Synchronization Rate Research Articles

Effect of cloprostenol on luteolysis and comparison of different estrus synchronization protocols in jennies

Estrus synchronization is necessary for intensive donkey farming. Studies on estrus synchronization in jennies are, however, scarce. We aimed to investigate the susceptibility of the donkey corpus luteum to cloprostenol and design a successful estrus synchronization protocol. Firstly, the effects of different cloprostenol doses and the timing effect of cloprostenol treatment on estrous cycle was investigated. The time from treatment to luteolysis, the ovulation interval, pre-ovulatory diameter, and ovulation rates were compared between groups. Secondly, to identify the best protocol, eight estrus synchronization protocols from three categories were examined. In the first category, jennies in groups A (n = 55) and B (n = 30) received a progesterone releasing intra-vaginal device (JVID®) and cloprostenol treatment. In the second category (group C to F), jennies were pretreated with deslorelin, and then treated with JVID and cloprostenol, including groups C (n = 50), D (n = 50), E (n = 70), and F (n = 65). In the third category, jennies were treated with deslorelin and cloprostenol, including groups G (n = 40) and H (n = 40). Comparisons were made among groups regarding the degree of synchronization, ovulation, and pregnancy rates. Treatment with 0.4 mg cloprostenol on the third day following ovulation minimized the length of the luteal phase and estrous cycle. Synchronization rate varied from 60.0% to 88.6% among groups and was highest in group E. Pregnancy rates did not differ among the eight protocols. In conclusion, cloprostenol effectively induced luteolysis in jennies and a treatment protocol combining deslorelin, cloprostenol, and JVID is efficient for estrus synchronization in donkeys.

Non‐Synchronous Rotation on Europa Driven by Ocean Currents

AbstractIt has been suggested that the ice shell of Jupiter's moon Europa may drift non‐synchronously due to tidal torques. Here we argue that torques applied by the underlying ocean are also important and can result in non‐synchronous rotation. The resulting spin rate can be slightly slower than the synchronous angular rate that would have kept the same point of the ice shell facing Jupiter. We develop an ice shell rotation model, driven by ocean stress calculated using a high‐resolution state‐of‐the‐art ocean general circulation model, and take into account the viscoelastic deformation of the ice shell. We use the ice shell model results together with observed limits on the ice shell drift speed to constrain ice shell parameters such as effective viscosity, which is currently uncertain by at least four orders of magnitude. Our results suggest, at best, sluggish ice shell convection. Depending on the relaxation time scale of the ice shell and on the ocean currents, the ice shell may exhibit negligible drift, constant drift, or oscillatory drift superimposed on random fluctuations. The expected rotation rate exceeds ∼30 m/yr; future spacecraft observations can be used to test these predictions and yield insight into the properties of the ice shell and underlying ocean.

Synchronization of fractional-order delayed neural networks with reaction–diffusion terms: Distributed delayed impulsive control

In this study, a new fractional Halanay-like impulsive differential inequality, which considers the system delay and impulse delay, is proposed for the first time. And accordingly, the quasi-synchronization problem of delayed fractional-order coupled reaction–diffusion neural networks (CRDNNs) is investigated. It is important to know that there are still relatively few studies on the impulsive synchronization control of fractional-order systems with time delay, and this study is an effective complement to this relevant field. To achieve quasi-synchronization, the distributed delayed impulsive control strategy is applied, which utilizes the local state information and the weighted average delayed information of other available neurons. Then, based on Wirtinger inequality, Lyapunov stability theory, and the properties of Mittag-Leffler function, some quasi-synchronization criteria are derived by solving some linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, a numerical simulation is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of theoretical results, and reveal the effects of impulse delay and fractional order on the system synchronization rate.

