Rate Video Transmission Research Articles

Software-Defined Ultrasonic Communication System With OFDM for Secure Video Monitoring

Ultrasonic communication is a desirable method for information transfer through solid channels such as metallic bars, plates, or pipes by overcoming the physical barriers that prevent conventional wired or radiofrequency transmission. In this paper, we investigate the architecture of a reconfigurable software-defined ultrasonic communication (SDUC) platform that can make use of the complete channel bandwidth for real-time video transmission through a highly reverberant solid channel. Reverberations in solid channels are complex and generated by surface wave, lamb wave, longitudinal wave, shear wave, reflection, refraction, dispersion, mode conversion, and scattering phenomena. To explore the multipath and fading effects on bitrate, experimental studies were performed using an aluminum rectangular bar (ARB) of 25, 40, and 50 cm channel length. We investigated the feasibility of utilizing orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) combined with quadrature amplitude modulations (QAM) for peak bitrate performance. Design strategies and guidelines have been established for the best solutions to combat intersymbol interference caused by the severe reverberation inherent to ultrasonic solid channels. A practical solution for video transmission, adhering to the Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial (DVB-T) standard, is also examined for video streaming transmission of 240p, 480p, and 720p resolutions at 20 frames per second across an ARB channel. For experimental studies and performance evaluation, we designed a high-performance reconfigurable system-on-chip (SoC) SDUC platform for video transmission and bit error rate (BER) assessment. Through experimental studies for ultrasonic channel analysis, we achieved a peak video transmission rate of 1074 kbps with 3.3 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times \,\,10 ^{-4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BER despite reverberation, the multipath effect, and signal fading within the ARB channel.

Toward Convergence of AI and IoT for Energy-Efficient Communication in Smart Homes

The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) promotes energy-efficient communication in smart homes. Quality-of-Service (QoS) optimization during video streaming through wireless micro medical devices (WMMDs) in smart healthcare homes is the main purpose of this research. This article contributes in four distinct ways. First, to propose a novel lazy video transmission algorithm (LVTA). Second, a novel video transmission rate control algorithm (VTRCA) is proposed. Third, a novel cloud-based video transmission framework is developed. Fourth, the relationship between buffer size and performance indicators, i.e., peak-to-mean ratio (PMR), energy (i.e., encoding and transmission), and standard deviation, is investigated while comparing LVTA, VTRCA, and baseline approaches. The experimental results demonstrate that the reduction in encoding (32% and 35.4%) and transmission (37% and 39%) energy drains, PMR (5 and 4), and standard deviation (3 and 4 dB) for VTRCA and LVTA, respectively, is greater than that obtained by baseline during video streaming through WMMD.

Terahertz topological photonics for on-chip communication

The computing speeds in modern multi-core processors and big data servers are no longer limited by the on-chip transistor density that doubles every two years following the Moores law, but are limited by the on-chip data communication between memories and microprocessor cores. Realization of integrated, low-cost, and efficient solutions for high speed, on-chip data communications require terahertz (THz) interconnect waveguides with tremendous significance in future THz technology including THz-wave integrated circuits and THz communication. However, conventional approaches to THz waveguiding suffer from sensitivity to defects and considerable bending losses at sharp bends. Here, building on the recently-discovered topological phase of light, we experimentally demonstrate robust THz topological valley transport on low-loss, all-silicon chips. We show that the valley polarized topological kink states exhibit unity transmission over a bulk band gap even after propagating through ten sharp corners. Such states are excellent information carriers due to their robustness, single-mode propagation, and linear dispersion-key properties for next generation THz communications. By leveraging the unique properties of kink states, we demonstrate error-free communication through a highly-twisted domain wall at an unprecedented data rate (10 Gbit/s) and uncompressed 4K high-definition video transmission. Our work provides the first experimental demonstration of the topological phases of THz wave, which could certainly inspire a plethora of research on different types of topological phases in two and three dimensions.

