategy on breastfeeding and nipple trauma rates. The Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System online tool was utilized for this project. A clinical audit was conducted to assess compliance with best practice in nursing assistance concerning the prevention of nipple trauma. The project concluded with a second audit, which assessed the change in practice following the implementation of strategies to improve practice. The project was successful in that there was an improvement across all of the audit criteria following the introduction of the strategy to promote best practice. Criterion 1, concerning nursing staff knowledge, improved in compliance by 73%. Criterion 2 and 4, concerning women's knowledge about prevention and management of nipple trauma, improved by 53% and 55% respectively. Breastfeeding assessment improved by 26% from baseline to follow-up audit. Moreover, an improvement in women's satisfaction and exclusive breastfeeding rates was observed; however, nipple trauma rates did not decrease. This implementation project had great impact on both nursing staff as well as lactating women's knowledge of preventing and managing nipple trauma. It also enhanced women's satisfaction with breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding rates. Further research is required into other aspects involved with the onset of nipple trauma.

Trends in short and long sleep in Denmark from 1964 to 2009, and the associations with employment, SES (socioeconomic status) and BMI

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate changes in the prevalence of short and long sleepers in Denmark, and to explore the associations between socioeconomic status, body mass index and sleep duration. BackgroundSleeping behavior is considered to be a risk factor for morbidity and mortality, but there is little information on population sleep in Denmark; however, it is suspected that sleep durations have declined over time. Data and methodsData were used from five Danish population-representative time-use studies spanning 1964–2008/09. ResultsThe proportion of short sleepers increased significantly until the end of the 1980s, whereafter it decreased significantly. The proportion of long sleepers reached a maximum in 1975. It was also found that the increase in women's employment rates was associated with half the decrease in their sleep duration over the last 45 years. In accordance with previous literature, it can be shown that both short and long sleep are associated with being overweight/obesity. ConclusionsIn Denmark, the same number of hours is slept today as in the mid-1960s, with nearly the same prevalence of short and long sleepers.

Feasibility of Functional Neuroimaging to Understand Adolescent Women's Sexual Decision Making

PurposeFor young women, new sexual experiences normatively increase after puberty and coincide with extensive changes to brain regions governing self-regulation of risk behavior. These neurodevelopmental changes could leave some young women vulnerable for negative sexual outcomes, including sexually transmitted infection and unintended pregnancy. We evaluated the feasibility of using functional neuroimaging to understand the sexual decision making of adolescent women. MethodsAdolescent women (N = 14; 14–15 years) completed enrollment interviews, a neuroimaging task gauging neural activation to appetitive stimuli, and 30 days of prospective diaries following the scan characterizing daily affect and sexual behaviors. Descriptive and inferential statistics assessed the association between imaging and behavioral data. ResultsYoung women were highly compliant with neuroimaging and diary protocol. Neural activity in a cognitive-affective network, including prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions, was significantly greater during low-risk decisions. Compared with other decisions, high-risk sexual decisions elicited greater activity in the anterior cingulate, and low-risk sexual decision elicited greater activity in regions of the visual cortex. Young women's sexual decision ratings were linked to their sexual history characteristics and daily self-reports of sexual emotions and behaviors. ConclusionsIt is feasible to recruit and retain a cohort of female participants to perform a functional magnetic resonance imaging task focused on making decisions about sex, on the basis of varying levels of hypothetical sexual risk, and to complete longitudinal prospective diaries following this task. Preliminary evidence suggests that risk level differentially impacts brain activity related to sexual decision making in these women, which may be related to past and future sexual behaviors.

Performance Anxieties

Drawing on the narratives of 23 un(der)employed trans women residing in Ontario, British Columbia, Canada and Washington State in the USA, this article explores the connections between affect, gender and labour in post-Fordist society. Post-Fordism is characterised in part by the putting to work of immaterial labour. Workers' whole personalities are harnessed to produce value for capital through evoking feelings of satisfaction, security and contentment amongst consumers. While women's employment rates have increased dramatically within post-Fordism, I argue that trans women's experiences of marginalisation within and expulsion from the workplace points to the narrow parameters of femininity deemed capable of producing such positive feelings. Trans women's visible, audible and behavioural cues of gender alterity lend insight into criteria that position some women employable and others disposable.