Effects of PEG in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma during concurrent chemoradiotherapy: a prospective study

This prospective study aimed to compare the changes in nutritional status and adverse events among patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who received enteral nutrition through oral intake, PEG, and an enteral nasogastric tube (NGT) during concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Of 141 included patients, 38, 74, and 29 patients were fed through oral intake, PEG, and NGTs, respectively. The clinical characteristics and baseline nutritional status of the 3 groups were recorded and analyzed. The Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment score, skeletal muscle index, and quality of life were evaluated before and after CCRT; the incidence of adverse events during feeding using PEG and NGTs was also recorded. The correlations among the different nutritional pathways and the CCRT-related adverse events (eg, radiation esophagitis and myelosuppression) were assessed. At baseline, the oral intake group had a significantly better nutritional status and lower disease stage than those in the PEG and NGT groups. However, during CCRT, the oral intake group exhibited the most significant decreases in weight and skeletal muscle index. The synchronous chemotherapy completion rate was the highest in the PEG group. Multivariate analysis showed that the planning tumor volume and oral intake and NGT feeding pathways were associated with radiation esophagitis of at least grade2. We found that PEG effectively maintained the body weight and skeletal muscle index of patients with esophageal cancer during CCRT. PEG also improved the synchronous chemotherapy completion rate and reduced the occurrence of at least grade 2 radiation esophagitis. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT04199832.).

Blood Pressure Variability in Clinical Practice: Past, Present and the Future.

Recent advances in wearable technology through convenient and cuffless systems will enable continuous, noninvasive monitoring of blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and heart rhythm on both longitudinal 24-hour measurement scales and high-frequency beat-to-beat BP variability and synchronous heart rate variability and changes in underlying heart rhythm. Clinically, BP variability is classified into 4 main types on the basis of the duration of monitoring time: very-short-term (beat to beat), short-term (within 24 hours), medium-term (within days), and long-term (over months and years). BP variability is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline, and mental illness. The diagnostic and therapeutic value of measuring and controlling BP variability may offer critical targets in addition to lowering mean BP in hypertensive populations.

Rationally designed 2D/2D highly reduced graphene oxide modified wide band gap semiconductor photocatalysts for hydrogen production

The wide band gap semiconductor is considered a potential water splitting photocatalyst. However, the wide band gap means that visible light absorption is weak and more energy is required to transfer electrons to the conduction band, which will greatly limit the photocatalytic performance. We design the SiC/RGO heterojunction and GaN/RGO heterojunction, using first-principles hybrid density functional theory to explore whether this shortcoming can be improved. The results prove that both types of heterojunction have effectively reduced the band gap, and the light absorption capacity has been significantly enhanced. However, only the GaN/RGO heterojunction meets the conditions for photocatalytic water splitting, that is, the energy levels of water oxidation and reduction are all within its band range, thus ensuring the occurrence of water splitting. What's more, there is a potential well between the layers, which helps effectively prevent the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, thereby further enhancing the photocatalytic properties of the GaN/RGO heterojunction. Besides, the oxidation reaction and reduction reaction occur at a relatively synchronous rate in the process of water splitting. This ensures that the overall reaction proceeds at a faster rate, and also improves the efficiency of photocatalysis. What has been found above provides a reliable choice for experimenters to explore new photocatalysts.

Optical pulse interharmonic extraction and repetition rate division based on a microwave photonic phase detector.

Microwave photonic phase detectors (MPPDs) can extract ultrastable microwaves from a mode-locked laser (MLL), but their frequencies are often limited by the pulse repetition rate. Few works studied methods to break the frequency limitation. Here, a setup based on an MPPD and an optical switch is proposed to synchronize an RF signal from a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to an interharmonic of an MLL and to realize the pulse repetition rate division. The optical switch is employed to realize pulse repetition rate division, and the MPPD is followed to detect the phase difference between the frequency-divided optical pulse and the microwave signal from the VCO, which is then fed back to the VCO via a proportional-integral (PI) controller. Both the optical switch and the MPPD are driven by the signal from the VCO. When the system reaches its steady state, the synchronization and repetition rate division are achieved simultaneously. An experiment is conducted to verify the feasibility. The 80½th, 80⅓rd, and 80⅔rd interharmonics are extracted, and pulse repetition rate division factors of two and three are realized. The phase noises at offset frequency of 10 kHz are improved by more than 20 dB.