Energy efficiency comparison between data rate control and transmission power control algorithms for wireless body sensor networks

This article presents comparison between data rate or rate control, that is, video transmission rate control algorithm and transmission power control algorithms for two different cases. First, energy consumption due to high peak variable data rates in video transmission. Second, energy depletion due to high transmission power consumption and dynamic nature of wireless on-body channel. The former one focuses on constant (fixed) transmission power level and variable data rate (“severe” conditions), for example, medical monitoring of the emergency patients. The latter considers variable transmission power level and constant (fixed) data rate (“less severe” conditions), for example, electrocardiography measurement for patients in wireless body sensor networks. Besides, energy efficiency comparison analysis of battery-driven or video transmission rate control algorithm and transmission power control–driven or power control algorithm is presented. Finally, proposed algorithms are analyzed and categorized as energy-efficient and battery-friendly for medical applications in wireless body sensor networks.

Sample Length-adaptive Prediction Scheme for Parameter Estimation in Multi-dimensional Rate Control

Multi- rate control technology has important applications in rate control and video transmission. However, most existing methods do not give measure to improve the accuracy of the prediction model parameters. In this paper, we propose sample length adaptive prediction scheme for parameter Estimation in HEVC multi-dimensional rate control. We fully consider frame difference, and set the I frame insertion interval as the length of the sample, In the calculation of the process, according sliding window, bandwidth utilization and FR of last update time to change sample length. At the same time, we focus on how to choose the initial parameters of the video initially acutely moment. We believe such a study brings us a new knowledge into the topic of multi-dimensional rate control and video transmission. The experimental results show that our model-based solutions produce better video quality compared with correlation methods.

Video Smoothing of Aggregates of Streams with Bandwidth Constraints

Compressed variable bit rate (VBR) video transmission is acquiring a growing importance in the telecommunication world. High data rate variability of compressed video over multiple time scales makes an efficient bandwidth resource utilization difficult to obtain. One of the approaches developed to face this problem are smoothing techniques. Various smoothing algorithms that exploit client buffers have been proposed, thus reducing the peak rate and highrate variability by efficiently scheduling the video data to be transmitted over the network. The novel smoothing algorithm proposed in this paper, which represents a significant improvements over the existing methods,performs data scheduling both for a single stream and for stream aggregations, by taking into account available bandwidth constraints. It modifies, whenever possible, the smoothing schedule in such a way as to eliminate frame losses due to available bandwidth limitations. This technique can be applied to any smoothing algorithm already present in literature and can be usefully exploited to minimize losses in multiplexed stream scenarios, like Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T), where a specific known available bandwidth must be shared byseveral multimedia flows. The developed algorithm has been exploited for smoothing stored video, although it can also be quite easily adapted for real time smoothing. The obtained numerical results, compared with the MVBA, another smoothing algorithm that is already presented and discussed in literature, show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, in terms of lost video frames, for different multiplexed scenarios.

Energy Efficient Power Allocation for Distributed MIMO System

The rapid increasing demands of multi-media applications have busted the improvement of video transmission. By the increase of multimedia transmission, quality of experience (QoE) has become the hot topic of the wireless networks’ research. This paper proposes a QoE-aware resource allocation algorithm in MIMO-OFDM Networks. The power allocation estimation is formulated to maximize according to QoE by considering the video transmission rate and the subcarrier schemes under the constraint of minimum power. In this paper, we will analyses the the performance of video transmission from transmission rate at the application layer to the power allocation at the physical layer. From simulation results, we can see that the proposed subcarrier allocation algorithm maximizes the video QoE by minimizing the sum distortion of multi-users in MIMO networks with power constraints.

Green and friendly media transmission algorithms for wireless body sensor networks

Video transmission is considered as a quite significant step towards health monitoring of the emergency patients during any critical incident. However, the energy hungry video transmission and slow progress in battery technologies have become a major and serious problem for the evolution of video technology in WBSNs. Therefore, the need arose to conduct research on sustainable, “Green”, i.e., energy-efficient and “Friendly”, i.e., battery-friendly technologies to cater the need of upcoming mobile and portable devices. The main challenge addressed in this research is how to increase the battery lifetime during on-demand Variable Bit Rate (VBR) video transmission from medical video server to base station in WBSNs. In order to overcome this problem, sustainable, Green and Friendly frame transmission algorithms are enunciated i.e. Lazy Algorithm (LA) and Battery-friendly Smoothing Algorithm (BSA) with analytical battery model. The proposed algorithms minimize transmission energy consumption, battery charge consumption and high current profile. These algorithms also prolongs the battery lifetime of those sensor nodes during video transmission. Experimental results demonstrates that BSA outperforms LA to minimize battery drain by improving its lifetime up to 19.8 %. However, the LA performs better than BSA in context of transmission energy saving up to 49.49 %. Furthermore, a video transmission framework of Remote Medical Education System (RMES) for elderly persons and infants is proposed to provide viable and sustainable battery solutions to serve the community.