وسائل الإعلام والمشارکة السیاسیة للمرأة العاملة : دراســة میدانیــة بمحافظة بنی سویف فی ضوء نظریة التنشئة الاجتماعیة والغرس الثقافی

the issue of political participation of working women had the attention of many thinkers, researchers and academics of what constitutes an important role in the political changes taking place in Egyptian society after the revolutions of January 25, 2011 and June 30, 2013. So, this study was launched to identify the role of the mas media in the political participation of working women in the Egyptian society and to identify the relative importance of the mass media for other socialization other with regard to the political participation of working women institutions .utenba importance of the study is that it may contribute to the understanding of the nature and role of the mass media prominent institution of socialization and institutions that play a role in shaping the political and social awareness of women because of their technical possibility and a means persuasive to the public and singled here working women. In order to achieve the objectives of the study have been used by the researcher approach to social survey as a suitable curriculum for such research and the quality of these studies. As has been necessary for this study data collection through a newspaper questionnair and analysis of documents and records. The results of the study supported the validity of the following assumptions: The mass media of the most influential institutions in terms of women's political participation rates. There is a correlation between the role of the mass media and the level of women's political participation. mass media and broadcastings messages and programs are solely responsible for the empowerment of women from political participation within the community.

Body & brain: Heavy milk drinking may double women's mortality rates: Consumption of the drink coincided with higher chances of death due to cancer, heart disease

Body & brain: Heavy milk drinking may double women's mortality rates: Consumption of the drink coincided with higher chances of death due to cancer, heart disease

Processing fluency effects: Can the content and presentation of participant information sheets influence recruitment and participation for an antenatal intervention?

ObjectiveTo assess the extent to which the title and font of participant information sheets (PISs) can influence pregnant women's and trainee midwives’ perceptions of an antenatal intervention. MethodsPregnant women (n=35) and trainee midwives (n=36) were randomly presented with one of four PISs where the title and font of the PIS had been manipulated to create four experimental conditions (i.e., Double Fluent; Double Awkward; Fluent Title-Awkward Font; Awkward Title-Fluent Font). After reading the PIS, participants rated their perceptions of the intervention (i.e., Attractiveness, Complexity, Expected Risk, Required Effort) using five-point Likert scales. ResultsA 4×2 factorial multivariate analysis of variance revealed that pregnant women rated the Double Awkward condition as significantly more complex than the Double Fluent (p=.024) and Awkward Title-Fluent Font (p=.021) conditions. ConclusionFont influenced pregnant women's ratings of intervention complexity. Practice implicationsResults have implications for ethical recruitment, and in turn, the optimisation of corresponding interventions.

Research on the relationship between clothing pressure developed by women's basketball sports bra and heart rate variation indexes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between dynamic clothing pressure of women's sports bras and heart rate variation indexes during playing basketball. Design/methodology/approach – Totally, 35 healthy females aged between 20 and 24 were employed as subjects. Their heart rate variability (HRV) data and the clothing pressure values when wearing sports bras of different bust sizes during playing basketball were measured using Polar RS800CX heart rate monitor and Flexi Force201 thin film type pressure sensor with MFF series pressure test system. Their subjective comfort evaluations were conducted by five-point Likert scale. Grey correlation analysis is used to determine the correlation degree of heart rate variation indexes and subjective comfort evaluations to identify the indexes preferably associated with subjective comfort. Multiple regression analysis is applied to investigate multiple correlations between pressure of test points and the indexes selected above. Findings – Combined subjective comfort evaluation with objective HRV evaluation the heart rate variation indexes preferably associated with subjective comfort of these bras were identified, which includes mHR, mRR, RMSSD, pNN50. By the relationship between dynamic clothing pressure and the indexes above, this study finds that the clothing pressure of the chest area during basketball exercise should be controlled in the range of 2.01-4.74 kPa. Research limitations/implications – The subjects of different body type should be taken into account. Further, the mathematic models from this study show low R2-value so the models should be provided more reliable prediction. Originality/value – The present study indicates that there is an inevitable connection between heart rate variation indexes and subjective comfort of basketball sports bras and creatively points out that heart rate variation indexes can partly assess the comfortable clothing pressure. The study can offer theoretical basis for sports apparel industry to develop the comfortable basketball sports bra.