Order Rate Research Articles

The influence of hindered rotation on electron transfer and exchange interaction in triarylamine-triptycene-perylene diimide triads.

Stretched electron-donor-bridge-acceptor triads that exhibit intramolecular twisting degrees of freedom are capable of modulating exchange interaction (J) as well as electronic couplings through variable π-overlap at the linear bond links, affecting the rate constants of photoinduced charge separation and recombination. Here we present an in-depth investigation of such effects induced by methyl substituents leading to controlled steric hindrance of intramolecular twisting around biaryl axes. Starting from the parent structure, consisting of a triphenyl amine donor, a triptycene (TTC) bridge and a phenylene-perylene diimide acceptor (Me0), one of the two phenylene linkers attached to the TTC was ortho-substituted by two methyl groups (Me2, Me3), or both such phenylene linkers by two pairs of methyl groups (Me23). Photoinduced charge separation (kCS) leading to a charge-separated (CS) state was studied by fs-laser spectroscopy, charge recombination to either singlet ground state (kS) or to the first excited local triplet state of the acceptor (kT) by ns-laser spectroscopy, whereby kinetic magnetic field effects in an external magnetic field were recorded and analysed using quantum dynamic simulations of the spin dependent kinetics of the CS state. Kinetic spectra of the initial first order rate constants of charge recombination (k(B)) exhibited characteristic J-resonances progressing to lower fields in the series Me0, Me2, Me3, Me23. From the quantum simulations, the values of the parameters J, kS, kT and kSTD, the singlet/triplet dephasing constant, were obtained. They were analysed in terms of molecular dynamics simulations of the intramolecular twisting dynamics based on potentials calculated by density functional theory. Apart from kT, all of the parameters exhibit a clear correlation with the averaged cosine square products of the biaryl angles.

Monetary Policy Performance and Economic Growth: An Empirical Evidence for WAMZ Member Countries

This study examines the effect of monetary policy on economic growth of West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) countries from 2002 - 2022. In the model, money supply (M2), interest rate (INTR), and inflation rate (INFR) are considered the independent variable while real gross domestic product (RGDP) is given as the dependent variable. This study used Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Panel regression analysis, and finding indicate that money supply and interest rate have positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth among WAMZ member countries. The inflation rate has negative and significant impact on GDP. The random effect model on the other hand reveals that money supply is positive and statistically significant on GDP. Similarly, the effect of interest rate is positive but statistically insignificant on economic growth. However, the impact of inflation rate is negative but statistically significant on economic growth of the WAMZ member countries. Therefore, the study recommends the implementation of sound monetary policies such as expansionary Open Market Operation (to increase money supply as increase in money supply increases economic growth), adjust the contractionary discount rate (by reducing the rate of interest rate in order to expand liquidity and investment). The study also recommended that WAMZ country’s banks should be committed to the mission of price stability, as well as improving the regulatory and supervisory framework to secure a strong financial sector for efficient intermediation, economic growth and development.

Kinetic study of the hydrolysis of ester with mineral acid by spectrophotometer at different temperature

To determine the kinetic parameters and activation energy of the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate with hydrochloric acid monitored by spectrophotometry. The first order fits were automatically drawn and the values of the first order rate constants (k) were calculated using standard equations as part of the program. Acidic hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is essentially an irreversible and first order reaction whereas alkaline hydrolysis is an irreversible and second order reaction. Rate of reaction is the change in the number of molecules of reacting species per unit volume per unit time. In this hydrolysis of ethyl acetate with hydrochloric acid to accelerate the reaction mixture. A simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method presented for the determination of rate constant, order of reaction and activation energy. This method based on a kinetic investigation of ethyl acetate and hydrochloric acid at 35°C and 45°C temperature. The reaction followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at 500 nm as a function of time. The initial rate and fixed time methods utilized for construction of calibration graphs successfully for the determination of rate constant, order of reaction and activation energy. The rate constant after calculation from the graphs was approximately k1 ≈ 0.00260 Sec-1 k2 ≈ 0.00322 Sec-1 by titration and spectrophotometric method respectively, order of reaction found to be first order and the activation energy for this reaction is 17.44 kJ/mol. One factor that influences the absorbance of a sample is the concentration (c). As the concentration increases, more radiation is absorbed and the absorbance increase. Therefore, the absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration.