Cognitive Multihoming System for Energy and Cost Aware Video Transmission

To alleviate the spectrum scarcity problem in the licensed cellular networks (LCNs), we introduce a new paradigm called cognitive multihoming (CM), where a cognitive radio (CR)-enabled base station transmits to the users simultaneously over the licensed cellular bands and primary user bands in CR networks (CRNs). The CR aspect incurs lower cost, however, at the expense of higher energy consumption due to intermittent channel sensing. On the other hand, transmission via LCN is expensive because of its licensing premium. To minimize the transmission cost while meeting the users energy and received video quality constraints, sensing duration and transmission rate over CRN, transmission rate over LCN, and network selection for retransmission of lost packets are adjusted. Solution to the multiuser resource allocation optimization problem is obtained by solving the cost minimization problem of a single-user system. The problem is nonconvex which is solved using convex-concave procedure. The proposed scheme is compared with the cases where a user operates over a single network, either LCN or CRN. The system performance results indicate that the proposed CM strategy significantly decreases the cost to the users as well as serves a higher number of users while maintaining the desired video quality and energy consumption constraints.

Energy-Efficient Adaptive Transmission of Scalable Video Streaming in Cognitive Radio Communications

Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising technology to alleviate spectrum shortage and satisfy the huge demand of bandwidth for multimedia streaming in future mobile computing systems. The inherent features of CR pose tough challenges in provisioning quality of service (QoS) for acceptable user experience and minimizing energy consumption for multimedia transmissions. In this paper, scalable video coding and transmission rate adaptation are jointly considered in an energy-efficient scheme for transmissions of streaming media over CR with QoS guarantee. An event-driven discrete-time Markov control process model is introduced to formulate the QoS-guaranteed energy-efficient transmission problem as a constrained stochastic optimization problem. Based on estimations of potentials and the difference between performance measurement and QoS requirement, an online policy iteration algorithm is proposed to optimize energy consumption under QoS constraints directly. By exploiting the system dynamics, this algorithm does not depend on any prior knowledge of channel availability or fading statistics, and it can converge to a near optimum with a low computational burden. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Enhancing Mobile Video Capacity and Quality Using Rate Adaptation, RAN Caching and Processing

Adaptive Bit Rate (ABR) streaming has become a popular video delivery technique, credited with improving Quality of Experience (QoE) of videos delivered on wireless networks. Recent independent research reveals video caching in the Radio Access Network (RAN) holds promise for increasing the network capacity and improving video QoE. In this paper, we investigate opportunities and challenges of combining the advantages of ABR and RAN caching to increase the video capacity and QoE of the wireless networks. While each ABR video is divided into multiple chunks that can be requested at different bit rates, a cache hit requires the presence of a specific chunk at a desired bit rate, making ABR-aware RAN caching challenging. To address this without having to cache all bit rate versions of a video, we propose adding limited processing capacity to each RAN cache. This enables transrating a higher rate version that may be available in the cache, to satisfy a request for a lower rate version, and joint caching and processing policies that leverage the back-haul, caching, and processing resources most effectively, thereby maximizing video capacity of the network. We also propose a novel rate adaptation algorithm that uses video characteristics to simultaneously change the video encoding and transmission rate. The results of extensive statistical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches in achieving significant capacity gain over ABR or RAN caching alone, as well as other ways of enabling ABR-aware RAN caching, while improving video QoE.

Modeling and Optimization of High Frame Rate Video Transmission Over Wireless Networks

High frame rate (HFR) video is emerging as a new paradigm in popular multimedia applications (e.g., cloud gaming) to achieve smooth viewing experience perceived by end-users. In the context of HFR streaming video, end-to-end distortion and sending frame rate are equally important to the perceptual quality. This study presents a modeling-based approach to optimizing the HFR video transmission over wireless networks. First, we develop an analytical model dubbed FRIED ( F rame R ate versus v I d E o D istortion) to characterize the tradeoff between sending frame rate and end-to-end video distortion. Second, we propose a J oint fr A me S election and FE C (Forward Error Correction) c O ding (JASCO) approach based on the FRIED model to optimize the transmission performance. The efficacy of the proposed JASCO is evaluated through extensive semi-physical emulations in Exata involving H.264 video streaming. Experimental results show that JASCO outperforms the reference approaches in improving video peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) at the same frame rate. Or conversely, JASCO is able to achieve higher received frame rate while guaranteeing the same video PSNR.

