Rate Of Sales Research Articles

The Effect of Sustainable Alternative Cigarette to the Valuation of PT. Hanjaya Mandala Sampoerna, Tbk. (HMSP.JK)

This research investigates the impact of sustainable alternative cigarettes on the valuation of PT Hanjaya Mandala Sampoerna Tbk (HMSP.JK), a leading tobacco company in Indonesia and a subsidiary of Philip Morris International (PMI), which is actively pursuing a smoke-free future. With growing global awareness of the health risks associated with traditional cigarettes, there has been a shift towards alternative tobacco products perceived as less harmful. This study evaluates how the introduction and adoption of these alternative products influence the company's market valuation. Using a comprehensive valuation model that integrates financial analysis, industry trends, and potential growth of the alternative cigarette market, the research applies discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis to the projected 10Y HMSP’s FCFF. The evaluation was conducted under three scenarios based on the rate of acceptance of Heated Tobacco Sales (HTU) in the market both domestic and international. In the scenario analysis, the projected stock price varies significantly depending on the rate of HTU sales. Under the most optimistic scenario (Scenario 3/10% HTU revenue mix), the stock price shows substantial upside potential up to 92% with intrinsic value of Rp. 1,297. The market price of HMSP’s share is at Rp. 675 as of August 1, 2024, which indicated that current share price is undervalued. Therefore, it is recommended for investor to buy HMSP stock at current price. Based on these insights, the Author recommends that Sampoerna’s management focus on accelerating the adoption of alternative products, navigating regulatory challenges proactively, and enhancing consumer education to solidify its market position in this evolving landscape.

Prospects and challenges in logistics management of international companies

Inventory management models are aimed at establishing optimal batch sizes of resources that will be subsequently used in the production process. The author believes that the use of this model makes it possible to set order sizes not «manually» by employees of the supply department, but rely on an optimization economic and mathematical model. Considering that these calculations are given only for one item of purchased inventory items, we can conclude that expanding the use of this approach to other types of purchased parts and raw materials will contribute to greater savings in financial resources. The option proposed in the article helps to save the Company's expenses on the type of inventory under consideration by $244,4 per year compared to the original option (or by 1,3 %). Minimizing overall transportation costs will depend on optimal vehicle loading. Optimal loading of vehicles will minimize the number of vehicles involved in transportation, and therefore reduce the overall costs of delivering products to customers. The results of the work can be used to improve the Company's inventory management, as well as to solve problems of transport support for entering a new market (transport routing). The combination of ABC and XYZ analyzes will make it possible to have a visual representation of all inventories in the Company’s warehouse through the formation of standard groups of inventories, in relation to each of which the inventory management policy will be different. Considering the steady growth rate of the company's sales, the author recommends expanding the sales network by entering new markets, which could be, for example, regions of the Russian Federation.

Impact of regulatory tightening of the Hungarian tobacco retail market on availability, access and cigarette smoking prevalence of adolescents

IntroductionPolicies that reduce tobacco retail density to decrease tobacco use among the youth are critical for the tobacco endgame. This paper reviews a Hungarian tobacco regulatory measure, which, since 2013,...

Analysis of the Impact of the Fed’s Interest Rate Hike Policy Based on the Triple Exponential Smoothing Method

The US has been employing quantitative easing and printing money for more than a decade, fueling inflation while lifting government debt. To deal with the high CPI, the Federal Reserve (Fed) has resorted to a policy of interest rate hikes, especially in the past two years, when the US interest rates have been on an upward trend. This has led to divergence in the economic trends and policy directions of countries, with China facing a more complex and severe external environment. In this connection, first of all, this paper gathers the response policy of each country during the Fed’s interest rate hikes, makes qualitative analysis of those response policies, and provides pertinent suggestions for China’s economic activities based on its national realities. Then, this paper collects data on the US interest rates, CPI, changes in nonfarm payrolls, monthly rate of retail sales, ISM manufacturing index, and ISM non-manufacturing index starting from January 2022 to December 2023, builds a model using the Triple Exponential Smoothing Method and applying statistical analysis, and solves it with python programming. Finally, the paper analyzes changes in the macro-indicators of the results and forecasts data on each indicator for the next six months to derive the trend of the data on indicators concerning future interest rate hikes. By predicting the impact of future events on China’s economy, investment, foreign trade and other aspects, the author expects the country to make corresponding regulatory plans and policy reserves.