Micropollutants in biochar produced from sewage sludge: A systematic review on the impact of pyrolysis operating conditions

Biochar obtained from sewage sludge serves as a valuable soil amendment in agriculture, enhancing soil properties by increasing the nutrient content, cation exchange capacity, water retention, and oxygen transmission. However, its utilisation is hampered by the presence of micropollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Previous studies indicate that the type and amount of micropollutants can be significantly adjusted by selecting the right process parameters. This literature review provides an overview of how (1) pyrolysis temperature, (2) carrier gas flow and type, (3) heating rate, and (4) residence time affect the concentration of micropollutants in biochar produced from sewage sludge. The micropollutants targeted are those listed by the European Biochar Certificate (EBC) and by the International Biochar Institution (IBI), including PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs and VOCs. In addition, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are also considered due to their presence in sewage sludge.The findings suggest that higher pyrolysis temperatures reduce micropollutant levels. Moreover, the injection of a carrier gas (N2 or CO2) during the pyrolysis and cooling processes effectively lowers PAHs and PCDD/Fs, by reducing the contact of biochar with oxygen, which is crucial in mitigating micropollutants. Nevertheless, limited available data impedes an assessment of the impact of these parameters on PFAS in biochar. In addition, further research is essential to understand the effects of carrier gas type, heating rate, and residence time in order to determine the optimal pyrolysis process parameters for generating clean biochar.

Research on the classification and application of precision marketing based on big data e-commerce platforms

Abstract This paper proposes and improves the traditional K-means algorithm, utilizes the HC-Kmeans algorithm to deeply analyze the marketing status quo of the M e-commerce platform, and constructs the overall framework of precision marketing based on big data technology. The RFM model is used to measure customer value and segment customer behavior. Formulate marketing strategies that correspond to the consumption habits and preferences of different categories of users. The data from 40 consecutive days of observation is used to verify the precision marketing effect of the A/B testing method, and the final results show a good improvement in the click rate, order rate, payment rate, and order amount. During the Double Twelve Shopping Festival, compared with the traditional mode, the payment amount of M Company’s product recommendation increased by 64,604 yuan, and the order increased by 301 units, so the implementation of the precision marketing strategy was effective.

A new magnetic heterogeneous catalyst for fast degradation of rhodamine B by peroxymonosulfate oxidation: Monodisperse-porous and Fe3O4 incorporated manganese oxide microspheres

A new synthetic method, “staged shape templating decomposition” suitable for transition or rare-earth metal oxide microspheres was developed for obtaining magnetic, uniform and porous manganese oxide (MagMnOx) microspheres. The microspheres 4.7 μm in size were obtained with a specific surface area of 45.5 m2 g−1. Fe3O4, Mn5O8, MnO2 and Mn2O3 phases were shown by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Mn2+, Mn3+ and Mn4+ states were observed on the surface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Catalase-like and oxidase-like activities of MagMnOx microspheres were explained by coexistence of Mn and Fe crystallites in a mesoporous structure with a sufficiently large surface area and a particle interior with large mesopores facilitating substrate diffusion. The maximum substate consumption rates for catalase-like and peroxidase-like activities were determined as 15.6 mM/min and 20.3 μM/min, respectively. By considering their ROS generation ability, MagMnOx microspheres were evaluated as a heterogeneous catalyst for rhodamine B (Rh B) removal via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Rh B was removed in the periods shorter than 15 min via chemical degradation with a limited physical adsorption. Superoxide anion (O2−●) and singlet oxygen (1O2●) radicals generated by MagMnOx-PMS system were responsible for degradation of Rh B. The highest apparent first order rate constant for Rh B degradation was calculated as 0.5771 min−1. The apparent first order rate constant increased with increasing MagMnOx and PMS concentrations and decreasing initial Rh B concentration. Rh B was almost completely removed in each of five recycling runs and only lower than 1.5 % w/w of Fe and Mn contents of MagMnOx microspheres were leached over five recycling runs. The catalyst with large particle size, resistant to agglomeration exhibited high removal rate, low dye adsorption, high magnetization, and high reusability for Rh B removal via peroxymonosulfate activation.