Evaluating Intelligibility and Battery Drain of Mobile Sign Language Video Transmitted at Low Frame Rates and Bit Rates

Mobile sign language video conversations can become unintelligible if high video transmission rates cause network congestion and delayed video. In an effort to understand the perceived lower limits of intelligible sign language video intended for mobile communication, we evaluated sign language video transmitted at four low frame rates (1, 5, 10, and 15 frames per second [fps]) and four low fixed bit rates (15, 30, 60, and 120 kilobits per second [kbps]) at a constant spatial resolution of 320 × 240 pixels. We discovered an “intelligibility ceiling effect,” in which increasing the frame rate above 10fps did not improve perceived intelligibility, and increasing the bit rate above 60kbps produced diminishing returns. Given the study parameters, our findings suggest that relaxing the recommended frame rate and bit rate to 10fps at 60kbps will provide intelligible video conversations while reducing total bandwidth consumption to 25% of the ITU-T standard (at least 25fps and 100kbps). As part of this work, we developed the Human Signal Intelligibility Model , a new conceptual model useful for informing evaluations of video intelligibility and our methodology for creating linguistically accessible web surveys for deaf people. We also conducted a battery-savings experiment quantifying battery drain when sign language video is transmitted at the lower frame rates and bit rates. Results confirmed that increasing the transmission rates monotonically decreased the battery life.

Mobility-Assisted and QoS-Aware Resource Allocation for Video Streaming over LTE Femtocell Networks

&#x0D; The interest on enhanced capabilities of femtocell networks is increasing, since it copes with the dynamics of future cellular networks. Thus, innovative approaches and concepts are required to guarantee successful deployment of this new generation of cellular networks for carrying challenging services (e.g. multimedia applications) under complex network conditions. In this context, we propose a novel approach that enhances the capability of LTE-femtocell networks when dealing with downlink variable bit rate (VBR) video transmission. The idea consists on making a pre-allocation (or reservation) of radio resources (resource blocks and transmit power) based on the knowledge of future required video traffic of connected users. We also make our approach capable of supporting efficient mobility management through an optimized handover policy. In fact a coordination entity is proposed to select the target cell which is more capable to support future video traffic delivery based on a multi-criteria utility function. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach and illustrate the great gains obtained for both the user side (low frame loss ratio) and the network side (low transmit power). &#x0D;

Low complexity distributed video coding

ContextConventional video encoding is a computationally intensive process that requires a lot of computing resources, power and memory. Such codecs cannot be deployed in remote sensors that are constrained in terms of power, memory and computational capabilities. For such applications, distributed video coding might hold the answer. ObjectiveIn this paper, we propose a distributed video coding (DVC) architecture that adheres to the principles of DVC by shifting the computational complexity from the encoder to the decoder and caters to low-motion scenarios like video conferencing and surveillance of hallways and buildings. MethodThe architecture presented is block-based and introduces a simple yet effective classification scheme that aims at maximizing the use of skip blocks to exploit temporal correlation between consecutive frames. In addition to the skip blocks, a dynamic GOP size control algorithm is proposed that instantaneously alters the GOP size in response to the video statistics without causing any latency and without the need to buffer additional frames at the encoder. To facilitate real-time video delivery and consumption, iterative channel codes like low density parity check codes and turbo codes are not used and in their place a Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) code with encoder rate control is used. ResultsIn spite of reducing the complexity and eliminating the feedback channel, the proposed architecture can match and even surpass the performance of current DVC systems making it a viable solution as a codec for low-motion scenarios. ConclusionWe conclude that the proposed architecture is a suitable solution for applications that require real-time, low bit rate video transmission but have constrained resources and cannot support the complex conventional video encoding solutions. Practical implicationsThe practical implications of the proposed DVC architecture include deployment in remote video sensors like hallway and building surveillance, video conferencing, video sensors that are deployed in remote regions (wildlife surveillance applications), and capsule endoscopy.

