Rate Of Women Research Articles

Women's Free-text Comments on their Quality of Life: An Exploratory Analysis from the UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) Trials for Early Breast Cancer

AimsExploratory analysis of patients' unsolicited written comments in the first 2 years of the Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) trial quality of life study highlighted a potential effect of non-treatment-related problems on the ratings and interpretation of patient self-reported questionnaires. At 5 years of follow-up all eligible subjects were invited to write comments to further explore these findings. Materials and methodsUsing inductive qualitative methods informed by the exploratory analysis, comments were allocated to relevant themes. Key patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), clinical and demographic factors were collated for patients who did and did not comment at 5 years and comparisons between the groups explored. ResultsOf 2208 women completing baseline PROMs, 482 proffered comments from 0 to 24 months, forming nine distinct themes, including chronic conditions, life events and psychosocial concerns. At 5 years, 1041/1727 (60.3%) women contributed comments, of whom 500 randomly selected participants formed the sample for analysis. Findings revealed comorbidity, impaired physical functioning and psychosocial problems as key themes, with prevalent adverse effects from local and systemic treatments. Eight new themes emerged at 5 years, including ageing, concerns about future cancer and positive aspects of care. Women commenting were better educated, slightly older and more likely to have had chemotherapy compared with non-commenters. They had significantly worse PROM scores for global health and key quality of life domains relevant to the difficulties they revealed. ConclusionsDifficult personal circumstances and other health concerns affected many women's PROM ratings at 5 years of follow-up, in addition to ongoing cancer treatment effects. Greater attention to multiple sources of distress and adversity could facilitate personalised care and aid interpretation of PROMs.

Factors associated with Chinese nulliparous women's choices of mode of delivery: A longitudinal study

BackgroundCaesarean section rates have risen beyond the WHO recommended level in many countries worldwide. An emerging epidemic in caesareans has appeared in China over the past two decades, mainly driven by non-medical factors. China's one-child policy was previously seen as a potential factor for contributing to women's high caesarean section rates. The Chinese government has officially announced a two-child policy in recent years, causing numerous families to reshape their fertility intentions and birth preferences. There have been few studies focusing on women's expected and actual delivery mode and the associated factors affecting their choices of mode of delivery. ObjectiveTo investigate nulliparous women's expected and actual mode of delivery, and the related factors associated with delivery mode in the context of China's two-child policy. Design, settings, and participantsThis longitudinal study approached 1368 pregnant women who attended the antenatal clinic regularly at a tertiary specialized women's hospital in Shanghai, China. Among the 1368 women, 1211 agreed to participate and were investigated at admission of this study. MethodsData were collected via questionnaires using Birth Attitude Questionnaire (BAQ), Subjective Norm Questionnaire (SNQ), and Childbirth Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used. ResultsOf 1211 participants, the number of women expecting a vaginal delivery at three pregnancy stages accounted for 74%, 78%, and 83%, respectively. Finally 48% (520/1084) ended up having a caesarean delivery. Caesarean section for lack of medical indications accounted for 57% (297/520). Among women who met the requirements of two-child policy, 39% planned to have a second child. In logistic regression analyses, participants with stronger expectations of caesarean deliveries during late pregnancy (aOR, 35.18; 95% CI, 12.66–97.74), having higher scores of birth attitude toward CS (aOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06–1.20), and with lower scores of intrapartum childbirth self-efficacy (aOR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.77–0.92) had significantly higher odds of having an actual caesarean delivery. ConclusionsDuring the initial period of China's two-child policy, the majority of women value vaginal delivery whereas high caesarean section rate still becomes a great concern in current China. Individual preferences, birth attitude, and childbirth self-efficacy are altogether associated with women's different choices of mode of delivery.