Blockchain-enabled infrastructural security solution for serverless consortium fog and edge computing.

The robust development of the blockchain distributed ledger, the Internet of Things (IoT), and fog computing-enabled connected devices and nodes has changed our lifestyle nowadays. Due to this, the increased rate of device sales and utilization increases the demand for edge computing technology with collaborative procedures. However, there is a well-established paradigm designed to optimize various distinct quality-of-service requirements, including bandwidth, latency, transmission power, delay, duty cycle, throughput, response, and edge sense, and bring computation and data storage closer to the devices and edges, along with ledger security and privacy during transmission. In this article, we present a systematic review of blockchain Hyperledger enabling fog and edge computing, which integrates as an outsourcing computation over the serverless consortium network environment. The main objective of this article is to classify recently published articles and survey reports on the current status in the domain of edge distributed computing and outsourcing computation, such as fog and edge. In addition, we proposed a blockchain-Hyperledger Sawtooth-enabled serverless edge-based distributed outsourcing computation architecture. This theoretical architecture-based solution delivers robust data security in terms of integrity, transparency, provenance, and privacy-protected preservation in the immutable storage to store the outsourcing computational ledgers. This article also highlights the changes between the proposed taxonomy and the current system based on distinct parameters, such as system security and privacy. Finally, a few open research issues and limitations with promising future directions are listed for future research work.

Performance analysis of promotion programs of the smart factory using propensity score matching

This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of government-funded programs supporting the construction of smart factories. In the analysis of performance, a challenge arises as simple statistical techniques often fail to address the issue of ‘selection bias’ when assessing the business performance of companies that engaged in a specific promotional program versus those that did not. In this study, we utilized the propensity score matching (PSM) technique to measure the business performance of participating companies based on the counterfactual of not participating. It compares them to companies that did not participate in the program but have similar attributes. We conducted a comparative analysis of business performance between two provinces in the Republic of Korea. The findings indicated that participation in the promotion program had a positive impact on the compound annual growth rate of sales during the study period. This suggests that companies involved in the program exhibited enhanced business performance compared to their non-participating counterparts. The insights gained from this study will be instrumental in shaping policies for forthcoming follow-up initiatives.

FORMATION OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES IN THE STATE ECONOMIC SECURITY SYSTEM

The economic security of small and medium-sized enterprises is an important component of the economic security of the state and reflects the causal relationship between the military and economic potential and national security and economic power of the country. The goal of the article is to identify the problems in forming the economic security of small and medium-sized businesses within the framework of the country's economic security. It aims to develop guidelines for overcoming the complex socio-economic situation, shaping the economic security of Ukraine, and promoting the interests of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Ukraine needs a well-thought-out policy to ensure the security of economic activity both at the state level and at the level of small and medium-sized businesses. The number of small businesses in Ukraine has been steadily declining over 2015-2022, which is a dangerous trend. At the same time, this situation did not affect sales volumes, as the growth rate of sales by small and medium-sized enterprises in 2022 continues to grow. This is due to the following factors: increased domestic demand for goods and services produced by SMEs, financial support, tax breaks in 2022, and other measures, a decrease in the share of large industry, and an increase in the share of small and medium-sized businesses. The problems of forming the economic security of the state and the economic security of small and medium-sized businesses have been identified. Guidelines for overcoming the difficult socio-economic situation and shaping the economic security of Ukraine and small and medium-sized enterprises have been developed. In order to protect the economic interests of the state, a certain set of measures and mechanisms for representatives of small and medium-sized enterprises is needed, especially in the case of developing solutions. To strengthen economic security, it is necessary to apply a strategy of adaptation to constantly emerging threats, which is largely complicated by the lack of a comprehensive policy in this area and the weakness of public administration. The main priority of the authorities in ensuring the economic security of the state and small and medium-sized enterprises in the future should be to reform the system of state regulation of socio-economic processes, to create an effective environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in Ukraine.