Characterization of Potential Dependent Fouling of Cu Electrodes during Electrochemical Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis of Furfural in Acid

Furfural (FF) is a platform molecule derived from biomass, that can be electrochemically reduced to produce furfuryl alcohol (FA), a furanic polymer intermediate, and 2-methylfuran (MF), a fuel candidate. On Cu in acidic media, it has been shown that FA and MF are produced via parallel reactions as opposed to a series reaction. Our previous work investigated the reactions for FA and MF production electrochemically with FF concentrations between 10 and 120 mM, showing positive order with respect to FF at low concentrations and zero order rates with respect to FF at higher concentrations. This finding suggesting non-competitive Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanisms at concentrations of FF between 10 and 120 mM in pH 0 and 1 acidic solutions. At 200 mM concentrations of FF, we have identified fouling on the Cu surface. At moderate potentials, the fouling takes the form of a polymer material, whereas at more negative reduction potentials the fouling takes the form of graphitic coking. Understanding how fouling occurs on Cu electrodes is important in achieving progress towards mitigating or reducing the impact of fouling through reactor setup and catalysts design.In this work, conditions that promote fouling were selected so that the fouling of Cu electrodes could be studied. The conditions were chronoamperometry at -560 or -700 mV RHE, 200 mM FF, 0.5M H2SO4, 20:80 vol% acetonitrile:water, for three hours durations. The Cu electrodes were reused for 3 experiments to further promote fouling and study the impact on the electrochemical performance. We showed that after reuse at -560 mV RHE, a polymeric material formed on the Cu electrode, while when reused at -700 mV RHE the electrode was instead covered in a coke like material. FTIR spectroscopy showed that the polymer formed at -560 mV resembled poly(furfuryl alcohol) while the coking substance showed broad absorbance, expected of coke like materials. To better understand the coke material formed at -700 mV, Raman spectroscopy was used. The material resembled graphitic disorganized carbon, with a D/G band intensity ratio of 0.652.

(Invited) Operando Optical Spectroscopy Analyses of Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Kinetics

Water oxidation is a key kinetic bottleneck in many photoelectrochemical systems for solar to fuels and chemicals. We have recently been developing an operando optical spectroscopic analysis to assay these reaction kinetics in metal oxide photoanodes. This technique, which we refer to as photoinduced absorption spectroscopy, is based around measuring the optical absorption of oxidising species (‘surface holes’) generated in photoanodes under anodic bias and pulsed (typically 5 s) light irradiation. These analyses have allowed us to observe a non-linear dependence of water oxidation kinetics on surface hole density, most typically a 3rd order rate law dependence under circa 1 sun irradiation conditions. In my talk I will talk about three different applications of this PIAS approach to investigate the function of BiVO4, Fe2O3 and TiO2 photoanodes. Firstly I will discuss how this non-linear dependence can be exploited to determine the photoelectrochemically active surface area of photoanodes as function of metal oxide nanostructuring. I will then go on to demonstrate that, when normalised for matched surface hole densities, water oxidation kinetics measured in under light irradiation or in the dark at strong anodic bias are identical, and discuss how this conclusion can be exploited to quantify the photovoltage under irradiation. Finally I will discuss deviation from rate law behaviour observed under > 1 sun irradiation conditions, and its mechanistic origin.

Cerium Ion Adsorption to Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Electrodes

The f-elements are critical in many technologies including electronics, catalysis, magnetics, and clean energy. Additionally, these elements occur in very low abundance worldwide. Research has therefore been motivated in the detection, quantification, and reclamation of these elements from waste streams. In this presentation we explore the use of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes as sensitive and cost-effective electrochemical sensors for cerium ions. We demonstrate that cerium adsorbs reversibly to bare FTO surfaces with a dependence on pH. Through voltammetry and XPS characterization, we demonstrate that the adsorbed cerium, which can undergo the quasi-reversible CeIV/CeIII redox transition, exists in more than one chemical environment. Based on these data, we posit that these different environments are due to the buildup of multiple layers of cerium ions on the FTO surfaces. At lower concentrations (< ca. 100 uM), we can use voltammetry to quantify the cerium adsorbed to the FTO and relate it to the concentration of cerium in solution, with a lower detection limit of about 10-6 M. The data fits to a pseudo second order rate law with a rate constant on the order of 107 (cm2 mol-1)2 s-1. The adsorption fits well to the Freundlich model, but we are working towards finding a non-empirical adsorption model than provide the equilibrium constant for the adsorption reaction.