Fertile women evaluate male bodies as more attractive, regardless of masculinity

Abstract Ovulatory cycle shifts in women's mate preferences have been documented for several physical and behavioral traits. Research suggests that, at peak fertility, women tend to prefer men with characteristics that reflect good genes for short-term sexual relationships. However, existing findings have been criticized for methodological flexibility and failing attempts to replicate core results. In a large ( N =157), pre-registered, within-subject study spanning two ovulatory cycles, we investigated cycle shifts in women's mate preferences for masculine bodies. Using a large set of natural stimuli, we found that when fertile, women's ratings of male bodies increased for sexual as well as for long-term attractiveness. Both effects were partially mediated by the estradiol-to-progesterone-ratio. Furthermore, moderation analyses revealed that both shifts were only evident in women in relationships, but not in singles. Contrary to previous findings, male masculine traits did not interact with cycle phase to predict attraction, indicating that women's preferential priorities do not shift. Taken together, our results do not support women's mate preference shifts, as assumed by the good genes ovulatory shift hypothesis, but are consistent with shifting motivational priorities throughout the cycle. Implications of these results for female estrus theories and methodological recommendations for future research are discussed.

Research from India on the Effects of Female Portrayals in Advertisements on

Researchers from all across the world are very concerned about gender stereotypes in advertising. Yet, very few studies—more so in the case of India—have examined how such a communication strategy affects consumers. According to census data, women's employment rates, educational attainment levels, and literacy rates have all increased in India. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate customer reactions to the suitability of such a communication strategy. 450 respondents—men and women in the Delhi region between the ages of 20 and 50—were given an organized survey. Responses from customers were examined to determine the impact of female representation in marketing on the factors that include a preference for advertisements, perception of advertisements (in terms of liking and believability of the ads), attitude towards brands (in terms of liking, recall, recognition, and image of the brands), and intention. In order to determine the effect of female depictions on consumer ratings, demographic parameters were also examined. In this study, a number of hypotheses were developed and examined. To evaluate the theories, analysis of variation, the T-test, correlation, and modeling were used. The results of the research show that the representation of women in advertising is connected with advertisement like, credibility of the advertisement, company interest, acknowledgment, memory, and perception of the company, and has less of an impact on purchase intention. Fresh data on the impact of female depiction and interaction is also presented in the study. In the article, the effects on those working in marketing have also been covered(Avinash, 2016).

Cáncer y cardiotoxicidad en la mujer

Thanks to the advances in cancer treatment which have increased women's survival rates, the cardiovascular effects of this oncological therapy are seen more and more. These effects are not just related to ventricular dysfunction, but also to the entire cardiovascular apparatus. Cardiovascular complications during treatment include: heart failure, arrhythmias, arterial hypertension, myocardial ischemia and pericarditis, among others. Two types of toxicity have been defined: type I, typical of anthracyclines, which is generally irreversible; and type II, produced by trastuzumab, which is reversible.The main strategy is risk stratification in patients who will receive chemotherapy, prevention of its occurrence, and intervention, in order to gain adequate control of possible complications, and thus aid the oncology group in successfully completing the established treatment. This prevention, follow up and treatment strategy should be carried out before, during and after cancer treatment. A baseline echocardiogram with ejection fraction (EF) evolution and, preferably, evaluation of the global longitudinal strain (GLS), for future comparisons, is imperative. Additionally, biomarkers such as troponins and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) improve the sensitivity and specificity of cardiotoxicity detection. Treatment options are enalapril, candesartan, carvedilol, nebivolol and the statins. Team management is recommended, led by a cardio-oncology group.

Improving Folic Acid Supplementation Rates in Women of Childbearing Age With Epilepsy

BackgroundThis study aims to improve the rate of folic acid supplementation to adolescent women with epilepsy on an antiepileptic drug (AED) regimen seen by the pediatric neurology providers at the Children's Hospital at Montefiore, in compliance with the 2009 American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society practice parameter. MethodsWe designed a quality improvement study with implementation of a series of interventions and compared folic acid supplementation rates before and after intervention. We made additional comparisons based on specific age groups (12 to 15 years and 16 to 21 years) and a diagnosis with or without developmental impairment. ResultsA review of 1850 charts from 2004 to 2015 showed an average folic acid prescription rate of 41%. Supplementation rates gradually increased to 52.2%, 58.5%, 60.3%, and finally up to 81.6% after this respective intervention: initial email reminder, provider education, posting signs in examination rooms, and implementation of an electronic medical record best practice advisory. There was improvement across all categories, in both age groups (12 to 15 years and 16 to 21 years) and in those with or without developmental impairment. There was a trend for higher compliance rates in adolescents without developmental impairment. ConclusionsOur interventions resulted in an increase in folic acid supplementation rates of adolescent women with epilepsy. These results are encouraging. We plan to extend education about the recommendations for folic acid supplementation to non-neurology providers, as well as expand to apply our interventions and assess adherence to other defined epilepsy quality measures.