Effect of Age and Different Doses of GnRH and PGF2α Analogue on Oesturs Synchronization and Conception Rate of Crossbreed Heifers

Forty-eight crossbreed heifers were artificially inseminated within 10-20 hours after standing heat to evaluate the effects of different doses of hormones and age on reproductive performance synchronized with GnRH and PGF2α. On day 90 after artificial insemination, the conception rate was confirmed by rectal palpation. There were significant differences (<I>P</I><0.05) in oesturs response in maximum doses (1.5 ml GnRH used in group III) of the hormone-treated group. The conception rate was significantly higher (<I>P</I><0.05) in the highest treatment group (1.5 ml, 66.67%) than in low treatment groups (1 ml and 1.3 ml; 42.85% and 44.44%; respectively) in morning synchronization protocol (83.33%). The effect of different doses of the hormone on conception rates was statistical significance on the age of crossbreed heifers (<I>P</I><0.05), time of initiation of ovsynch (<I>P</I><0.05), time of insemination (<I>P</I><0.05), semen placement (<I>P</I><0.05), body condition score (<I>P</I><0.05), retrieve to natural oesturs and subsequent pregnancy rate (<I>P</I><0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant (<I>P</I>>0.05) effect on conception rate by the onset of oesturs and duration of oesturs. The highest oesturs rate and conception rate was observed at 75.00% and 66.67%; respectively by administration of maximum doses of the hormone of body condition score (3) 69.23% of crossbreed heifer. When 1.5 ml GnRH was used in group III, the conception rate was observed higher at 25-30 months of age (77.78%) which were inseminated in the site of the deep cervix (77.77%) with frozen-thaw semen by experience inseminator at 10-14 hours (75%) after the onset of oesturs and naturally retrieve of oesturs on conception rate (75%). It was concluded that the age of the heifers, doses of the hormone, Body Condition Score (BCS), time of initiation of synchronization protocol, time of AI, semen placement and retrieve to oesturs naturally were the most important factors to get maximum oesturs response and conception rate of crossbreed heifers. So, it may be suggested that to achieve the desired rate of oesturs and conception, the farmers should inseminate their crossbreed heifers (BCS, 3 out of 5) with maximum doses of hormone in the deep cervix by technically sound and skilled inseminator at 10-14 hours after onset of oesturs in morning synchronization protocol. GnRH and PGF2α analogs could successfully induce oesturs response and improve the fertility of a dairy herd. Therefore, ovsynch protocol for crossbreed heifers is needed for further work involving a large number of animals for a definite conclusion.

Explaining flexible continuous speech comprehension from individual motor rhythms.

When speech is too fast, the tracking of the acoustic signal along the auditory pathway deteriorates, leading to suboptimal speech segmentation and decoding of speech information. Thus, speech comprehension is limited by the temporal constraints of the auditory system. Here we ask whether individual differences in auditory-motor coupling strength in part shape these temporal constraints. In two behavioural experiments, we characterize individual differences in the comprehension of naturalistic speech as function of the individual synchronization between the auditory and motor systems and the preferred frequencies of the systems. Obviously, speech comprehension declined at higher speech rates. Importantly, however, both higher auditory-motor synchronization and higher spontaneous speech motor production rates were predictive of better speech-comprehension performance. Furthermore, performance increased with higher working memory capacity (digit span) and higher linguistic, model-based sentence predictability-particularly so at higher speech rates and for individuals with high auditory-motor synchronization. The data provide evidence for a model of speech comprehension in which individual flexibility of not only the motor system but also auditory-motor synchronization may play a modulatory role.