Design and FPGA implementation of a wireless hyperchaotic communication system for secure real-time image transmission

Abstract In this paper, we propose and demonstrate experimentally a new wireless digital encryption hyperchaotic communication system based on radio frequency (RF) communication protocols for secure real-time data or image transmission. A reconfigurable hardware architecture is developed to ensure the interconnection between two field programmable gate array development platforms through XBee RF modules. To ensure the synchronization and encryption of data between the transmitter and the receiver, a feedback masking hyperchaotic synchronization technique based on a dynamic feedback modulation has been implemented to digitally synchronize the encrypter hyperchaotic systems. The obtained experimental results show the relevance of the idea of combining XBee (Zigbee or Wireless Fidelity) protocol, known for its high noise immunity, to secure hyperchaotic communications. In fact, we have recovered the information data or image correctly after real-time encrypted data or image transmission tests at a maximum distance (indoor range) of more than 30 m and with maximum digital modulation rate of 625,000 baud allowing a wireless encrypted video transmission rate of 25 images per second with a spatial resolution of 128 × 128 pixels. The obtained performance of the communication system is suitable for secure data or image transmissions in wireless sensor networks.

Cognitive Radio New Dimension in Wireless Communication State of Art

today's wireless communication environment, the Radio Frequency spectrum is occupied for different purposes like cellular, Television, military, emergency or satellite communication. The frequency spectrum used for cellular communication is getting over crowded with increasing number of subscribers and demand for high data rate text or video transmission, but the frequency spectrum in other wireless broadcast and communication is not utilized efficiently, example in Television broadcast band, some of frequency spectrum is vacant at some instant or for particular time. The vacant spectrum could be used in cellular communication, means the spectrum is borrowed from Television Broadcast band to be used for cellular communication. A borrow/use of spectrum from other licensed frequency bands will improve the efficiency of spectrum use. In this paper, aspects of Cognitive Radio and comparison of different sensing techniques and methods are discussed. Secondly, the layer architecture of Cognitive Radio is presented. Thirdly, hardware and software platforms are discussed for Cognitive Radio testing.

Power consumption analysis of constant bit rate video transmission over 3G networks

This paper presents an analysis of the power consumption of video data transmission with constant bit rate over 3G mobile wireless networks. The work includes the description of the radio resource control transition state machine in 3G networks, followed by a detailed power consumption analysis and measurements of the radio link power consumption. Based on this description and analysis, we propose our power consumption model. The power model was evaluated on a smartphone Nokia N900, which follows 3GPP Release 5 and 6 supporting HSDPA/HSUPA data bearers. We also propose a method for parameter selection for the 3GPP transition state machine that allows to decrease power consumption on a mobile device taking signaling traffic, buffer size and latency restrictions into account. Furthermore, we discuss the gain in power consumption vs. PSNR for transmitted video and show the possibility of performing power consumption management based on the requirements for the video quality.

FMO-based H.264 frame layer rate control for low bit rate video transmission

Abstract The use of flexible macroblock ordering (FMO) in H.264/AVC improves error resiliency at the expense of reduced coding efficiency with added overhead bits for slice headers and signalling. The trade-off is most severe at low bit rates, where header bits occupy a significant portion of the total bit budget. To better manage the rate and improve coding efficiency, we propose enhancements to the H.264/AVC frame layer rate control, which take into consideration the effects of using FMO for video transmission. In this article, we propose a new header bits model, an enhanced frame complexity measure, a bit allocation and a quantization parameter adjustment scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed improvements achieve better visual quality compared with the JM 9.2 frame layer rate control with FMO enabled using a different number of slice groups. Using FMO as an error resilient tool with better rate management is suitable in applications that have limited bandwidth and in error prone environments such as video transmission for mobile terminals.

Research and Design of Transmission Rate Adaptive Control in Public Video Monitoring System

In order to solve the practical technology problems in the field of public video monitoring system engineering, in this paper, a real-time video transmission rate adaptive control programming in public video monitoring system is introduced. The system can monitor network congestion status according to the parameters such as network transmission time, transmission delay and data packet loss rate, and dynamically adjust the output rate of the video transmitter according to a certain algorithm of adaptive control of transmission rate, it has certain robustness, and improved the quality of video output. Experimental test results show that the contrast effect is better in reducing video packet loss rate, improving network bandwidth utilization or avoiding network congestion.