Optimization of reinforced concrete beam using hybrid algorithms with multi-objective function as CO2 emission and cost

In this study, algorithms with two objective functions are defined considering the TS500 (2000) (Reinforced concrete structures design and construction rules) and TBDY (2018) (Turkey Building Earthquake Regulation) standards for rectangular beam design. These objective functions were determined as CO2 emission and cost. Optimizations were performed in MATLAB program using the Hybrid Algorithm of Teaching-Learning Based Optimization and Jaya Algorithm. In the case of using two objective functions, cases were created by multiplying the coefficient values found in the objective function according to the formula with the cost and CO2 emission values at different rates in order to prevent CO2 emission which is one of the biggest problems for the world. In the objective function, each rate used for CO2 and cost is implemented in a manner that increases or diminishes the impact of these values. In this way, comparisons were made between the cross-section dimensions to be formed according to not only impact rates but also the reinforcement area to be used, the CO2 emission and cost values that will arise as a result of these. Impact rates are related to cost and CO2 rate in the objective function, and the total rate is chosen as 1. Impact rates for cost are chosen as 0.1, 0.3 along with 0.5, and comparisons between the results are checked. In addition, recyclable and non-recyclable steel with different properties were used in separate analyses and the values were compared. Since the CO2 rate released by the non-recyclable steel is very high compared to the recyclable steel, the results show that the CO2 emission value is higher and this causes the objective function value to increase.

Scientific and methodological aspects of the choice of discount rate in the evaluation of investment projects

The article is devoted to the issues of evaluating the efficiency of investment projects, taking into account the justified and objective choice of the discount rate, which significantly affects the accuracy of the indicators of the economic efficiency of the evaluated investment project. In the conditions of an acute shortage of investment resources, the desire to increase the accuracy of the predictive assessment of the effectiveness of investment projects necessitates the search for new scientific and methodological approaches to the justified choice of the discount rate. In each specific situation, this choice depends on a large number of different factors, which are conditionally divided into two groups - internal and external. Unfortunately, in investment projects developed by Ukrainian enterprises, insufficient attention is paid to justifying the discount rate. The article provides an analysis of the main methods of determining the value of the discount rate when evaluating investment projects and scientific and methodological approaches to the selection of the discount rate in order to increase the objectivity of the predictive assessment of the feasibility of implementing an investment project. The essence of the advantages and disadvantages of such "traditional" methods of determining the discount rate of investment projects, such as the SARM model, the cumulative construction model, and the WASS model, are revealed. The effect of the intensity of exogenous factors in the form of the cost of credit resources, tax rates, inflation rates on the result of the assessment of the efficiency of the investment project has been specified. The main problems of justifying the economic efficiency of investment projects in the post-war recovery of the national economy are formulated. The author's rationale for the cumulative premium to the discount rate is given, due to the risk of speculative growth in the cost of construction caused by excess demand for construction work. The indicator of the expected duration of the portfolio of all orders of the construction enterprise, expressed in months, is proposed for use. On the basis of a cluster analysis of retrospective data, the linguistic terms of this meaning "deficit of orders", "partial..." and "sufficient security of the medium-term portfolio of orders" and their corresponding Gaussian membership functions are substantiated. An artificial intelligence system has been developed for forecasting the most likely percentage of speculative overestimation of the cost of construction works performed by the contractor, and the feasibility of using the output of this system as a cumulative premium to the discount rate has been proven.

On the persistence of spatial analyticity for generalized KdV equation with higher order dispersion

AbstractPersistence of spatial analyticity is studied for solutions of the generalized Korteweg‐de Vries (KdV) equation with higher order dispersion where , are integers. For a class of analytic initial data with a fixed radius of analyticity , we show that the uniform radius of spatial analyticity of solutions at time cannot decay faster than as . In particular, this improves a recent result due to Petronilho and Silva [Math. Nachr. 292 (2019), no. 9, 2032–2047] for the modified Kawahara equation (, ), where they obtained a decay rate of order . Our proof relies on an approximate conservation law in a modified Gevrey spaces, local smoothing, and maximal function estimates.