몰입형 체험전시의 사용자 경험 요소에 관한 연구

This study aims to identify the current situation and derive implications through an analysis of immersive experience exhibition cases and suggests directions for factors that can increase immersion. To this end, first, theoretical research on experience and immersion factors in an immersive experience exhibition is conducted through a literature review. Second, four cases of immersive experience exhibitions that appeared in Korea were analyzed based on the three categories selected through the literature review and a FGI (focus group interview). These were physical and physiological aspects, cognitive and affective aspects, and social interactions and shared experiences. As a result of the analysis, most immersive exhibitions induce immersion through audio-visual sensory stimulation using video objects of an overwhelming size with realistic sounds by multi-sided projection mapping, increasing immersion by creating interaction between the audience and the exhibit. There were many cases in which the audience recognized this and/or interacted with others. Finally, through the results of the analysis, the directions and limitations with regard to increasing immersion in immersive experience exhibitions are discussed. Physical and physiological aspects are the most important factors in an immersive exhibition, and the synchronization rate of visual and auditory factors can be increased to enhance the immersion and impression of the audience. In terms of cognitive and affective aspects, characters in the video or objects that interact with each other are used to attract the attention of the audience and to induce interaction. In terms of social interactions and shared experiences, it is necessary to consider the specifications of movement lines, attention lighting, and the projector equipment used, among other factors, to reflect the audience's behavior and thus increase consensus through interactions between audience members while also inducing secondary experiences on SNS. The direction of immersion factors as derived here is expected to be used by those designing immersive experience exhibitions, which are continuously increasing.

Synchronous heart rate reduction with suppression-burst pattern in KCNT1-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.

Suppression-burst (SB) is an electroencephalographic pattern observed in neonatal- and infantile-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs), which are associated with high mortality in early life. However, the relation of SB electroencephalogram (SB-EEG) with autonomic function requires clarification. We investigated the relationship between heart rate (HR) and phasic transition during SB-EEG in DEEs to explore the mechanism of early death. Seven patients (two with KCNT1-DEE) with neonatal- and infantile-onset DEE who presented with SB-EEG were retrospectively identified. Five-minute SB-EEGs were analyzed with simultaneous recording of electrocardiograms. Mean HR, suppression duration, and burst period were calculated by measuring RR intervals. Two patients with KCNT1-DEE exhibited synchronous HR fluctuations, with an HR decrease during suppression and an increase during burst. The HR decrease was larger (-6.1% and -7.7%) and the median duration of suppression was longer (4.0 and 8.2s) in patients with KCNT1-DEE than the other five (range: -2.9% to 0.9% and 0.7-1.7s, respectively). A strong negative correlation was confirmed between suppression duration and HR reduction rates in one patient with KCNT1-DEE. SB phases may influence HR regulation in patients with KCTN1-DEE.

&amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;De novo&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt; domestication and preliminary cultivar development of sand rice (&amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;Agriophyllum squarrosum&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt;), a sand dune pioneer species

<p indent="0mm">The comprehensive utilization of desert plants and sandy land resources is of far-reaching significance to the eco-civilization progress and food security in the arid region of northern China. The pioneer species <italic>Agriophyllum squarrosum</italic> is broadly distributed on the mobile sand dunes in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China. Its seed, also called sand rice, has well-balanced nutritional values and has been consumed for more than <sc>1300 years.</sc> In 2010, our group first initiated the domestication research of sand rice by investigating the various historical literature and food consuming records of sand rice. Genetic modification and breeding are currently dependent on natural populations and artificial mutagenesis. A few modified lines with better agronomic traits have been initially isolated, laying a material foundation for further cultivation evaluation in different areas and cultivar declaration. However, the speed domestication of sand rice still requires systematically analyzing phenotypic variation among different germplasms, the establishment of a genetic transformation system, and isolating elite lines with a synchronous germination rate and strong seedling vigor.

Identification Modelling and Fault-Tolerant Predictive Control for Industrial Input Nonlinear Actuator System