Motherhood and Employment Among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks: A Life Course Approach.

Research has shown that having children reduces women's employment; yet, how this effect differs for racial minorities has received less attention. Using random effects models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 4,526), this study investigates the association between motherhood and employment among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks over women's entire reproductive span. Results indicate that having children reduces labor force participation primarily by deterring full-time employment. This effect is stronger and lasts longer among Whites, smaller and shorter among Hispanics, and brief among Blacks. Motherhood reduces part-time employment for young mothers, but temporarily increases it for older mothers. Early childbearing partly explains Black and Hispanic women's low employment rates at young ages; interestingly, the evidence indicates that their employment prospects would benefit the most from delaying childbearing. This study highlights the relevance of intersectionality and the life course perspective for investigating inequality in the labor market.

Screening for risk of violence using service users' self-perceptions: A prospective study from an acute mental health unit.

Service users' self-perception of risk has rarely been emphasized in violence risk assessments. A recent review pointed to the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, because different perspectives may provide a deeper and improved understanding of risk assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate service users' perceptions of their own risk of committing violence, using a self-report risk scale, to determine the feasibility and efficacy of this potential violence risk marker during acute mental health hospitalization. All service users admitted to a psychiatric emergency hospital in Norway during one calendar year were included (N=512). Nearly 80% self-reported no risk or low risk; only seven (1.4%) reported moderate risk or high risk. Service users who reported moderate risk, high risk, don't know, or won't answer were more likely to be violent (OR=4.65, 95% CI=2.79-7.74) compared with those who reported no risk or low risk. There was a significant gender interaction with higher OR for women on both univariate and multivariate analyses. Although the OR was higher for women, women's violence rate (11.0%) was almost half that of men (21.8%). For women, sensitivity and specificity were 0.55 and 0.88, respectively; corresponding values for men were 0.40 and 0.80. Inclusion of self-perception of violence risk is the first step towards service users' collaborative involvement in violence prediction; these results indicate that self-perception can contribute to violence risk assessments in acute mental health settings. Findings also indicate that there are gender differences in these assessments.

We're on a road to nowhere: Culture and adaptation to the environment are driving human evolution, but the destination of this journey is unpredictable.

It is tempting to believe that humans, owing to their technological prowess, have elevated themselves above the laws of biology and escaped natural selection. Indeed, some think that humans have stopped evolving at all. Another view holds that Homo sapiens has not isolated itself from the influences of the physical and biological world but that our species is just a special, extreme case of niche constructors. This view is based on the so‐called Niche Construction Theory, a development within evolutionary biology to describe how humans—and many other organisms—modify their environment—or niche—in a way that alters environmental pressures and therefore natural selection. Thus, rather adapting to a pre‐existing environment, “organisms drive environmental change and organism‐modified environments subsequently select organisms” (https://synergy.st-andrews.ac.uk/niche/niche-construction-and-evolution/) (Box 1). ### Culture‐driven evolution “[All] organisms adapt to their environment, and in humans much of our environment is defined by our culture. Hence, cultural change can actually spur on adaptive evolution in humans”, wrote evolutionary biologist Alan Templeton at Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA. [1]. Following this argument, culture, social learning and technology have not replaced biological adaptation. Rather, human evolution is driven by the environmental conditions we created ourselves through culture, a process that has been accelerating since the beginning of agriculture and urban civilization. In other words, cultural niche construction is a major cause of recent human evolution. However, there are other factors than natural selection, such as genetic drift and gene flow, that influence human evolution [1]. Nonetheless, even the effects of these random, non‐adaptive forces on human genetic variation are somehow altered by cultural trends, namely increased urbanization and greater mobility. As a consequence, drift is diminishing and gene flow is increasing, a process that would eventually culminate into a single “species‐wide” gene pool characterized by high levels of genetic variation. > [C]ulture, …

Neonatal Morbidity and Maternal Complication Rates in Women With a Delivery Body Mass Index of 60 or Higher.