A Study on the Factors Influencing the Penetration of the New Energy Vehicle Market in the New Stage of Demand Driven Development: Analysis Based on Consumer Surveys

With the increasingly serious issues of global warming and energy scarcity, the development of the new energy vehicle industry has become an important link in the development of industries in various countries. With the support of strong government subsidies and capital investment, China's new energy vehicle industry has become the world's largest market. But in 2023, China's new energy vehicle market entered the knockout stage: subsidies declined; The development of new forces in car manufacturing faces severe challenges; The growth rate of sales of new energy vehicles has slowed down. After two rounds of rapid development driven by policies and supply, how to drive the next rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry through demand has become a valuable research topic. Therefore, this article first integrates literature and information presented in industrial reality to summarize the factors that affect the penetration of the new energy vehicle market; Then, starting from the consumer side, we collected data by questionnaire survey, and analyzed the questionnaire data by variance analysis and multiple logistic model to explore their potential consumer characteristics, selection preferences, and factors affecting market penetration; Finally, based on the above research, conclusions are proposed to help new energy vehicles achieve performance and service upgrades around intelligence with a user oriented approach, and to propose countermeasures and suggestions for the future development of China's new energy vehicle industry.

"If You Just Tell Me You're 18, I'll Still Sell to You": A Qualitative Study of Underage Tobacco Product Purchasing Experiences in a Tobacco 21 Compliance Study.

Tens of thousands of underage tobacco buy attempts are conducted each year for research, compliance, and public health surveillance. However, little research has qualitatively examined the perceptions and experiences of underage buyers participating in these programs. We sought to understand underage buyers' experiences and gather recommendations for protocol improvements. We conducted semi-structured interviews in the fall of 2022 to assess experiences with underage tobacco product purchasing. Participants (N = 19, 58% male, 42% White) were research assistants aged 18-20 in New Jersey, New York, or North Carolina. Interviews examined purchasing experiences in relation to store characteristics, clerk interactions, and buyer identities. We used deductive and inductive thematic coding to explore key themes related to buyer experiences. We identified four themes: (1) non-chain stores lacked consistency in verifying age; (2) female data collectors experienced uncomfortable situations more frequently than male data collectors; (3) not identifying with the store's typical demographics impacted purchase attempts; and (4) participants suggested improvements for inspections and research during training. Retailer education, widespread adoption of ID scanners, and enforcement could increase standardization of ID requests and verification. Male and female buyers can be trained on what they might expect based on their gender, as well as how to maneuver through unwanted situations. Consideration of shared identity is important for future waves of data collection and research. Efforts to improve training include more extensive mock purchase training with supervisors well-versed in this area. Electronic ID verification and promoting compliance at non-chain retailers could impact access to tobacco products for underage buyers. Training for underage buyers in research and compliance assessments should focus on ways to enhance data collectors' confidence when making a purchase attempt, which may improve the validity of the rate of sales to individuals under 21.

An Option Game Model of Supplier R&D Co-Competition under Uncertainty

In order to improve the market competitiveness of suppliers and their resilience to emergencies, it is of great significance to discuss the investment decision making of suppliers in developing new products under uncertain and competitive environments. In this paper, with the background of knowledge spillover, absorptive capacity, initial R&D investment, and innovation efficiency asymmetry, the uncertainty of price, sales, and cost are incorporated into the evaluation system as three important risk factors. On the basis of the existing real option investment evaluation model, a real option game model of R&D investment of supplier enterprises based on multiple random variables is established. The sensitivity analysis of parameters is carried out with an example of one enterprise’s monitor R&D project. The results depict that the probability of R&D success has a great impact on the value of enterprise options, which depends on the R&D investment, innovation efficiency, and R&D performance of enterprises. Secondly, the drift rate of price, sales, and cost also has a significant impact on improvement in enterprise option value.