Industrial actuator systems play an important role in mechanical manufacture, chemical production and other industrial processes. There is important theoretical research significance and engineering application value in accurately modeling and accurately controlling for an industrial actuator system with dead-zone input nonlinearity. The structure and order of the system are determined by the mechanism relationship of the system. Based on sampled data, an identification algorithm is proposed to describe the main dynamic characteristics of the system output. The convergence property of the proposed identification algorithm is also analyzed. Process faults may reduce the tracking control accuracy of the industrial actuator system. By using an intermediate observer to estimate the faults, a fault-tolerant synchronous control feedback rate is designed to compensate faults. The input dead-zone block may weaken the feedback control performance of the input signal and reduce the control precision. According to the dead-zone input nonlinearity model parameter, a compensator is introduced to transform the dead-zone function into a linear function passing through the origin of coordinates. The transformed and dynamic linear segment of the system constitute the generalized linear system. The model predictive control (MPC) strategy is designed to achieve robust and precise control by eliminating the effects of measurement noise. The results of numerical simulation and experimental test verify the superiority and merit of the modeling and fault-tolerant control strategy. The research results of this paper can provide a good reference and guidance for other complex systems in theoretical research and engineering applications.

On Exponential Synchronization Rates for High-Dimensional Kuramoto Models With Identical Oscillators and Digraphs

For a high-dimensional Kuramoto model with identical oscillators under a general digraph that has a directed spanning tree, although the exponential synchronization has been proved under some initial state constraints, exponential synchronization rates have not been described exactly until now. In this article, the supremum of exponential synchronization rates is precisely determined as the smallest real part of the nonzero Laplacian eigenvalues of the digraph. Our obtained result extends the existing results from the special case of strongly connected balanced digraphs to the condition of general digraphs owning directed spanning trees, which is the weakest condition for synchronization from the aspect of network structure. Moreover, our adopted method is completely different from and much more elementary than the previous differential geometry method.

V/F based speed controller of induction motor using ann controller - A review

Induction motors are typical motors with a constant speed that do not function at synchronous rates. Industrial mechanical loads must not only be powered but also operated at the specified velocity. Consequently, it is necessary to have ways of controlling the speed of induction motors. Multiple techniques exist for regulating the velocity of an induction motor. The objective of this paper is to critically examine the existing literature on different speed control techniques and evaluate their effectiveness in the presence of harmonics. Specifically, the focus will be on the utilization of SPWM inverter, harmonics reduction, and speed-torque characteristics to identify the most efficient methods. Additionally, the paper aims to explore strategies for minimizing odd harmonics through the use of an inverter.

Synchronization and fluctuation of a stochastic coupled systems with additive noise

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;The synchronization and fluctuation of a stochastic coupled system with additive noise were investigated in this paper. According to the relationship between the stochastic coupled system and multi-scale system, an averaging principle in which the multi-scale system with singular coefficients was established, thereby the synchronization of stochastic coupled systems was obtained. Then the convergence rate of synchronization was also obtained. In addition, to prove fluctuation of multi-scale system, the martingale approach method was used. And then the fluctuation of the stochastic coupled systems was got. In the end, we give an example to illustrate the utility of our results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

Motor unit synchronization and firing rate correlate with the fractal dimension of the surface EMG: A validation study

The fractal dimension (FD) of the surface electromyographic (EMG) signal has been reported to be influenced by changes in the firing rate and synchronization of motor units. The purpose of this study was to validate these relations during experimental signals.Thirteen healthy subjects (12 men and 1 woman) performed an isometric knee extension at 5 % of their maximal voluntary contraction for 300 s. Intramuscular and surface EMG signal were recorded concurrently from the vastus medialis obliquus. Synchronization and firing rate were calculated from the decomposed intramuscular EMG signal, while FD was estimated using the box-counting method. The first and last 50 s of contractions were considered during the correlation analyses.FD was negatively related to the level of motor unit synchronization (rs = −0.30; p < 0.05) and positively correlated with firing rate (rs = 0.25; p < 0.01) when all data were pooled. FD was correlated with firing rate only during the initial 50 s of contraction (rs = 0.52; p < 0.001).FD of the sEMG signal is a parameter mostly related to the firing rate when fatigue does not develop and may be considered as an index of performance fatigability during sustained or at the end of prolonged contractions at very low forces. Indeed, FD cannot be considered as an exclusive index of motor unit synchronization during fatiguing contractions, but rather as largely related to central factors.