To investigate neonatal morbidity and maternal complication rates with delivery body mass index (BMI) 60 or greater. This retrospective, multicenter cohort study included singleton pregnancies between 23 and 42 weeks of gestation from January 2005 to April 2016. Women with BMI 60 or greater were compared with a random sample of women with BMI 30-59. The primary outcome, composite neonatal morbidity, was defined as 5-minute Apgar score less than 7, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, hospital stay greater than 5 days, neonatal intensive care unit admission, or neonatal death. Secondary outcomes included maternal labor and delivery characteristics and complication rates. Kruskal-Wallis tests and χ or Fisher exact tests were used to compare BMI categories. Multivariable logistic regression was used for adjusted analysis. The study included 338 women, with 39 in the BMI 60 or greater group. An association between obesity and neonatal morbidity was found. Increasing BMI correlated with increasing neonatal morbidity, with the highest rates among those with BMI 60 or greater (BMI 30-39 [17%], 40-49 [19%], 50-59 [22%], 60 or greater [56%]; P<.001). After adjustment for confounders, obese women with BMI less than 60 had at least a 75% reduction in odds of neonatal morbidity compared with women with BMI 60 or greater (BMI 30-39 adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.22 [0.1-0.5], 40-49 adjusted OR 0.23 [0.1-0.6], 50-59 adjusted OR 0.25 [0.1-0.6]). Maternal complication rates including labor induction, cesarean delivery, wound complication, postpartum hemorrhage, and hospital stay greater than 5 days were also significantly increased with BMI 60 or greater. A BMI 60 or greater at the time of delivery is significantly associated with increased neonatal morbidity and increased maternal complication rates. In addition, neonatal morbidity and maternal complication rates with BMI 60 or greater were significantly higher when compared with women in any lesser obese BMI cohort between 30 and 59.

Economic situation and occupational accidents in Poland: 2002-2014 panel data regional study.

Occupational accidents constitute a substantial health and economic burden for societies around the world and a variety of factors determine the frequency of accidents at work. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the economic situation and the rate of occupational accidents in Poland. The analysis comprised data for 66 Polish sub-regions taken from the Central Statistical Office's Local Data Bank. The regression analysis with panel data for period 2002-2014 was applied to identify the relationships involved. Four measures of accidents were used: the rates of total occupational accidents, accidents among men and women separately as well as days of incapacity to work due to accidents at work per employee. Four alternative measures assessed the economic situation: gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, average remuneration, the unemployment rate and number of dwelling permits. The confounding variables included were: employment in hazardous conditions and the size of enterprises. The results of the regression estimates show that the number of occupational accidents in Poland exhibits procyclical behavior, which means that more accidents are observed during the times of economic expansion. Stronger relationships were observed in the equations explaining men's accident rates as well as total rates. A weaker and not always statistically significant impact of economic situation was identified for women's accident rates and days of incapacity to work. The results have important implications for occupational health and safety actions. In the periods of higher work intensity employers should focus on appropriate training and supervision of inexperienced workers as well as on ensuring enough time for already experienced employees to recuperate. In terms of public health actions, policy makers should focus on scrutinizing working conditions, educating employers and counteracting possible discrimination of injured employees. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(2):151-164.

Effect of Low Dose Aspirin Therapy on Pregnancy Rate in Women Undergoing in Vitro Fertilization : A Randomised Controlled Trial