Convergence of a exponential tamed method for a general interest rate model

We prove mean-square convergence of a exponential tamed method, for a generalized Ait-Sahalia interest rate model. The method is based on a Lamperti transform, splitting and applying a tamed numerical method for the nonlinearity. The main difficulty in the analysis is caused by the non-globally Lipschitz drift coefficients of the model. We consider the existence, uniqueness of the solution and boundedness of moments for the transformed SDE before proving bounded moments and inverse moment bounds for the numerical approximation. The exponential tamed method is a hybrid method in the sense that a backstop method is invoked to prevent solutions from overshooting zero and becoming negative. We successfully recover the strong convergence rate of order one for the exponential tamed method. In addition we prove that the probability of ever needing the backstop method to prevent a negative value can be made arbitrarily small. In our numerical experiments we compare to other numerical methods in the literature for realistic parameter values.

Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinyl pyridine) nanocomposites for column adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of para nitrophenol from water

AbstractStyrene (St), 1,4 vinyl pyridine (4VP) monomers and divinyl benzene (DVB) monomer‐cum‐crosslinker at different molar ratios were subjected to emulsion polymerization in the presence of FeCl2, 6H2O/FeCl3⋅4H2O followed by the treatment with an aqueous ammonia solution to produce several iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) impregnated crosslinked copolymer composites. The resulting polymer metal nanocomposites (PMNCs) were characterized by FTIR, proton and 13C NMR, UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, XPS, DLS, magnetic properties, SEM and TEM. The PMNCs were used for batch and column adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of p‐nitrophenol (PNP) from water. The PMNC4 composite prepared with an styrene:4VP molar ratio of 5:1 (16.7 mol% 4VP), 4 wt.% DVB crosslinker and 0.025/0.05 molar ratios of Fe(II)/Fe(III) salts leads to an optimum batch equilibrium adsorption (qe, mg/g)/removal% of 496.36/99.3 PNP from aqueous PNP of concentration 100 mg/L. The same composite showed an equilibrium PNP adsorption (qe) of 114.2 mg/g polymer and a removal% of 26.8 for an inlet feed concentration (Ci, mg/L)/flow rate (Qt, mL/min)/bed height (h, mm) of 100/30/30 in a fixed bed. The PMNC4 polymer showed a photodegradation efficiency of 98% with a 1st order rate constant of 0.029 min−1 after 70 min of degradation of 100 mg/L PNP in solar light.Highlights Copolymer network of styrene, 4 vinyl pyridine and DVB were synthesized. Iron oxide nanoparticles were introduced into the network in‐situ during synthesis. The metal polymer nanocomposites (PMNCs) were characterized. Synthesis parameters were optimized with respect to batch adsorption of PNP. PMNCs showed excellent fixed bed adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of PNP.

Evaluation of computerized clinical decision support system to reduce unnecessary nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing.

Our health system implemented a novel clinical decision-support system to reduce unnecessary duplicate nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) orders. In an 8-month period, the rate of duplicate MRSA PCR orders within 7 days declined from 4.7% (370 of 7,861) to 1.2% (120 of 9,833).

Supply Chain Finance in SMEs A Conceptual Analysis

This paper addresses the relatively new concept of supply chain finance (SCF) and its application in SMEs. The flow of financial resources in supply chains is most important and has become the focus of study. As a result, the integration of finance and supply chain management has opened new business areas for banks as well as financial and logistics service providers. Supply Chain Finance solution can create a 'win-win' situation for both buyer and supplier. So this research article focuses on the study of supply chain finance (SCF) in SMEs.&#x0D; Despite the fact that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in India account for over 62 million jobs and approximately 30 percent of the country's GDP, the great majority of them lack access to affordable loans from traditional banks. They are so often left with little choice but to resort to informal lenders, who charge usurious interest rates in order to meet their borrowing demands. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of the credit gap, which include but are not limited to higher costs, lower profits, slower growth, and a lack of resilience in the face of economic volatility (Iyer, 2021). Here, supply chain financing (SCF) could be helpful in bridging the trust gap by equipping lenders with more resources to manage credit risk and broadening the scope of financing to include vast pools of poorly understood MSMEs. SCF provides buyers and sellers with risk mitigation solutions based on technological advancements in order to reduce financing costs and increase company efficiency. Since SCF is still in its infancy, there is a pressing need to make this facility accessible to the vast majority of MSMEs so that they, in turn, can benefit from the positive effect it has on the performance of currently-adapted firms.&#x0D;

Does Islamic Finance Matter for Poverty Development in Indonesia?