Supermarket trends for rainbow and steelhead trout products: Evidence from scanner data

Farm-raised trout is the second-largest foodfish sector of United States (U.S.) aquaculture, with the first trout farms established more than a century ago. Given its importance to both U.S. and global aquaculture, there is surprisingly little research on critical markets and marketing for trout in the U.S. Scanner data (AC Nielsen ScanTrack) were used for the time period from September 2016 through August 2021 to compare retail sales of the trout products sold across years at national, regional, and city levels to provide information on sales revenue, volumes sold, and prices. Supermarket sales of trout increased from $100 to $135 million from 2016 to 2021; the average annual growth rate of sales was 8.3%. Trout prices were relatively stable over the study period in contrast to the generally increasing trends for seafood generally. The South Atlantic region was found to be the largest region for trout products and experienced a 13% average annual growth in sales, but the fastest growth rate of sales (15%) was observed in the West North Central region. The two top market regions for trout sales overall were Seattle/Tacoma and Portland Oregon, followed by Atlanta. Seventy-two percent of trout sales were of steelhead trout, with 26% of rainbow trout. Rainbow trout prices increased by 12% annually in contrast to those for steelhead trout that were relatively constant. This study highlighted the complexities of the U.S. retail trout market, with increasing volumes of imported steelhead and rainbow trout capturing the growing market demand for trout. Additional attention is needed to reduce barriers to expansion for U.S. trout farmers. Future studies that measure the substitutability of steelhead for rainbow trout in key markets as well as greater attention to food service sales to restaurants would provide useful marketing information for trout farmers.

Regional differences in China's electric vehicle sales forecasting: Under supply-demand policy scenarios

Policy incentives are the key driving force for the electric vehicle (EV) market cultivation. During the EV market cultivation in different regions, the supply-side and demand-side policies have different effects. Accurately forecasting the stage characteristics and response sensitivity of EV sales under supply-demand side policy scenarios, which is crucial to the EV promotion policies design. This study selects the EV sales in 31 provinces with data available, as the basis for decision-making, and proposes a multi-factor prediction model integrating grey relation analysis (GRA), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and bidirectional long short-term memory. Combined with the development difference of 31 provinces, the penetration of China's EV market under the benchmark, supply, demand, and ideal scenarios are verified. The experimental results show that the average Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of the GRA-DWT-BiLSTM model is 9.884, and the 31 samples show good applicability for EV sales forecasting. In 2027, the growth rate of China's EV sales in the demand-side scenario will exceed the supply-side scenario. Under the ideal scenario, China's EV penetration rate will reach 27.31%, 42.40%, and 52.97% in 2025, 2030, and 2035 respectively. The forecast results provide a decision-making basis for China's EV market sequential supply-demand side policies.

ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT EMISSIONS FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), there were 16.2 million light electric vehicles (EVs) on the world's roads by the end of 2021, more than three times as many as in 2018. Those figures will grow strongly the next few years considering that EV sales doubled in 2021 compared to 2020, reaching an all-time high of 6.6 million vehicles. To better understand this high rate of sales, it is enough to think that currently as many EVs are sold in one week as were sold in the whole of 2012.