Background: acetylsalicylic acid was synthesized in 1897. The product was called aspirin. In 1971, Vane described the mechanism of action of aspirin and showed that it inhibited the enzyme cyclooxygenase, thus avoiding prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is well known to have analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Since aspirin has been shown to increase uterine perfusion, it was not unreasonable to assume that aspirin administration may increase endometrial receptivity and blastocyst implantation. Aim of the work: this study aimed to assess the efficacy of low dose aspirin treatment in increasing the clinical pregnancy in infertile women undergoing IVF /ICSI. Patients and methods: this study included 200 infertile women undergoing IVF/ICSI who recruited from the Infertility Clinic of Ain-Shams University, Maternity Hospital and a Private Center. Results: there was no statistically significant difference between both groups (Aspirin and Placebo) as regard age, cumulus, MII, fertilization rate, grade 1 embryo, grade 2 embryo and total ET. There was statistically non-significant difference between both groups as regard clinical pregnancy. There was statistically non-significant difference between both groups as regard living birth. There was statistically non-significant difference between both groups as regard miscarriage. Conclusion: in the total of 200 women were recruited. The clinical pregnancy rate of the Aspirin group showed no statistically significant difference from that of the placebo group (39% compared to 35%). Recommendations: the use of Aspirin before IVF is not associated with a higher pregnancy rate. Therefore, no need for Aspirin to be added before IVF, However, further studies are needed to confirm our study.

Why Are Older Women Missing in India? The Age Profile of Bargaining Power and Poverty

Almost half of missing women in India are of post-reproductive ages. I show that intra-household gender inequality and gender asymmetry in poverty can account for a substantial fraction of these missing women. Using a natural experiment, I link women's intra-household bargaining power to their mortality risk. Using a structural model of households, I estimate the age profile of women's bargaining power and construct relative poverty rates for women. I find that bargaining power declines with age, and that women's relative poverty rates closely match their higher than expected mortality rates by age. This match is nearly exact at post-reproductive ages.

Why are fewer married women joining the work force in rural India? A decomposition analysis over two decades

Unlike the global trend, India has witnessed a secular decline in women's employment rates over the past few decades. We use parametric and semi-parametric decomposition techniques to show that changes in individual and household attributes fully account for the fall in women's labor force participation rate in 1987-1999 and account for half of the decline in this rate in 1999-2009. Our findings underscore increasing education levels amongst rural married women and the men in their households as the most prominent attributes contributing to this decline. We provide suggestive evidence that a rise in more educated women's returns to home production, relative to their returns in the labor market, may have adversely affected female labor force participation rates in India.

Tattooed man: Could menstrual cycle phase and contraceptive use change female preferences towards bad boys?

Studies have reported that tattooing may increase women's ratings of masculinity and dominance of men. Simultaneously, women's preferences for men's masculinity may alter due to the hormonal changes associated with menstrual cycle phase and use of hormonal oral contraceptives (OC). Here we present the results of the first study exploring whether women's perceptions of tattooed men may be influenced by female reproductive state. Pictures of men with and without a tattoo were rated in seven categories by 2437 females divided into groups (1) in fertile and non-fertile cycle phase and (2) using and not using oral hormonal contraceptives. We failed to demonstrate any significant effect of fertility status of a woman on her assessment of tattooed men in any category (attractiveness, health, masculinization, dominance, aggressiveness, potential of being a good father and a good partner).

Low mother-to-child HIV transmission rate but high loss-to-follow-up among mothers and babies in Mandalay, Myanmar; a cohort study.

IntroductionLoss-to-follow-up (LTFU) throughout the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) cascade remains one of the major threats to the success of PMTCT programs. In this study, we aimed to determine the mother-to-child transmission rate in a programmatic setting and to determine factors associated with LTFU among enrolled mothers and unfavorable outcomes among HIV-exposed babies which includes being HIV positive, death and LTFU.MethodsA retrospective cohort study reviewing routinely collected data in an Integrated HIV care program, Mandalay, Myanmar in June 2016.LTFU means mother/infant missing appointed visit for more than three months.ResultsOf 678 pregnant women enrolled in PMTCT program between March 2011 and June 2014, one stillbirth and 607 live births were recorded in this cohort. Of 457 HIV-exposed babies with HIV-test recorded at the end of the intervention, nine (2%) were HIV-positive. Pregnant women’s and exposed-babies’ LTFU rate was 7 per 1000 person-years, and 10 per 1000 person-years respectively. PMTCT option B protocol was found to be significantly associate with maternal LTFU [adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR) 95% CI: 3.52 (1.38–8.96)] when compare to mothers receiving option B+/lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART). Weight <2.5 Kg at enrolment, receiving mixed-feeding, vaginal delivery and option B PMTCT protocol were significantly associated with unfavorable outcomes among exposed babies [aHR(95% CI): 5.40 (1.66–17.53), 5.91(1.68–20.84), 2.27 (1.22–4.22) and 2.33 (1.16–4.69) respectively].ConclusionMother-to-child HIV transmission rate in this public hospital-based program was lower than the 5% national target, which indicates a successful PMTCT intervention. However, a high proportion of HIV-infected mothers and exposed babies LTFU was recorded. Lifelong ART provision to HIV-positive pregnant women was shown to reduce exposed babies’ LTFU, death and transmission rate (unfavorable outcomes) in this setting. Lessons learned from this program could be used to inform policy and practice in the country, while the programmatic challenge of LTFU should be urgently addressed.