Presynchronization with simultaneous administration of GnRH and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 7 days prior to Ovsynch improves reproductive profile in Hariana zebu cow

This study is aimed at assessing the impact of simultaneous administration of GnRH and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 7days prior to Ovsynch in Hariana cow. Two hundred cyclic cows (> 4months postpartum) were assigned to control (n = 54) and pre-OV (n = 146). As per Ovsynch protocol, buserelin acetate (10μg), cloprostenol (500μg), and buserelin acetate (10μg) were injected i.m. on days 0, 7, and 9, respectively, in cows irrespective of treatment. But in pre-OV cows, buserelin acetate (10μg) and cloprostenol (500μg) were also injected i.m. simultaneously 7days prior to initiate the Ovsynch protocol. Artificial insemination was performed between 18 and 24h after the 2nd GnRH of Ovsynch in both treatments. Ultrasonography and blood sampling for hormonal analysis were done on each day of treatment, on day of AI, and 12days post-AI. Pre-OV treatment resulted to increased (45.20% vs 29.62%; P < 0.05) pregnancy outcomes and higher (P < 0.01) ovulation rate to first GnRH of Ovsynch than control. Cows showing complete luteolysis in response to PGF2α of Ovsynch were also higher (P < 0.05) in pre-OV than control. Greater (P < 0.05) synchronization rate was recorded in pre-OV than control (86.76% and 68.75%). The circulating concentrations of estradiol on day of AI and progesterone on day 12 post-AI were higher (P < 0.01) in cows diagnosed pregnant than non-pregnant in both control and pre-OV treatment. In conclusion, simultaneous administration of GnRH and PGF2α 7days before Ovsynch improved the synchronization rate and luteal profile in terms of CL area and hence resulted in higher conception rate in Hariana zebu cow.

Flexibility of in vitro cortical circuits influences resilience from microtrauma.

Small clusters comprising hundreds to thousands of neurons are an important level of brain architecture that correlates single neuronal properties to fulfill brain function, but the specific mechanisms through which this scaling occurs are not well understood. In this study, we developed an in vitro experimental platform of small neuronal circuits (islands) to probe the importance of structural properties for their development, physiology, and response to microtrauma. Primary cortical neurons were plated on a substrate patterned to promote attachment in clusters of hundreds of cells (islands), transduced with GCaMP6f, allowed to mature until 10-13 days in vitro (DIV), and monitored with Ca2+ as a non-invasive proxy for electrical activity. We adjusted two structural factors-island size and cellular density-to evaluate their role in guiding spontaneous activity and network formation in neuronal islands. We found cellular density, but not island size, regulates of circuit activity and network function in this system. Low cellular density islands can achieve many states of activity, while high cellular density biases islands towards a limited regime characterized by low rates of activity and high synchronization, a property we summarized as "flexibility." The injury severity required for an island to lose activity in 50% of its population was significantly higher in low-density, high flexibility islands. Together, these studies demonstrate flexible living cortical circuits are more resilient to microtrauma, providing the first evidence that initial circuit state may be a key factor to consider when evaluating the consequences of trauma to the cortex.

A biomimetic porous fibre bundle adsorbent for the rapid and complete removal of multiple low-level heavy metal ions

Improving diffusion and mass transfer kinetics to enhance the synchronous removal efficiency of adsorbents for low concentrations of various heavy metal ions is of great significance for reducing heavy metal removal. Here, a biomimetic porous fibre bundle adsorbent with multiple adsorption sites was constructed by embedding and bonding porous coconut shell biochar on amino and sulfhydryl group-functionalized cellulose nanofibre bundles in the process of fibrogenesis, which was inspired by the principle of spider silk. The high porosity, specific surface area (212.17 m2/g) and swelling rate (184 %) of the porous fibre bundle could effectively improve the diffusion and mass transfer kinetics. Multiple adsorption sites of amino, carboxyl, and sulfhydryl groups endow the adsorbent with a synchronous removal rate for various heavy metal ions in water. Therefore, the porous fibre bundle could remove low concentrations of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI) to safe drinking water level standard concentrations (US EPA) within 20 min. This study provided a simple method for designing an effective adsorbent for lowering heavy metal removal.