Analysis of Relationship between AQI Measurement and Car Sales Growth Rate

The development of industry has had a great impact on the natural environment, especially on air, which is important for human survival. The introduction of carbon neutral policies in recent years has shown that mankind is taking air quality seriously again. So far, because transportation has benefited greatly from the upgrade of the industrial revolution, cars are often considered the primary source of emissions. Therefore, this paper focuses on the relationship between the outcome growth rate of car sales and three factors in Air Quality Index (AQI) measurement, ground-level ozone, average annual PM2.5 level and AQI scores of nitrogen dioxide in seven major regions/countries. First, data are visualized to observe the potential patterns between these three factors affecting air quality and the growth rate of car sales. Then, using statistical regression, the separate relationship between them was modeled and the estimates of parameters in the model were calculated through the computer software. Finally, the model is evaluated by analyzing the statistical significance of these parameters and utilizing the model selection criteria for the proposed models. As a result, a simple linear relationship is found between ground-level ozone concentration and car sales growth rate. An approximately cubic function could be simulated the correlation between the PM2.5 level and the negative car sales growth rate, while the regions/countries with positive car sales growth rate remain undetermined with the given data. Besides, scores of nitrogen dioxide may have no obvious pattern with respect to car sales growth rate in those regions/countries.

Trends for U.S. catfish and swai products in retail markets

Farm-raised catfish is the largest U.S. aquaculture industry. Over the years, the ingenuity of catfish processors has made catfish products available all over the U.S. including globally competitive retail marketplaces. U.S catfish products face stiff competition from Vietnamese swai products in these diverse markets. This work elucidates the detailed nascent retail trends for U.S. catfish and swai products by evaluating weekly, store-based, AC Nielsen ScanTrack data from September 2016 through August 2021. The five-year analysis compares retail sales of U.S. catfish and swai products across national, regional, and city levels while providing key trends in product forms, quantities sold, promotional patterns, and price information. Results indicated an average annual growth rate of retail sales of 5.8% for U.S. catfish and 0.7% for swai. The South Central region had the greatest total retail sales for both U.S. catfish and swai products. Dallas/Fort Worth had the greatest total retail seafood sales for U.S. catfish products, followed by Chicago and St. Louis. Los Angeles was the most important city for retail swai sales. The 454-g U.S. catfish packs had a share of 77 and 68% in terms of volume and revenue while the same pack for swai had 48 and 28% volume and revenue shares. Frozen and refrigerated products dominated sales for both products in 2021. Swai products were characteristically priced lower than U.S. catfish products across all regions, cities, and study years, especially for larger packs. The study revealed the shift to increase at-home consumption of these two products during the pandemic years that have been reported for other seafood products.

Immigrant workers and firm resilience on the export market

This paper studies whether firms employing immigrant workers are more resilient to an increase in competition in their export markets. Exploiting the surge of Chinese imports following its accession to the World Trade Organization and using a sample of French manufacturing exporters from 2002 to 2015, we find that an increase in the growth rate of Chinese competition in a foreign market has a negative effect on both the two-year survival and growth rate of sales of French exporters on that foreign market. This negative effect on firm performance is mitigated by the employment of immigrant workers.

Commercial Real Estate Market at a Crossroads: The Impact of COVID-19 and the Implications to Future Cities

This paper aims to examine the responses of commercial real estate markets to COVID-19 and the implications for post-pandemic cities. Using data of Florida’s metropolitan areas in a fixed effect regression model, we find that sales volumes of retail properties decline instantly under the shock of COVID-19 but are followed by a strong recovery after one quarter. Meanwhile, COVID-19 depresses the growth rate of rent for office property, but the impact is short-term, and the office rental market bounces back to about 70 percent one quarter later. In comparison, industrial properties witness a rise in the growth rate of sales and rent price. Results indicate that urban planners may consider adjusting the amount of lands allocated to different usages to meet the evolving demands of urban space in the post-pandemic era.