Poverty remains a multifaceted economic challenge that necessitates a variety of solutions. The method that must be pursued focuses on enhancing economic, social wellbeing, and equalizing people's purchasing power to satisfy life's requirements rather than only economic growth. The purpose of this study is to discover and assess the impact of mudharabah finance, zakat, and inflation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia, both individually and collectively. The data utilized is secondary data from associated agencies such as the Financial Services Authority (OJK), the National Zakat Amil Agency (BAZNAS), Bank Indonesia (BI), and the Central Agency of Statistics (BPS) for 2006-2022 period. The study employed a multiple linear regression model and hypothesis testing utilizing E-Views 12 Software, with mudharabah funding, zakat, and inflation serving as independent factors and poverty level serving as the dependent variable. The findings of the regression tests show that mudharabah and zakat finance have a considerable negative influence on poverty, but the inflation rate has a negligible positive effect on poverty. The government, as a policymaker, can maximize the distribution of mudharabah and zakat finance for poverty alleviation initiatives; nevertheless, government must continue to pay attention to the inflation rate in order to regulate and distribute people's buying power in a balanced manner.

Decay rates of the highest order spatial derivatives for solutions of compressible Hall MHD system with or without Coulomb force

In this thesis, we study the decay rates of the highest order (M-th order) spatial derivatives for solutions of both compressible Hall MHD system and that with Coulomb force by a pure energy method inspired by Guo and Wang (2012)[12] and Gao, Li and Yao (2023)[9]. When the norm of H3 for the initial perturbation is small enough, and the norms of both HM(M≥3) and H˙−α(α∈[0,32)) for that only need to be bounded, we first prove the decay rates of compressible Hall MHD system in L2 are (1+t)−(M+α)2. And then affected by the Coulomb force, for compressible Hall MHD system with Coulomb force, we obtain the decay rates are (1+t)−(M+α)2 for α∈[12,32) and (1+t)12[(14−12α)−(M+α)] for α∈[0,12), which are consistent with the decay estimates for compressible MHD system with Coulomb force. In particular, the results improve the original decay rates (1+t)−(M−1+α)2 established by Xu et al. (2016)[46] and Tan, Tong and Wang (2015)[31].

Copper assisted sequence-specific chemical protein conjugation at a single backbone amide

Direct, site-specific methods of protein functionalization are highly desirable for biotechnology. However, such methods are challenging due to the difficulty of chemically differentiating a single site within a large protein. Herein, we propose “metal binding targeting” strategy and develop a Copper Assisted Sequence-specific conjugation Tag (CAST) method to achieve rapid (second order rate 8.1 M−1 s−1), site-specific protein backbone chemical modification with pinpoint accuracy. We demonstrate the versatility of CAST conjugation by preparing various on-demand modified recombinant proteins, including a homogeneous antibody-drug conjugate with high plasma stability and potent efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Thus, CAST provides an efficient and quantitative method to site-specifically attach payloads on large, native proteins.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using TiO2 doped Activated carbon

The effluent coming out from the textile, paper and food industries containing dye is strongly coloured and reveals very harmful effects on living beings. In order to reduce wastewater pollution, the degradation of dye into non-toxic form is desirable. The photo catalytic degradation of methylene blue is reported in the present study. The irradiation of aqueous solution of methylene blue dye in presence of photo catalyst and UV light was carried out in the batch photo reactor. Titanium dioxide TiO2 /CFAC was used as photo catalyst for the study. The rate of decolorisation was estimated from residual concentration spectrophotometrically. Effects of various operating parameters such as the irradiation time, initial pH and the amounts of catalyst on the degradation of the dyes were investigated. Results show that the degradation kinetics fitted well to pseudo second order rate law. The maximum decolorizing efficiency occurred in less than 50min with 50mg of TiO2 /CFAC catalyst dose.