The effect of religion on women's labor force participation rates in Indonesia

ABSTRACTModest increases in women's labor force participation rates could boost world GDP by at least six trillion dollars; full equality for women could increase world GDP by $28 trillion. One factor limiting women's labor force participation may be religion. We test the effect of religion on women's labor force participation rates in Indonesia. Using data from Indonesia's 2010 Census, we run a logit model for married rural women, married urban women, single rural women, and single urban women. We find that holding other factors equal, married Hindu women in urban areas are as much as 31 percentage points more likely to work than married Muslim urban women, while married Confucian women in rural areas are as much as 31 percentage points less likely to work than married Muslim rural women. These and other results are robust across different specifications and are both economically and statistically significant.

History of Women in Agriculture

The number of women as key farming operators rose from 28 percent to nearly 60 percent from 1940 through the mid-1990s. (Blau, Ferber, & Winkler, 2014, p. 27) as men were sent to war during WWII (Adams, 1997, p.5). At the same time, unfortunately, the total number of farms declined by more than half from 1940 to 1980. (Labao & Meyer, 2001, pp. 107-108). In an effort to understand historical trends of women's involvement in agriculture, a research project was performed tracking the participation rate, collegiate enrollment, and employment as faculty of women in agriculture across the United States and in Wyoming. The goal was to analyze historical trends of women's involvement in agriculture. The first research topic was used to determine the trend in women's participation in agriculture by comparing the number of women as principle operators across the U.S. to Wyoming. The second research topic was used to determine the trend of the rate at which women have received general bachelor, masters, and doctorate degrees across the U.S. and in Wyoming compared to the rate at which women have received agricultural degrees at those levels. The final research topic was used to determine the trend in the number of women faculty members of agricultural programs across the U.S. and in Wyoming compared to the number of women faculty members in general. It was determined that women's participation rate, collegiate enrollment, and faculty status in agriculture across the U.S. and in Wyoming has historically increased.

Five Year Natural History of Screening Detected Sub-Aneurysms and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in 70 Year Old Women and Systematic Review of Repair Rate in Women

Five Year Natural History of Screening Detected Sub-Aneurysms and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in 70 Year Old Women and Systematic Review of Repair Rate in Women

Pengaruh Stimulasi Tumbuh Kembang Ibu yang Menikah Usia Muda Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Anak Usia di Bawah Lima Tahun (Balita)

The rapid growth of children in the golden period of growth as indicated by the rapid growth of the brain, indicating the time is very important and can not be repeated. Readiness of the mother in parenting in order to achieve optimal growth and development becomes very important, especially in child care in early life. Nganjuk is one of regencies in East Java that has a young woman's marriage rate is high. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parenting of young aged married mother with the growth and development of children under five years of age. This type of observational study is analytical and uses cross-sectional approach. The population in this study is the mother who married a young age and had children aged under three years old (toddlers) as many as 60 people and obtained the study sample were married for 37 young mothers and have children under three years old. The results showed statistically significant relationship exists between the provision of early stimulation, feeding patterns and hygiene care performed by a mother who married a young age with the growth and development of children under five years of age. On health care and the provision of variable affection showed no association with the growth and development of children under three years of age. It can be caused due to various limitations of the people in the village. Most communities only elementary school education and the level of awareness of the importance of the need for health services is low.; Keywords : stimulating, young married mother, child growth and development