The effect of increasing vehicle utilization on the automotive industry

Shared mobility is widely expected to play an important role in the future of transportation. Sharing vehicles (using services such as ride-hailing, peer-to-peer car-sharing, and autonomous taxis) will allow people to enjoy the benefits of automobile use without ownership, access various types of mobility services on-demand, and create value by increasing the utilization of these expensive and durable assets. Most analysts agree that widespread adoption of shared mobility would cause the size of the on-road automobile fleet to shrink, potentially dramatically, because the same amount of personal mobility can be provided by fewer vehicles. There is less agreement, however, on the effect higher utilization will have on the rate of new vehicle sales: some believe that vehicle sales will fall similarly, while others believe there will be no change in sales, or even an increase in sales as fleets of shared vehicles turn over more frequently. In this paper, we seek to clarify the effect that emerging mobility technologies will have on the future rate of new vehicle sales in the United States, modeling how the sales rate varies with factors such as population growth, vehicle utilization, and vehicle durability. We show across a range of plausible scenarios that vehicle sales are likely to remain steady or increase in coming decades. However, the potential exists for a temporary surge or dip in sales as the composition of new vehicle sales transitions, requiring effective mental models if managers are to make efficient production and capacity planning decisions during this time.

Research on the Connotation, Influencing Factors and Promotion Strategy of Automobile Brand Premium

With automobile sales, market share also tends to stabilize. The growth rate of automobile sales is gradually decreasing. At the same time, the goal of maintaining high profits for automobile manufacturers is difficult to achieve only by "car production." As a component of brand equity, a brand premium has become essential for automobile manufacturers to improve profitability—the direction of development. Currently, the connotation and influencing factors of brand premium are still controversial in academic circles, and there are few particular kinds of research on brand premium in the automobile sales market. This paper takes the automobile industry as the research object and profoundly explores the concept and influencing factors of brand premium. On this basis, it proposes targeted suggestions for automobile manufacturers to improve their brand premium capabilities to encourage Chinese automobile manufacturers to achieve faster transformation and upgrading of industrial structure.

Service Delivery Digitalization as a Tool for COVID- 19 Recovery in Fast-Food Restaurants in Nairobi, Kenya

Purpose: The goal of this study was to assess the influence of the adoption of service delivery digitalization tools on Covid-19 recovery in fast-food restaurants in Nairobi.
 Methodology: To collect and analyze data for this study, correlational research design was used. A total number of 89 questionnaires were administered to fast-food senior managers in Nairobi. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.
 Findings: In an aim to identify the service delivery digital tools adopted to enhance COVID-19 recovery in fast-food restaurants, the results indicated that contactless payment systems, online delivery apps, digital menus, KDS and POS were the highest adopted tool with a mean of 1.00. Service robots and touch less elevators were not adopted in the fast-food restaurants in this study with a mean of .00. The other tools adopted were self-service kiosks with .84, ORS with .71 and drive thru systems with .71. On determining the level of COVID-19 recovery in fast food restaurants in Nairobi, the results indicated that the rate of restaurant sales increasing had a mean of 3.09. This means that it was to a large extent, increase in the restaurant operations had a mean of 3.21, while increase in the number of customers had 3.02. Increase in customer satisfaction had 3.08 and increase in customer loyalty had 3.21 which also meant that the level of all measures of COVID-19 recovery were to a moderate extent. On determining the influence of service delivery digitalization on COVID-19 recovery level, the tools significantly and positively influenced level of COVID-19 recovery (β = .430, t = 4.446, p<.05). The study also found that online delivery apps, digital menus and contactless payment systems also significantly and positively influenced the level of COVID-19 recovery in fast food restaurants in Nairobi (β = .600, t = 6.999, p<.05; β = .614, t = 7.254, p<.05 & β = .580, t = 6.649, p<.05 respectively).
 Contribution to theory and practice: The newly acquired insights in this study will contribute to the academic literature on the adoption of service delivery digitalization tools and their impact on COVID-19 recovery in fast food restaurants. In addition, the results from the study could be helpful to the management of fast food restaurant in improving customer satisfaction, loyalty and sales after a pandemic. Since the results present a way fast food restaurants have adopted to recover from the effects of COVID-19 pandemic.